den här uppsatsen undersöker jag hur svenska rapmusiker ser på sina möjligheter att uttrycka sig fritt efter uppståndelsen kring den så kallade Mr-Cool affären. Resultatet bygger på intervjuer med sex svenska rappare och tyder på att dessa inte låtit sig påverkas i någon större utsträckning, men studien visar samtidigt på att svenska rappare har en stark artistisk integritet och ett motstånd mot mainstreamkulturen i samhället. Moralpanik och yttrande- och skapandefrihet som studien delvis berör visar sig även engagera dem på ett personligt plan.

The energy efficiency of a building is directly related to the heat transfer between the building and the outside environment. In order to limit the heat transfer to the building by solar radiation cool roofs have been developed which increase the solar reflectivity of roofs. This report investigates the potential application of high reflectivity coatings to roofs at Pomona College and the energy benefits that could result. Cool roofs are used to address two prevalent environmental concerns: high cooling loads and Urban Heat Islands. These two problems are linked and exhibit the potential micro and mesoscale benefits of reducing roof surface temperature. Cool roofs are part of a larger set of solutions to tackle these two issues and so must be considered in the context of the multitude of other mitigation measures. This report discusses the ways in which a cool roof affects a building envelope and Urban Heat Islands, and what this means in the context of Southern California and Pomona College. Due to the already energy efficient clay tile on most Pomona roofs, the gains from reflective coatings would be limited. However there are several flat roofs on campus that could benefit from the application of a reflective coating. These benefits would come in the form of cooling energy cost reduction to individual buildings. These benefits would not be so drastic as to necessitate immediately applying reflective coatings, but flat roofs should be updated with an energy efficient coating as part of regularly scheduled resurfacing

Cool roofs are the roofs that can deliver high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance. The benefits associated with cool roofs include reduced cooling energy load, reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emission, and improved human health and comfort. This study attempts to develop standard measurement method for evaluating the reflectance and emmittance of a cool roof material. First, a literature survey was conducted to analysis the current programs promoting the use of cool roofs in the world, and then more than 2000 cool roof materials¡¦ data were collected in this study. In addition, the dynamic building energy load simulation by using eQuest was conducted to investigate the energy-saving benefits of cool roof applied in Taiwan. The results indicated that the reflectance, emmittance and thermal conductivity have a significant effect on the roof heat gain. The higher reflectance or emmittance of the roof, the less heat gain absorbed in the roof. But, reflectance has a larger effect on roof energy-saving than emittance does. The energy-saving effect by using cool roof on the flat-type roof is larger than on low-slope type roof.

The absorption due to pairs of H₂ molecules is an important opacity source in the atmospheres of various types of planets and cool stars, such as late stars, low mass main sequence stars, brown dwarf stars, cool white dwarf stars, the ambers of the smaller, burnt out main sequence stars, exoplanets, etc., and therefore of special astronomical interest. Astronomers are interested in the outer planets as they still contain primordal matter. Furthermore, recent observations by the Hubble space telescope (in operation since 1990) have revealed several thousand cool white dwarf stars with temperatures of several thousand Kelvin. It is surprising that none of them has temperatures lower than roughly 4000 K. This means that the white dwarf stars have not had enough time to cool down to the temperature of the cosmic background radiation. Astrophysicists believe that this information can be used for an alternative and more accurate method of cosmochronology. However, the emission spectra of cool white dwarf stars differ significantly from the expected blackbody spectra of their cores, largely due to collision-induced absorption by collisional complexes of residual hydrogen and helium in the stellar atmospheres. In order to model the radiative processes in these atmospheres, which have temperatures of several thousand kelvin, one needs accurate knowledge of the induced dipole and potential energy surfaces of the absorbing collisional complexes, such as H₂--H₂, H₂--He, and H₂--H. These come from quantum-chemical calculations, which, for the high temperatures and high photon energies under consideration in this work, need to take into account that the H₂ bonds can be stretched or compressed far from equilibrium length. Since no laboratory measurements for these high temperatures and photon energies exist, one has to undertake \textit{ab initio} calculations which take into account the high vibrational and rotational excitation of the involved hydrogen molecules. However, before one attempts to proceed to higher temperatures and photon energies where no laboratory measurements exist it is good to check that the formalism is correct and reproduces the results at temperatures and photon energies where laboratory measurements exist, that is, at and below room temperature and for photon energies up to about 1.5 eV. In this work a formalism is developed to compute the binary collision-induced absorption of simple molecular complexes up to temperatures of thousands of kelvin and photon energies up to 2.5 eV, properly taking into account vibrational and rotational dependencies of the induced dipole and potential energy surfaces. In order to make the computational effort feasible, the isotropic potenial approximation is employed. The formalism is applied to collisional complexes of H₂--H₂, D₂--D₂, H₂--He, D₂--He, T₂--He, and H₂--H, and compared with existing laboratory measurements. / text

