David Hume argues that reflections upon public utility explain the psychological foundations of justice and the moral feelings attendant on it. Adam Smith objects that Hume’s theory of justice is psychologically implausible. A just punishment attracts the approval of every citizen on Hume’s alleged view. Not every citizen can consider the abstract public interest every time, Smith observes, so Hume can’t have explained all of justice. I argue, in response, that Smith’s objection has not accounted for all of the causal processes that Hume draws upon in support of reflections upon public utility. Conventions establish the very possibility of public interest, and socializing processes lend the public interest its moral salience. Human nature includes a species-general passion for acquiring property for the sake of family. The motivational centrality and universal scope of this passion, coupled with the dramatic psychological power of sympathy, generates the first moral feelings. Social conditioning develops those feelings into attitudes about reward and punishment. Hume’s theory of justice, with his conjectures about sociocultural processes, is both psychologically plausible and more complex than commentators tend to appreciate.

The purpose of this study is to present an historical account of the Liberal Republican movement during the Reconstruction period. The Liberal movement was chosen for investigation because it was the first prominent third party movement in the post-Civil War years. The Liberal Republican movement was less important in shaping the policies of the two major policies than later third party movements, and, in fact, its long range results are almost impossible to trace. By gaining national prominence, however, and by accepting the Democrats in a coalition, the movement did provide a much needed stimulus to the Democratic party and caused the Republicans to reconsider their policies. It also provided an example to later movements that a third party could gain a great deal of support by advocating and working for general political reform.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Ce mémoire interroge le rapport entretenu entre différentes formes de «prescriptions» présentes au sein d’une «communauté» constituée sur une base ethnique soit la «communauté turque» du quartier Parc-Extension de Montréal. L’idée maîtresse conduisant la réflexion donnant lieu à cette recherche part du constat que le droit formel des États Canadien et Québécois ne parvient pas à influencer véritablement certaines pratiques prescriptives familiales hautement normalisées. Ces pratiques sont ici différenciées, selon les distinctions du sociologue et juriste allemand Max Weber, entre «coutume», «convention» et «droit». Un travail de terrain, constitué d’une observation participante et d’entretiens compréhensifs, a fait émerger des résultats démontrant qu’une communauté caractérisée par une forte cohésion assure sa continuité par le respect de «prescriptions» majoritairement de type «conventionnel». Celles-ci destinées plus spécifiquement aux femmes, se présentent tant à l’intérieur de lieux publics turcs que dans la sphère familiale privée. En utilisant des techniques de contrôle social des plus efficaces, ces «conventions» s’avèrent être plus contraignantes qu’une règle garantie par le droit de l’État. La valeur principale validant la présence de ces «conventions» est principalement motivée par l’importance accordée à la préservation de l’honneur, tant familiale qu’ethnique, dont les membres se portent garant en respectant les «conventions» qui en assurent sa protection. / The object of this master thesis is to question the multiple social “prescriptions” that are present within an “ethnic community,” such as the Turkish community of the Parc-Extension area in Montreal. A central feature conducting this thesis is that formal law does not quite influence certain prescriptive family practices, which are highly normalized. These practices are differentiated through the distinct concepts of “custom,” “convention,” and “law” elaborated by the sociologist and jurist Max Weber. The fieldwork—which combines a participant observation as well as open-ended “comprehensive” interviews—leads to the conclusion that a community characterized by a strong group cohesion tends to insure the respect of these “prescriptions” that are generally “conventional.” Aimed mostly at women, these “prescriptions” can be found both within the public Turkish sphere and private one. Through efficient techniques of social control, these social conventions thus come to be more restricting than the rules instituted through state law. The key value behind these conventions is mostly linked to the importance of preserving honour within the family or ethnic community, whose members insure the protection and respect of these “conventions.”

