EDF, comme tant d’autres monopoles publics en France, a vu son statut évoluer ces dernières années. Dans le même temps que de nouvelles problématiques sociales apparaissent pour les entreprises, l’électricien se trouve de plus en plus face à des factures impayées. Les valeurs de l’entreprise, historiquement portées sur le social, sont réinterrogées en ces temps de crise où les individus semblent faire face à de plus en plus de risques au quotidien. Dans ce contexte, il apparait intéressant de réfléchir à la notion de réputation et comment elle se construit localement à l’aune des interactions sociales entre l’entreprise et sa clientèle. Entre le «dire» et le «faire», l’identité et l’éthique, les valeurs et les actes d’EDF sont sans cesse jugés. La réputation d’EDF, en tant qu’entreprise toujours solidaire aux yeux des clients, est au centre d’enjeux. Le positionnement et la nature des «Intermédiaires», acteurs à la croisée des chemins ont un rôle majeur pour reconfigurer la réputation d’EDF en tant qu’entreprise qui reste sociale sur les territoires. De par leur ancrage dans le réel, ils régulent et harmonisent par leurs actions la relation qu’entretiennent les clients avec leur distributeur d’énergie. Ce rôle des Intermédiaires reste prégnant malgré l’évolution de la notion de territoire. En effet, ils trouvent aujourd’hui de nouvelles arènes numériques, comme les réseaux sociaux qui ouvrent davantage le marché des réputations, pour mettre à profit leur capital symbolique tout aussi déterminant pour la réputation d’EDF qu’unique. Par l’analyse et la confrontation de cinq cas, nous poserons la question suivante : dans leur contexte respectif, dans quelle mesure les actions des Intermédiaires locaux conduisent-elles la politique de solidarité d’une entreprise à être portée par une réputation sociale harmonieuse et positive aux yeux des clients, et inversement, dans quelle mesure le travail des Intermédiaires locaux est-il influencé par la réputation de la politique de solidarité d’une entreprise ? Dans une approche actionnaliste, notre interprétation sociologique se positionnera autour de l’hypothèse centrale que la réputation se diffuse entre les sphères locales et la sphère plus globale en une étroite corrélation avec les actions et les attitudes des Intermédiaires. / EDF, like many other public monopolies in France, has seen its status change in recentyears. At the same time companies are meeting new social problems, the EDF electrician is increasingly facing unpaid bills. The values of the company EDF, historically focused on social aspects, are questioned at this time of crisis while people may face more and more risks in their daily lives. In this context, we think it is worthwhile studying the notion of reputation and analyzing how it is built locally in terms of social interaction between the company and its customers. Between "saying" and "doing", identity and ethics, EDF values and actions are constantly being judged. The reputation of EDF as, a solidarity-based company, is at stake.The positioning and the nature of the “Intermediaries” have a major role to play in reconfiguration EDF reputation, still as a “social” company in the local territories. Because Intermediaries are anchored with the reality, their actions make the relationship between the customers and the energy distributor more balanced and harmonious. The role of Intermediaries remains significant despite the evolution of the concept of territory. Indeed, they now have access to new digital arenas – such as social networks that enlarge the reputations market – where they can benefit from their symbolic capital which is as crucial as unique for EDF reputation.This study analyse and compare five case studies to address two interrelated research questions: Within their respective contexts, to what extent do the actions of local Intermediaries have an impact on the perception of the customers and therefore on the harmonious and positive social reputation of EDF? And conversely, to what extend are theactions of the local Intermediaries influenced by the reputation of solidarity policy of the company? In an actionalist approach, our sociological interpretation will be positioned around the central assumption that reputation spreads between local areas and the broader sphere in aclose correlation with the actions and attitudes of Intermediaries.