In the mid-Cenozoic, New Zealand underwent slow subsidence interspersed with unconformity development, however significant controversy exists around both the extent of submergence below sea level during this period of maximum drowning, as well as the causes of these unconformities. Detailed field observations, combined with extensive petrographic analyses, stable isotopes, cathodoluminescence, and thin section staining were used to develop lithofacies, depositional, and sequence stratigraphic models of the mid-Cenozoic succession in the Waitaki region, South Island, to address these controversies. Twelve facies types have been described for Late Eocene-Early Miocene sedimentary rocks, leading to the identification of two major (Mid Oligocene & Early Miocene) and one minor (Late Oligocene) sequence boundaries. Surtseyan volcanism in the east produced a palaeohigh, resulting in a submerged rimmed cool-water carbonate platform, with low-lying land to the west. This eastern palaeohigh developed karst during sea-level lowstands, which correlate with silty submarine bored hardgrounds in the west. Glauconitic and phosphatic facies deposited during early marine transgression suggest an authigenic factory supplied by terrigenous clays existed during lowered sea level that was progressively shut down in favour of a carbonate factory as sea level rose and terrigenous supply decreased. The eastern palaeohigh served to nucleate this carbonate factory by raising the sea floor above the influence of siliciclastic sediment supply and providing a shallow substrate for marine colonisation. The higher energy eastern facies display dissolution of aragonitic taxa, while deeper western facies retained an aragonitic assemblage. This early bathymetric high created a barrier to submarine currents, but was gradually reduced by erosion during subsequent lowstands. Calcareous facies were often subjected to minor seafloor cement precipitation to shallow burial diagenesis, while eastern facies developed some meteoric cement during subaerial exposure. Comparisons between sea-level change in the study area and the New Zealand megasequence indicate eustatic changes as the primary driver of water depth in the Waitaki region until the development of the modern plate boundary in the Early Miocene.

The effect of active warm up (WU) and passive heating (HP) following WU on muscle temperature (Tm) and performance in cool (10°C) environments was studied. Eight male recreational athletes (29±5 y) with a minimum relative mean VO2peak score of 50mL∙kg-1∙min-1 (58.0±6.3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed two 60-minute sessions in an environmental chamber (9.77˚C, 71%RH). Following 15 minutes of standardized WU on a cycle ergometer, heat was applied to the legs during 30 minutes of inactivity using heated pants in HP but not in control (CON). Core (Tc), skin (Tsk) and muscle temperature, heart rate (HR), and thermal comfort (TC) and sensation (TS) were monitored at 5-min intervals throughout test sessions. Muscle performance was assessed by countermovement (VJ) height measured pre- and post-WU and at 10-, 20-, and 30-minutes following WU, as well as by anaerobic power, capacity, and fatigue measures calculated from a 45-second Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) completed at the end of the 30-minute inactivity phase. WU resulted in similar and significant increases in Tm and VJ from baseline to post-WU (p<0.05). Tsk showed a difference between HP and CON prior to, during, and at the end of WU (p<0.05). Compared to end-WU, Tm was lower in HP and CON at 20-, 25- and 30-minutes of inactivity; however, Tm remained higher in HP at all timepoints following WU compared to CON. This maintenance in Tm during HP was associated with a higher peak power output calculated from WAnT (p<0.05). No differences were seen in VJ performance, TC, or TS following WU (p<0.05). HP can be used to attenuate thigh Tm and peak power performance decline following active WU in cool (~10˚C) environments. / Graduate / 0566 / mkidston@uvic.ca

In this study, we examined the effect of cool roofs on commercial and residential buildings in each climate zone, by looking at monitored case studies and DOE-2 simulations from various sources of literature; and using an online tool - the Cool Roof Calculator and a simple COP ratio model to validate the results of the case studies. It was found that the Cool Roof Calculator does not take building form into account, hence a sensitivity analysis was first conducted to rank the importance of various building parameters against one another. The analysis was conducted on the EPC normative building energy model. Results indicated that roof absorptance coefficient, aspect ratio and number of floors were the three parameters that either ranked highest or were important parameters, and were chosen for further parametric analysis to evaluate the impact of these building parameters on total building loads. A simple COP ratio model was also developed to validate the results from the literature review and Cool Roof Calculator, and it was found that in terms of cost, for a prototype medium-sized commercial building, it is always beneficial to use a white roof, but cities in northern climates may have little advantage, and insulation may be a better choice.

Understanding the nutrient dynamics of pastures is essential to their profitable and sustainable management.  Tall fescue [Schendonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub.] is the predominant forage species in Virginia pasturelands.  Although tall fescue pasture is common, little research has attempted to document how soil and herbage nutrient concentrations change through time.  This thesis summarizes two studies conducted within the context of a larger grazing systems project near Steele's Tavern, VA.  The objectives were to: (1) examine temporal changes in plant available soil nutrient concentrations in four grazing systems, (2) determine how hay feeding and use of improved forages affected soil and herbage nutrient concentrations (3) examine the relationship between and variability within soil and herbage nutrient concentrations, (4) analyze the seasonal variation in herbage mineral concentration with regard to beef cattle requirements, and (5) create a statistical model to predict variation in herbage mineral concentration across the growing season.  Analysis of plant and soil nutrients through 5 years of grazing produced several important findings.  Soil pH, P, and Ca, Mg, and B declined through five years of grazing.  Higher concentrations of herbage N and K and soil P, K, Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured in hay feeding paddocks.  Herbage nutrient concentrations showed less variability in P and K than did soil test results.  Fertility testing in pastures is important to monitor changing nutrient concentrations, and this study showed that herbage analysis may provide a more stable and accurate assessment of pasture fertility than soil testing.  Pasture herbage, grown without fertilization, contained sufficient concentrations of macronutrients to meet the requirements of dry beef cows through the growing season and to meet the requirements of lactating beef cows in April.  A model was developed using soil moisture and relative humidity that predicted (R2 = 0.75) variation in herbage mineral concentration throughout the growing season.  As described in this thesis, use of modeling to predict nutrient dynamics in pasture could allow for more efficient mineral supplementation strategies that lead to improved profitability, nutrient retention, and livestock health. / Master of Science

Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1996. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-117).

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