En droit international, on a différentes approches du handicap : l’approche médicale qui renvoie à la déficience et à la maladie et l’approche sociale qui renvoie à la personne physique et au citoyen. Tandis que la Convention internationale relative aux droits de la personne handicapée fait de celle-ci un nouveau sujet du droit international, l’OMS, l’UNESCO… quant à elles ont établi des programmes pour encadrer et promouvoir les droits des handicapés. De même, le droit international, en l’occurrence, le droit international des droits l’homme, le droit international humanitaire ont édicté un ensemble des mécanismes, des moyens ou des garanties de protection pour protéger les personnes handicapées. Ainsi, notre première partie a été consacrée à la construction du cadre international de protection du handicap, à savoir l’ensemble des textes, des institutions et des mécanismes de protection universels, régionaux, nationaux ou spécifiques protégeant les personnes handicapées. La deuxième partie analyse l’étendue, la portée ainsi que les différents obstacles de la protection du handicap. Ces obstacles sont d’ordre économique, politique, socioculturel ou juridique. Nous avions terminé notre étude par un aperçu des violations desdits droits, des insuffisances des mécanismes existants et des propositions en vue de l’amélioration de la protection de la personne handicapée. / International protection of disable person is our topic. We have analyzed this topic in two parts.First of all, we have analyzed and presented the international juridical system of protection of the disable persons. In this way, we have study, all the institutions of protection, the laws and, international, regional, national and typical mechanisms of protection provide by human international law and also by humanitarian law. In the second part, we have studied different obstacles with not permit a huge or effective protection of disable and disable person. These obstacles are in different sorts. In this study, we have pick and analyze political, economic, social, cultural, or legal obstacles. In the terms of this study, we give some proposals or solutions in order to ameliorate and improve the protection of these persons.

This work is devoted to international law, particularly humanitarian law and human rights with emphasis on international legal instruments governing the position of children serving in the armed forces. In this work are discussed various international conventions, as well as mechanisms for the protection of child soldiers. The first chapter defines the position of child soldiers and the specifics of their involvement in military conflicts. The decisive criteria for the involvement of children in government armed forces or non-state army is age. Furthermore there is described into more details the mechanism of conscription into the army. There is difference between voluntary and forced recruitment of child soldiers. The various international legal instruments are analyzed more in detail in chapter two. The issue of Child soldiers is addressed with both the rules of humanitarian law, specifically the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions and Human rights conventions. Special attention is paid to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. Analyzed is the only regional convention addressing the problem of child soldiers -the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The issue of child recruitment is also...

This thesis deals with application issues of taxation of royalties on example of a company engaged in international trade with footwear and clothing. It shows how to aply taxes on the royalty paid between subsidiary located in the Czech Republic and the parent company based in Great Britain, on the basis of the license agreement. The work is a legal analysis of legislative sources and comparative analysis of Article 12 royalties in double taxation conventions concluded between the Czech Republic and OECD member countries.

I barnkonventionens tolfte artikel framgår det att barn har rätt att uttrycka sin åsikt i frågor som rör dem, samt att barnets åsikt ska tillmätas betydelse efter barnets ålder och mognad. I januari 2020 blir barnkonventionen lag i Sverige vilket innebär att det kommer ställa högre krav på myndigheter att göra barn delaktiga i frågor som rör dem. Tidigare forskning avseende delaktighet visar flera brister inom den svenska socialtjänsten. Författarna till denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur socialarbetarna inom socialtjänsten förstår och förhåller sig till delaktighet i barnavårdsutredningar. För att undersöka detta har sju intervjuer genomförts med socialarbetare inom socialtjänstens barn och ungdomsenheter i Uppsala kommun. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att socialarbetarna förhåller sig till barnen som sociala aktörer i viss mån men det råder fortfarande olika tolkningar kring vad det innebär att ett barn är delaktigt. Det framgår olika uppfattningar om vad delaktighet innebär i socialtjänstens arbete, resonemangen tenderar att stanna vid att lyssna på barnet och det finns en ambivalens kring att dela inflytandet för beslutet med barnet. Av socialarbetarnas berättelser framgår att det juridiska ramverket ibland hindrar arbetet med delaktighet i den mån som anses önskvärt. Slutligen framgår ett behov och en vilja från socialarbetarna att fortsätta utvecklas med arbetet kring barns delaktighet.