Reflective roof coatings keep the roof cooler by minimizing solar absorption and maximizing thermal emission. Keeping the surface of the roof cooler allows less heat to be conducted into the interior of the building which reduces the cooling load in air-conditioned buildings and improve comfort conditions in non-air conditioned buildings. A number of cool white materials, compatible with most roofing products, are available on the market. To appeal to homeowners, special cool “color” products have been developed to match the dark colors of conventional residential roofs but are highly reflective in the invisible near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Although many studies highlight the benefits of cool white coatings on roof membranes of low-slope roofs, knowledge of NIR reflective coatings on asphalt shingles of steep slope roofs remains limited. The intent of this exploratory study is to present a process that can be used to evaluate the perceived and actual benefits of NIR coatings field-applied to asphalt shingles on single-family houses. The proposed process can be applied to a large sample of homes and occupants in a future study. A questionnaire was designed to attempt to evaluate occupants’ perceived benefits in regards to their indoor environment and occupant satisfaction following applications of NIR coatings. Along with subjective data collection, a field-experiment was developed to objectively compare the thermal performance of an NIR reflective field-coated asphalt shingle roof system with that of a conventional asphalt shingle roof system. Questionnaire results indicated that occupants did not perceive any significant changes to their indoor environment but were satisfied overall with the application and appearance of the roof coating. Additionally, 50% of occupants stated that their monthly energy costs somewhat decreased after the application. Interestingly, 63% of respondents experienced some form of roof leak following the coating application. Among those who experienced roof leaks, 100% of the roofs were 10 years or older. Field results showed that the coated roof surface was 2 to 5℉ cooler than the uncoated roof surface at midafternoon. Statistical testing for correlation between coated roof surface temperature and external conditions revealed that relative humidity was negatively correlated with coated roof temperature, while solar altitude angle was positively correlated with coated roof temperature. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop a model for predicting the surface temperature of the coated asphalt shingle roofs from the ambient temperature, sky conditions, dew point temperature, relative humidity, solar altitude and azimuth angle.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Desert Cool is a South African manufacturing, wholesale, and retail company that markets 4x4 accessories and camping gear through its retail outlets trading as 4x4 Mega World. Desert Cool has sole import rights for well known products, like Engel fridge/freezer, ARB accessories and Old Man Emu suspensions. Desert Cool recently created its own brand name "Sunset Gear" under which it will market various 4x4 accessories and camping gear. Desert Cool has grown fast over the last two years and they are already being seen as the leading 4X4 accessories company in South Africa. Important priorities in the organisation are the development of new products, changes to current products and to satisfy customer needs. Currently these priorities are not being managed properly. Also due to fast growth in terms of sales the organisational structure has not been attended to and has fallen behind. Several projects have delivered poor results due to the wrong approach and poor management of the projects. The goal of this study is to sell the concept of matrix management and organisational structure to the management of Desert Cool, instead of keep on following the conventional functional structure. The study project examines the advantages, disadvantage and characteristics of functional as well as matrix management. It also examines and lists the criteria's on which one can select between the two organisational structures. These criteria have been used in a survey with a questionnaire to obtain top management's views. The survey resulted in the following conclusions: The questionnaire used can be divided into three sections, section 1 is an introduction to matrix management, section 2 is a selecting phase where the respondents need to select between matrix and functional management and the last section is an evaluation of the respondents' responses in the first two sections. The results indicate that the average vote for matrix management in section 1 is 94%, in section 2, 57% and in section 3, 68%. The low percentage in section 2 is not due to a low vote percentage for matrix management (received 84% of the votes), but more due to the level of preference for matrix management. The percentage votes received in section 3 is not too low, but a higher percentage was expected when compared to the 94% in section 1. The 68% also raises a concern when one looks at the results in the functional management section. The results also indicate that the average votes for functional management in section 1 is 6%, in section 2 it is 11% and in section 3 it is 54%. Due to the low score in section 1 a low score in section 2 was expected and for that matter also in section 3, but a fairly high vote came from section 3. The introduction and selecting sections (section 1 and 2) give results that are inline of what were