Ce travail de recherche vise à mettre au jour un aspect particulier de l’œuvre d’Eduardo De Filippo (Naples, 1900 – Rome, 1984), à savoir l’intrusion du surnaturel dans la production théâtrale de l’auteur-acteur-metteur en scène. Nous avons structuré notre thèse en deux phases. Nous analysons d’abord l’adhésion de De Filippo au théâtre dit “réaliste”, sa conception de la fonction du théâtre, l’ancrage thématique dans l’Histoire du XXe siècle et dans le vécu personnel de l’auteur ; nous nous attachons à la manière dont De Filippo intègre la tradition littéraire et théâtrale du XXe siècle et propose une autre vision du réel faisant appel aux catégories du fantastique. Puis nous examinons l’espace scénique, lieu de l’ailleurs et du fantasme par excellence, dans les différentes composantes de la scène (scénographie, objets), du jeu actoriel (la parole, la corporéité, le personnage et le fantôme) et du contrat spectatoriel pour mettre en lumière la relation que tous les participants au spectacle entretiennent avec le surnaturel. Enfin, nous mettons à l’épreuve de l’analyse la traduction sur scène des problématiques liées au fantôme et au fantasme dans deux interprétations exemplaires et très différentes de La grande magia : celle de Giorgio Strehler au Piccolo Teatro de Milan en 1985 et celle de Dan Jemmett à la Comédie-Française en 2009. / This research work focuses on a specific point of Eduardo De Filippo’s work (Naples, 1900 – Rome, 1984), that is to say the irruption of the supernatural in the production of the author-actor-stage director. We have structured our thesis in two phases. We first analyse the authors’s compliance with the so called « realistic » theatre, his vision of the role of theatre, the thematic foothold in the 20th century history and in his personal experience ; we are concerned with how De Filippo integrates the literary and theatrical tradition of fantasy and offers a realistic vision appealing to the Fantastic categories. Then we investigate the stage space as an ideal place for fantasy and fantasies, we examine the stage varied components (stage design, objects), the acting of the actors (voice, corporeality, the character and the ghost) within the stage-audience conventions to bring to light the particular link that all those who participate to the performance maintain with the supernatural. Finally, we study the process of traduction on stage of problematics linked to ghost and fantasy in two remarkable and very different interpretations of La Grande magia : the one by Giorgio Strehler at the Piccolo Teatro of Milan in 1985 and one by Dan Jemmett at Comédie-Française in 2009.

Esta tese pretende analisar as normas constitucionais não escritas decorrentes da prática institucional dos ordenamentos jurídicos dotados de constituições documentalmente codificadas, identificando seu fundamento, categorias e características, a partir de exemplos retirados da experiência constitucional de países como França e Itália e apresentando alguns casos encontrados no constitucionalismo brasileiro / Cette thèse prétends analyser les normes constitutionnelles non-écrites découlant de la pratique institutionnelle des ordres juridiques ayant des constitutions codifiés. On y cherche à identifier les fondements, les catégories et les caractéristiques, à partir des exemples de l\'expérience constitutionnelle de quelques Etats, tel que la France et l\'Italie. On vise aussi à présenter certains cas du constitutionnalisme brésilienne.

No final do século I a.C., a Elegia Erótica Romana desafiou os gregos e as convenções poéticas apresentando um poeta-amante que cantava suas aventuras amorosas em primeira pessoa. Como se isso não bastasse, esse eu-elegíaco se dedicava à puella como se tal tarefa fosse uma militia, um seruitium amoris, e que exigia tempo integral. Galo, Propércio e Tibulo nos apresentaram suas dominas e se negaram a servir à pátria. Ovídio foi além: seguiu seus predecessores mas fez com que seus leitores aprendessem a entender o papel de cada uma das normas na construção desse gênero. Escreveu seu primeiro livro, Amores, e , a partir daí, começou a traçar um caminho ascendente: queria sua Elegia elevada, não apenas média. Para isso, produziu recusationes, elegias programáticas e, o mais importante, confluiu gêneros. Fez uso da Epistolografia, da Retórica, da Didática e de personas e exempla míticos para compor Heroides, Ars amatoria e Remedia amoris. Nesta dissertação, mostra-se a trajetória do poeta na elevação da Elegia Erótica de Ovídio. / At the end of the 1st. century b.C., Latin Erotic Elegy challenged Greeks and poetic conventions when portrayed a man, poet and lover, talking, in the first person, about his adventures: he also dedicated himself to a puella as if it were a militia, his seruitium amoris, which was a full-time job. Gallus, Propertius and Tibullus introduced us to their dominas and did not (want to) serve their nation. Ovid did more than that: he followed his predecessors but made his readers learn the role of each of the principles of the genre. He wrote his first book, Amores, and, from then on, delineated an ascendant path: he wanted his Elegy to be high, not only something that depicted an average subject. In order to achieve it, he composed recusationes, programmatic elegies and, most important of all, he converged genres: he was able to use Epistolography, Rhetoric, Didactic and mythological personas and exempla to write Heroides, Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris. In this dissertation, we show his trajectory in the elevation of Ovids Erotic Elegy.