expected, but the evaluation section (section 3) shows a different result. With a closer investigation into this result, it became clear that most of the people could not separate the matrix characteristics from the functional characteristics. This resulted that in some instances high votes were given to both the matrix and the functional characteristic that are opposed to each other. Due to limited knowledge of matrix management amongst management, we need to supply them with more clear info so that they can obtain a better understanding. A better understanding of matrix management might have resulted in a better response in section 3 of the questionnaire. Overall a good result has been obtained. To conclude, Desert Cool cc is growing at a fast rate, but their structure and management style has fallen behind. Matrix management will offer a complete management style as can be seen from the results. The basis has been laid through the survey and matrix management need to be represented in a formal way to all the people of Desert Cool. This document will contribute to understand the advantages, disadvantages, characteristics and the issues of matrix management. It also explains the role of the project manager in this structure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Desert Cool is 'n Suid Afrika gebaseerde maatskappy wat 4 x 4 toebehore en kamptoerusting vervaardig, groothandel en klein handel en bemark dit deur sy kleinhandeltakke, 4 x 4 Megaworld. Desert Cool het alleen invoerregte vir produkte soos Engel vries/yskaste, ARB toebehore en Old Man Emu onderstelle. Desert Cool het onlangs sy eie handelsmerk geskep, naamlik 'Sunset Gear'. Verskeie produkte word onder hierdie handelsmerk bemark. Desert Cool het baie vinnig gegroei oor die laaste twee jaar en word reeds gesien as die leier in die 4 x 4 toebehore mark in Suid-Afrika. Belangrike prioriteite binne die maatskappy is die ontwikkeling van nuwe produkte, verbeteringe aan huidige produkte en om aan kliente se behoeftes te voldoen. Huidiglik word hierdie prioriteite nie behoorlik gebestuur nie. As gevolg van die hoe groei tempo in verkope en die groot hoeveelheid aandag wat daaraan gegee is, het die ontwikkeling van die organisasie struktuur agterwee gebly. 'n Hele paar projekte het swak resultate opgelewer weens die verkeerde benadering en swak bestuur daarvan. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die konsep van matriksbestuur en -organisasie struktuur aan die bestuur van Desert Cool te verkoop, en om af te sien van die huidige funksionele organisasie struktuur. Die studieprojek ondersoek die voordele, nadele en kenmerke van funksionele- en matriksbestuur. Dit ondersoek ook die kriteria's wat gebruik kan word om te kies tussen die twee organisasie strukture. Hierdie kriteria's word dan gebruik in 'n ondersoek, in die vorm van 'n vraelys, om die opinie van die hoofbestuur te verkry. Die vraelys kan in drie afdelings opgedeel word, afdeling 1 kan beskou word as 'n inleiding tot matriksbestuur, afdeling 2 is 'n keuse fase waar die respondente 'n keuse moet maak tussen funksionele- en matriksbestuur en die laaste afdeling dien as 'n evaluasie van die respondent se antwoorde in afdeling 1 en 2. Die resultate dui daarop dat die gemiddelde stem vir matriksbestuur in die afdeling 1, 94% is, in afdeling 2, 57% is en in afdeling 3, 68% is. Die lae persentasie gemiddelde in afdeling 2, is nie as gevolg van 'n lae stem persentasie vir matriksbestuur nie (verkry 84% van stemme), maar meer as gevolg van die vlak van voorkeur vir matriksbestuur. Die persentasie stemme ontvang in afdeling 3 is nie te laag nie, maar 'n hoër persentasie is verwag wanneer daar gekyk word na die 94% wat in afdeling 1 behaal is. Die 68% is ook kommerwekend wanneer daar gekyk word na die persentasie stemme wat funksionele bestuurs in afdeling 3 (gemiddelde van 54%) behaal het. Die resultate dui dat die gemiddelde stem vir funksionele bestuur in afdeling 1, 6% is, vir afdeling 2, 11 % is en vir afdeling 3, 54% is. As gevolg van die lae telling in afdeling 1, is daar 'n lae telling in afdelings 2 en 3 verwag, maar 'n redelike hoë persentasie stemme is behaal vir funksionele bestuur in afdeling 3. Afdeling 1 (inleding) en afdeling 2 (selekteuring) lewer resultate in Iyn met wat verwag is, maar afdeling 3 (evalueering) het 'n meer teenstrydige resultaat gelewer, as dit wat verwag is. Met nadere ondersoek op die resultaat, het dit aan die lig gekom dat respondente nie kon onderskei tussen die matriks en die funksionele kenmerke van die strukture nie. Dit het daartoe gelei dat hoë stemme in sommige gevalle aan beide die teenstaande kenmerke gegee is. Die beperkte kennis wat hoofbestuur het van matrikbestuur, het bygedra tot die swak resultaat in afdeling 3. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat hulle eers meer breedvoerig ingelig word aangaande matriksbestuur, sodat hulle dit better kan verstaan, voordat 'n evaluasie van so 'n aard gedoen word. Indien hulle matriksbestuur beter verstaan het kon dit tot 'n beter resultaat in afdeling 3 gelei het. Oor die algemeen is goeie resultate verkry. Om mee af te sluit, Desert Cool groei teen 'n hoe tempo, maar die organisasiestruktuur en bestuurstyl het agterwee gebly. Die resulate dui daarop dat matriksbestuur die mees aangewese bestuurstyl vir Desert Cool is. Die basis is gelê deur die ondersoek en nou moet matriksbestuur op 'n formele manier aan almal oorgedra word. Hierdie dokument sal bydra om die voordele, nadele en kenmerke van matriksbestuur beter te verstaan. Dit verduidelik ook die rol van die projekbestuurder in die struktuur.

<p>På grund av världens växande befolkning och urbaniseringen blir problem relaterade till fenomenet urbana värmeöar mer och mer påtagliga. Eftersom urbana parker kan minska påfrestningen skapad av urbana värmeöar kan de vara ett kraftfullt verktyg vid klimatdesign i städer. Temperaturen nära en yta bestäms av energiutbytet mellan ytan och luften ovanför och det är därför nödvändigt att man förstår energibalansen vid markytan för att kunna hantera parkernas mikroklimat. Syftet med det här arbetet var att studera skillnaderna mellan energibalansen för olika ytor i parken och i dess omgivning och att relatera skillnaderna i energibalanserna till temperaturskillnaderna.</p><p>Mätningarna utfördes under tre klara sommardagar i parken Humlegården i centrala Stockholm. Mätutrustningen var monterad på en kärra som flyttades från mätplats till mätplats. Mätplatserna representerade olika typiska ytor i Humlegården och i dess omgivning: en skuggad och en öppen gräsmatta, en öppen och en skuggad grusyta och två asfaltytor, varav en löper i nord-sydlig riktning och en i öst-västlig riktning.</p><p>Energiflödena beräknades med hjälp av data för luft- och yttemperatur, vindhastighet, luftfuktighet och nettostrålning.</p><p>Resultaten visade att den tydligaste skillnaden mellan gräs- och grusytorna i parken var att gräsytorna hade ett större nedåtriktat latent värmeflöde under natten och ett mindre markvärmeflöde under hela dygnet. Den mest distinkta skillnaden mellan de skuggade och öppna ytorna i parken var att de skuggade ytorna hade mindre energiflöden under dagen och att de till skillnad från de andra ytorna hade ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde under dagen. Den största skillnaden mellan ytorna i och utanför parken var att asfaltytorna hade ett större uppåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde och markvärmeflöde under natten.</p><p>Under natten var den svalaste mätplasten den öppna gräsmattan, vilken också var den enda mätplasten med ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde under natten. Jämfört med de andra ickeskuggade mätplasterna hade den öppna gräsmattan ett mindre markvärmeflöde. Varmaste mätplasterna under natten var asfaltytorna som även hade ett större uppåtriktat sensibelt och markvärmeflöde än de andra ytorna. Under dagen var de skuggade ytorna i parken de svalaste platserna. De var de enda ytorna med ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde och nettostrålningen vid ytan var mindre än för de flesta andra mätplatser.</p> / <p>The world’s growing population and the increasing urbanization has made problems related to the urban heat island phenomenon to become more pronounced and since urban parks reduce the stress produced by the urban heat island they can be powerful tools in urban climate design. The temperature near the surface in a park is determined by the energy exchanges between the surface and the air above and it is therefore necessary to understand the surface energy balance of parks to intelligently manage their thermal microclimate. The objectives of this work were to study how the energy balances differ between different surfaces inside parks and in their built-up surroundings and to relate the surface energy balances to temperature differences.</p><p>Measurements were conducted during three clear summer days in the park Humlegården located in central Stockholm. The measuring instruments were mounted on a cart, which was transported from observation site to observation site. The observation sites represented typical surfaces found in an urban park and its surroundings: one shaded and one open grass surface, one open and one shaded gravel surface and two paved surfaces representing streets running in the north-south and east-west directions respectively. The energy fluxes were calculated using air and surface temperatures, wind speed, air humidity and net radiation data.</p><p>The most pronounced differences between the shaded and open surfaces in the park was that the shaded surfaces in general had smaller energy fluxes during daytime and that they had a downward directed sensible heat flux while the open surfaces had an upward directed sensible heat flux during the day. The most significant difference between the grass and the gravel surfaces in the park was that the grass surfaces had a bigger downward directed latent heat flux during the night and a smaller ground heat flux during both day and night. The largest differences between the surfaces inside the park and those in its built-up vicinities were that the paved surfaces had a larger upward directed sensible and ground heat flux during the night than the other surfaces. During the day the north-south directed paved site had a downward directed ground heat flux that was much larger than the ground heat flux for the other sites.</p><p>The coolest site during the night was the non-shaded grass surface, which was the only site with a downward directed sensible heat flux during the night. Compared to the other nonshaded sites the open grass surface had a much smaller ground heat flux. Warmest sites during the night were the paved surfaces, which had a larger upward directed sensible and ground heat flux than the other surfaces. At the built-up sites the walls also contributed with sensible heat flux, i.e. the total sensible heat flux in the built-up area was larger than what comes from the street surface only. During the day the shaded surfaces in the park were the coolest sites. The shaded surfaces had less net radiation compared to the other non-shaded surfaces and were the only sites that had a downward directed sensible heat flux.</p>

O uso de pinturas \"frias\", em coberturas e fachadas, é uma estratégia utilizada para melhorar a sensação térmica dos usuários por meio do aumento desempenho térmico das edificações, potencializar a eficiência energética e mitigar ilhas de calor. Por outro lado, a exposição ao longo do tempo pode alterar a capacidade refletiva dessas superfícies, devido à deposição de sujidades e crescimento microbiológico. Esse estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a manutenção da capacidade refletiva, a alteração da cor, do aspecto e da emissividade de pinturas expostas por três anos ao envelhecimento natural. Para esse estudo foram produzidos, em laboratório, dois grupos de tintas tipo premium, para uso em superfícies externas de fachadas e coberturas, com dois acabamentos: acetinado (PVC 30%) e fosco (PVC 50%), nas cores: branco, cinza, amarelo e marrom, que são cores usualmente utilizadas em fachadas e coberturas no Brasil. Um grupo é composto por tintas convencionais, formuladas com pigmentos inorgânicos naturais e orgânicos. O outro grupo é composto por tintas formuladas com pigmentos, com alta capacidade de refletância solar na região do infravermelho próximo, conhecidos como pigmentos \"frios\". Ainda há um terceiro grupo de tintas que foi coletado do mercado e utilizado como referência. Na exposição ao envelhecimento natural o microclima é um dos fatores determinantes no tipo de degradação da pintura, por isso esse estudo contempla os três microclimas predominantes do Estado de São Paulo: rural (Pirassununga), urbano (São Paulo) e costeiro (Ubatuba). Nesse trabalho estão sendo apresentados os resultados obtidos com três anos de exposição e já foi possível observar redução da refletância inicial, alteração de cor (diminuição do índice L luminosidade) e indícios de crescimento microbiológico. / The application of cool paints, on roofs and facades components, is a strategy to improve indoor thermal comfort for users in rooms that are not air conditioned. Increasing the thermal performance of buildings, enhance thermal efficiency and mitigate urban heat island. On the other hand, the exposure of paints over time can change reflectance capability of the surface, due to dirty deposition and microbiological colonization. The objectives of this study is evaluate the level of maintenance of reflectance, emissivity, color and visual aspects of paints after three years of natural aging exposure. Two groups of \"premium\" type paints, formulation recommended for applications on facades and roofs, we prepared in laboratory. Each group of paints was produced with two sheen type, two ratios pigment to binder, gloss finish (PVC 30%) and silk finish (PVC 50%), for the colors white, yellow, grey and brown, which are the most used colors in facades and roofs in Brazil. One group, the standard paint, was produced with natural inorganic and organic pigments and the other group was produced with cool pigments, which has high solar reflectance capacity in the near-infrared spectrum. Additionally, a third group of paints was acquired from the market and used as reference data. The microclimate is one of the key factors for paint degradation by natural aging, so in this study was considered three major microclimates of São Paulo State: rural (Pirassununga City),urban (São Paulo city) and oceanic climate (Ubatuba). The present study shows the results of the paints after three years exposure, which was observed significant reduction in reflectance, color change (reduction of the luminance L index) and evidences of microbiological colonization.

Orientador: Helena Redigolo Pezza / Co-orientador: Hernane da Silva Barud / Banca: Maria Valnice Boldrin / Banca: Raquel Fernandes Pupo Nogeira / Banca: Eny Maria Vieira / Banca: Fernando Cesar Crnkovic / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação quantitativa de furosemida e bumetanida em amostras de urina utilizando espectroscopia por reflectância difusa (para a furosemida) e por imagem por scanner com quantificação através do histograma de cores utilizando o padrão RGB (para ambas). Envolve também o desenvolvimento de um método quantitativo para a detecção de chumbo em resíduos de armas de fogo (GSR) nas mãos de atiradores utilizando membranas de celulose bacteriana como substrato de coleta, visando o descobrimento do tempo de disparo. Também foi realizada a quantificação de chumbo em amostras de tintura para cabelos utilizando método previamente desenvolvido, visando detecção da adulteração destes produtos e controle de qualidade. Estuda também a potencialidade do uso das membranas de celulose bacteriana para a coleta de impressões digitais. Os métodos desenvolvidos consistem na reação da furosemida (FUR) com o regente cromogênico paradimetilaminocinamaldeído (p-DAC) 0,70% e ácido clorídrico (HCl) 1,72 mol L -1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por histograma de cores; na reação do íon chumbo(II) (Pb 2+ ) com rodizonato de sódio (ROD) 0,16% em meio micelar de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mmol L -1 em membranas de celulose bacterianas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); na reação de bumetanida (BMT) com o reagente p-DAC 0,6% e HCl 0,26 mol L -1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção por histograma de cores e na coleta de impressões digitais utilizando membrana de celulose bacteriana impregnadas com ninidrina, nitrato de prata ou óxido de zinco, dos quais o nitrato de prata e a ninidrina atuaram como agentes de coleta razoáveis. Todas as concentrações foram otimizadas por... / Abstract: This work describes the development of analytical methods for the quantitative determination of furosemide and bumetanide in urine samples using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (for furosemide) and scanning imaging with quantification by color histogram using RGB color pattern (for both). It involves also the development of a quantitative method for the detection of lead in gunshot residues (GSR) in the hands of the shooters using bacterial cellulose membranes as substrate collection, aiming the discovery of shooting time. It is also done the quantification of lead in progressive hair lotions samples using a previously developed method, aiming the detection of products adulterations and quality control. It also studies the potentiality of the usage of bacterial cellulose membranes for the collection of fingerprints. The developed methods are consisted in the reaction of furosemide (FUR) with the cromogenic reagent p-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.70% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1.72 mol L -1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier, with spectrophotometric detection and by color histogram; in the reaction of lead(II) ion (Pb 2+ ) with sodium rhodizonate (ROD) 0.16% in micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 5 mmol L -1 in bacterial cellulose membranes with spectrophotometric detection and by scanning electron microscopy; in the reaction of bumetanide (BMT) with the reagent p- dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.6% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.27 mol L -1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier with color histogram detection an in the collect of fingerprints using bacterial cellulose membranes impregnated with ninhydrine, silver nitrate or zinc oxide, of which the silver nitrate and ninhydrin acted as reasonable collection agents. All concentrations were optimized through chemometrics designs. The reactions were carried out as spot test, involving the f... / Doutor

To evaluate the effect of cool roof coatings containing Expancel® thermoplastic microspheres on industrial buildings, a warehouse was built-up in the computer simulation software IDA-ICE. The warehouse was modelled in line with ASHRAE 90.1. 2004 ”Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings”. Four different cases were set up where the coating of the roof was the only variable. Two coatings containing Expancel® microspheres - one white and one red coating were compared to the same white coating without Expancel® microspheres and the ”base case” where there is no coating at all. The same circumstances were also implemented in a practical laboratory test using a model warehouse with a detachable roof. Four interchangeable roofs with different roof coatings constitute the various cases in the laboratory tests. A ”sun” consisting of statically mounted IR light bulbs were constructed, as well as a cooling system to measure the difference in cooling effect (maintaining a constant indoor temperature) between the different cases as a result of the change in insolation. The results of the computational simulations show that for a warehouse placed in Houston, Texas about 50 MWh in combined heating and cooling energy can be saved yearly between the best and the worst case, a reduction of 6.2%. Changing the geographic placement of the warehouse to Tepic, Mexico the corresponding savings were determined to 83 MWh or 13.5%. A way of determining the yearly savings in heating and cooling amount for the warehouse with a generic roof coating, only knowing the SRI value of the coating, was developed. It was determined that for every unit-increment of the SRI value the yearly savings for the warehouse placed in Houston, Texas were 718 kWh and 0.1%. The corresponding savings for the warehouse placed in Tepic, Mexico were determined to be 1252 kWh and 0.22%. The laboratory tests showed that the indoor temperature of the model warehouse decreased by close to 16°C between the best and the worst case.

<p>In fashion, as in the rest of the economy, the globalisation of taste, power and production now plays a major role. The industry is dominated by fashion capitals like Paris, London or New York, populated by star designers like Tom Ford, Karl Lagerfeld or Jean-Paul Gaultier and controlled through MNC giants like Prada, Gucci, DKNY and Dior, who together influence consumer preferences on a global scale. However, there are numerous smaller actors that compete successfully in the fashion industry. Sweden is one such example, where fashion is a growing. </p><p>In this thesis, there is a focus on group of small and medium sized Swedish fashion firms with a brand focused business strategy. Their products are design intensive, but their main competitive advantage rests on the brand and brand management. This group of firms are proficient at ‘putting fashion into clothes’ (Weller 2004). In other words, their main competitive advantage rests neither on price, nor on the most experimental design. More exactly, they produce clothes for a fashion conscious but not too adventurous consumer group. In the thesis it is argued that they are better described as trend forerunners than as trend setters. The subject of this thesis is this group of firms within the Swedish fashion industry and the aim is to improve understanding of their innovation processes, competitiveness, and the systemic character of the business they are a part of. </p><p>As with most other fashion firms in high cost countries, Swedish companies has outsourced the garment production. They secure their competitive edge through high value added activities like design, marketing and retail. This points to the fact that fashion has both material and immaterial dimensions: it relates to clothing, design, textile and quality, but also to consumers’ subjective feelings and attitudes towards the clothes and their brands. This is a study of the interface between these dimensions, with a focal point on the production of immaterial and symbolic value. The systemic nature of fashion can hardly be overestimated. This goes for both the practical part of clothes production, but also for the production of a belief system created not only by fashion producers but by a whole set of institutional actors. This thesis has an analysis of fashion firms’ relations to business partners, competitors, media, and consumers. It is argued that the nature of these relations is critical for competition and success.</p><p>The thesis is a collection of papers, which illuminates different parts of innovation, competition and business strategies in the fashion industry. The papers cover the central activity areas for fashion firms: how branding is affecting industrial structure and innovation, how symbolic is value created, and how ‘cool’ is used as a strategic resource. </p>

In fashion, as in the rest of the economy, the globalisation of taste, power and production now plays a major role. The industry is dominated by fashion capitals like Paris, London or New York, populated by star designers like Tom Ford, Karl Lagerfeld or Jean-Paul Gaultier and controlled through MNC giants like Prada, Gucci, DKNY and Dior, who together influence consumer preferences on a global scale. However, there are numerous smaller actors that compete successfully in the fashion industry. Sweden is one such example, where fashion is a growing. In this thesis, there is a focus on group of small and medium sized Swedish fashion firms with a brand focused business strategy. Their products are design intensive, but their main competitive advantage rests on the brand and brand management. This group of firms are proficient at ‘putting fashion into clothes’ (Weller 2004). In other words, their main competitive advantage rests neither on price, nor on the most experimental design. More exactly, they produce clothes for a fashion conscious but not too adventurous consumer group. In the thesis it is argued that they are better described as trend forerunners than as trend setters. The subject of this thesis is this group of firms within the Swedish fashion industry and the aim is to improve understanding of their innovation processes, competitiveness, and the systemic character of the business they are a part of. As with most other fashion firms in high cost countries, Swedish companies has outsourced the garment production. They secure their competitive edge through high value added activities like design, marketing and retail. This points to the fact that fashion has both material and immaterial dimensions: it relates to clothing, design, textile and quality, but also to consumers’ subjective feelings and attitudes towards the clothes and their brands. This is a study of the interface between these dimensions, with a focal point on the production of immaterial and symbolic value. The systemic nature of fashion can hardly be overestimated. This goes for both the practical part of clothes production, but also for the production of a belief system created not only by fashion producers but by a whole set of institutional actors. This thesis has an analysis of fashion firms’ relations to business partners, competitors, media, and consumers. It is argued that the nature of these relations is critical for competition and success. The thesis is a collection of papers, which illuminates different parts of innovation, competition and business strategies in the fashion industry. The papers cover the central activity areas for fashion firms: how branding is affecting industrial structure and innovation, how symbolic is value created, and how ‘cool’ is used as a strategic resource.

På grund av världens växande befolkning och urbaniseringen blir problem relaterade till fenomenet urbana värmeöar mer och mer påtagliga. Eftersom urbana parker kan minska påfrestningen skapad av urbana värmeöar kan de vara ett kraftfullt verktyg vid klimatdesign i städer. Temperaturen nära en yta bestäms av energiutbytet mellan ytan och luften ovanför och det är därför nödvändigt att man förstår energibalansen vid markytan för att kunna hantera parkernas mikroklimat. Syftet med det här arbetet var att studera skillnaderna mellan energibalansen för olika ytor i parken och i dess omgivning och att relatera skillnaderna i energibalanserna till temperaturskillnaderna. Mätningarna utfördes under tre klara sommardagar i parken Humlegården i centrala Stockholm. Mätutrustningen var monterad på en kärra som flyttades från mätplats till mätplats. Mätplatserna representerade olika typiska ytor i Humlegården och i dess omgivning: en skuggad och en öppen gräsmatta, en öppen och en skuggad grusyta och två asfaltytor, varav en löper i nord-sydlig riktning och en i öst-västlig riktning. Energiflödena beräknades med hjälp av data för luft- och yttemperatur, vindhastighet, luftfuktighet och nettostrålning. Resultaten visade att den tydligaste skillnaden mellan gräs- och grusytorna i parken var att gräsytorna hade ett större nedåtriktat latent värmeflöde under natten och ett mindre markvärmeflöde under hela dygnet. Den mest distinkta skillnaden mellan de skuggade och öppna ytorna i parken var att de skuggade ytorna hade mindre energiflöden under dagen och att de till skillnad från de andra ytorna hade ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde under dagen. Den största skillnaden mellan ytorna i och utanför parken var att asfaltytorna hade ett större uppåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde och markvärmeflöde under natten. Under natten var den svalaste mätplasten den öppna gräsmattan, vilken också var den enda mätplasten med ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde under natten. Jämfört med de andra ickeskuggade mätplasterna hade den öppna gräsmattan ett mindre markvärmeflöde. Varmaste mätplasterna under natten var asfaltytorna som även hade ett större uppåtriktat sensibelt och markvärmeflöde än de andra ytorna. Under dagen var de skuggade ytorna i parken de svalaste platserna. De var de enda ytorna med ett nedåtriktat sensibelt värmeflöde och nettostrålningen vid ytan var mindre än för de flesta andra mätplatser. / The world’s growing population and the increasing urbanization has made problems related to the urban heat island phenomenon to become more pronounced and since urban parks reduce the stress produced by the urban heat island they can be powerful tools in urban climate design. The temperature near the surface in a park is determined by the energy exchanges between the surface and the air above and it is therefore necessary to understand the surface energy balance of parks to intelligently manage their thermal microclimate. The objectives of this work were to study how the energy balances differ between different surfaces inside parks and in their built-up surroundings and to relate the surface energy balances to temperature differences. Measurements were conducted during three clear summer days in the park Humlegården located in central Stockholm. The measuring instruments were mounted on a cart, which was transported from observation site to observation site. The observation sites represented typical surfaces found in an urban park and its surroundings: one shaded and one open grass surface, one open and one shaded gravel surface and two paved surfaces representing streets running in the north-south and east-west directions respectively. The energy fluxes were calculated using air and surface temperatures, wind speed, air humidity and net radiation data. The most pronounced differences between the shaded and open surfaces in the park was that the shaded surfaces in general had smaller energy fluxes during daytime and that they had a downward directed sensible heat flux while the open surfaces had an upward directed sensible heat flux during the day. The most significant difference between the grass and the gravel surfaces in the park was that the grass surfaces had a bigger downward directed latent heat flux during the night and a smaller ground heat flux during both day and night. The largest differences between the surfaces inside the park and those in its built-up vicinities were that the paved surfaces had a larger upward directed sensible and ground heat flux during the night than the other surfaces. During the day the north-south directed paved site had a downward directed ground heat flux that was much larger than the ground heat flux for the other sites. The coolest site during the night was the non-shaded grass surface, which was the only site with a downward directed sensible heat flux during the night. Compared to the other nonshaded sites the open grass surface had a much smaller ground heat flux. Warmest sites during the night were the paved surfaces, which had a larger upward directed sensible and ground heat flux than the other surfaces. At the built-up sites the walls also contributed with sensible heat flux, i.e. the total sensible heat flux in the built-up area was larger than what comes from the street surface only. During the day the shaded surfaces in the park were the coolest sites. The shaded surfaces had less net radiation compared to the other non-shaded surfaces and were the only sites that had a downward directed sensible heat flux.