The current study explored how hot and cool executive functions (EF) could predict resting-state connectivity of the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Central Executive Network (CEN) in a mixed clinical and typically developing sample of adolescents. It was hypothesized that hot EF would predict a quadratic, inverted U-shaped, relationship between connectivity of the major regions of the DMN: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC). It also was hypothesized that cool EF would predict a quadratic, inverted U-shaped, relationship between the connectivity of the major regions of the CEN: the right Posterior Parietal Cortex (right PPC) and the right Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (right DLPFC). The results suggested that hot EF, specifically emotional regulation, predicted a quadratic relationship in DMN connectivity. However, this relationship was U-shaped instead of an inverted U-shaped. Thus, participants who scored well or poorly in emotional regulation generally had higher connectivity than those with average scores in emotional regulation. There were no significant results between cool EF and the CEN. Additional exploratory analysis suggested that the main hypotheses were not driven or suppressed by group differences. Further exploration observed other brain regions involved in resting-state activity that may play a role in hot or cool EF. Overall, findings support the Internal Mentation Hypothesis of DMN activity and are indicative of a relationship between emotional regulation and DMN resting-state connectivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA13MA107.pdf: 451741 bytes, checksum: 5cfe26b4db31a7dc3232b729192870a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-24 / The Brazilian swine production goes through a historic moment attempting to develop new markets, including the member states of the European Union, United States and Japan. Requirements of national and international law, about the hygiene of products of animal origin signal the need for direct actions to all segments of the supply chain of pork for protecting health of the population. The objective of this study is to determine and quantify the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in pig carcasses before and after the cool chamber. Material sampling was carried out at one processing plant located in the State of Santa Catarina. 226 samples were collected from carcasses. Sampling was performed by means of sponge and the smear sampling area which covered a defined area of 100 cm2 per sampling, totaling an area of 400 cm2. The points were in the ham, loin, belly and jowl. At the laboratory, samples were added to 100 ml of pre-enrichment broth UVM (University of Vermont) and homogenized in the broth. The broth was incubated at 30° C/24h and subsequently peaked 0.1 ml of culture to Fraser broth and incubated at 36° C/24h. The samples presumptively positive were peaked for ALOA Agar for isolation (incubation at 36° C/24h). The suspected colonies were identified by biochemical tests and test-CAMP. For quantification we used the technique of Most Probable Number. From the samples analyzed within the establishments A, 0.44% (1) samples were positive for Listeria monocytogene. An increase of positive results for Listeria sp. was found on the pig carcases after passing the cold chamber. In this sense, it could be considered a contamination point. However, the results did not show an increase on the number of Listeria sp. on the carcases after passing the cold chamber / A suinocultura brasileira passa por um momento histórico com a tentativa de expanção de novos mercados, incluindo os estados-membros da União Europeia, Estados Unidos da América e Japão. Requisitos da legislação nacional e internacional, a respeito da higiene dos produtos de origem animal sinalizam a necessidade de direcionar ações a todos os segmentos da cadeia produtiva da carne suína, visando a proteção da saúde da população. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e quantificar a presença de Listeria monocytogenes em carcaças suínas antes e após a câmara fria. As coletas de materiais foram realizadas em dois frigoríficos localizados no Estado de Santa Catarina. No estabelecimento A foram coletadas 226 amostras de carcaças. As coletas para análise foram por meio de swab (esponja) e a área de amostragem do esfregaço abrangeu uma área delimitada de 100 cm2 por ponto de amostragem, totalizando uma área de 400 cm2. Os pontos de coleta foram no pernil, lombo, barriga e papada. No laboratório, as amostras foram acrescidas de 100 ml de caldo de pré-enriquecimento UVM (Universidade de Vermont) e homogeneizadas no caldo. O caldo foi incubado a 30°C/24h e posteriormente repicado 0,1 ml da cultura para o caldo Fraser, e incubado a 36ºC/24h. As amostras presuntivamente positivas foram repicadas para Ágar ALOA para isolamento (incubação a 36°C/24h). As colônias suspeitas foram identificadas por meio de provas bioquímicas e CAMP-teste. Para a quantificação foi utilizada a técnica de Número Mais Provável. Das amostras analisadas nos estabelecimentos A, 0,44% (1) foram positivas para L. monocytogenes para antes e após a câmara fria. Houve aumento de carcaças suínas positivas para Listeria sp. após a câmara fria, podendo esta ser considerada como um ponto de contaminação. Porém, não foi possível comprovar se houve aumento do número de Listeria sp. na carcaça suína após a câmara fria

Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_SamuelScarassatti_M.pdf: 3413897 bytes, checksum: 5e01dabc6101fefebe4dd9a0e9e103c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Dentro da indústria, os equipamentos de refrigeração ocupam um destacado papel no que se refere ao consumo de energia elétrica. A tarifação deste insumo vem sofrendo freqüentes reajustes, na medida em que sua demanda cresce e atende as necessidades econômicas do país. Os sistemas de termoacumulação representam uma alternativa para a economia do consumo energético nos períodos de maior tarifação, o que tende a atenuar os gastos com a energia elétrica. Neste trabalho, foi proposta a construção de um sistema de termoacumulação, com o objetivo de comparar esta técnica com um sistema tradicional de expansão seca em termos de consumo e demanda energética. O estudo envolveu a montagem da derivação da linha de refrigeração, a partir de um chiller, até o evaporador de uma câmara frigorífica, onde foram instalados sensores de temperatura, pressão e vazão, permitindo a avaliação das condições do processo por expansão seca. Em paralelo, foi montada uma linha de escoamento para o fluido refrigerante secundário que interligou um circuito onde o fluido é resfriado pelo sistema de refrigeração, termoacumulado em um tanque e bombeado ate um trocador de calor instalado dentro da câmara, onde é utilizado para resfriar o ambiente. A aplicação da termoacumulação objetivou alcançar as mesmas condições da câmara, mantidas pela expansão seca, com a posterior avaliação do consumo energético apresentado pelos dois sistemas. Foram instalados sensores de temperatura na linha de refrigerante secundário e também dentro da câmara. O consumo de potência da bomba e do compressor foram registrados e utilizados na comparação energética dos sistemas. A avaliação qualitativa englobou o cálculo da carga térmica empírica da câmara, bem como o registro das condições de funcionamento dos sistemas durante a expansão seca e a refrigeração do circuito secundário. A comparação dos sistemas frente ao consumo energético indicou uma economia superior a 42% na utilização da termoacumulação durante o período de ponta em comparação com o sistema de expansão seca. A aplicação da termoacumulação manteve a temperatura do interior da câmara estável durante as três horas em que o compressor permaneceu desligado, mostrando ser uma técnica de grande economia energética quando comparada com o sistema secundário sem termoacumulação, apresentando uma economia de 26% nos gastos em função deste período / Abstract: In the industry, refrigeration equipments possess a detached function in electric energy consumption. The price of this input has been frequently adjusted. In the same way that the demand grows and fills the economic needs of the country. the cool storage systems represent an alternative for save power consumption during periods of peak pricing, tending to decrease spending on energy consumption. In this paper, it was proposed the construction of a system for cool storage, in order to compare that technique with a traditional dry-expansion system, in terms of consumption and energy. The study involved the derivation of the assembly line cooling from a chiller evaporator until a cold chamber, on the line, temperature, pressure and flow sensors, were installed allowing the evaluation of process conditions for dry expansion . In parallel, a line was built, through which the refrigerant is pumped through a secondary circuit where it is cooled by the cooling system, stored in a tank at low temperature, and pumped to a heat exchanger installed inside the chamber where it is used to cool the environment. . The cool storage application had as an objective maintains the room conditions as the same in dry expansion, With the subsequent evaluation of the energy consumption of each system. Temperature sensors were installed in the secondary coolant line and also inside the chamber. The power consumption of the pump and compressor were recorded and used to comparing the two systems. The evaluation, has included the empirical calculation of the heat load for the cold chamber and the recording data of the system operating conditions during the dry-expansion and the cooling by the secondary circuit The comparison between the systems has indicated energy savings of more than 42% in the use of the cool stored system during the peak period. The application of cool storage kept the temperature inside the camera steady during the three hours when the compressor was off, proving to be a technique of great energy savings when compared to the secondary system without termoacumulação, showing a 26% saving in costs due this period / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

The Thesis discusses about safety systems of nuclear power plants, primarily about passive containment protection. That have aims to reduce increase of pressure during the LOCA. It occupy specific type of passive system, it is Ice Condenser. In chapters is make step by step design of replacement current material for other material, that changes its phase at higher temperature. It chose a suitable material, prepared thermal calculation and structural design. Finally is prepared the economic analysis of production of new type condenser.

Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] is a warm season, perennial grass native to the Great Plains from southern Canada to Mexico (Beetle, 1950). This newly developed, low input, turf-type grass is recommended for use on low maintenance sites (Falkenberg-Borland and Butler, 1982; Pozarnsky, 1983; Wu and Harivandi, 1989; Shearman et al., 2005). Recently, the use of buffalograss as a turfgrass has increased due to its drought tolerance, low nutrient requirements, and low growing height (Harivandi and Wu, 1995; Frank et al., 2004). It is an excellent choice in California where water use is limited. Unsightly winter dormancy of buffalograss can be overcome by growing mixtures of buffalograss and fine fescue (Festuca spp.). Overtime species composition can be overtaken by the fine fescue, unintentionally converting the mixed turfgrass stand to a fine fescue monostand (Severmutlu, et al., 2005). Research on buffalograss establishment in fine leaved fescues from seed or by vegetative methods was completed from 2007 to 2009 at the California Polytechnic State University Horticulture Unit in San Luis Obispo, California. Comparisons were made between mixtures of eight cultivars of buffalograss (Prairie, Prestige, UC Verde, 609, Bowie, Cody, Texoka, and Bison) and three fine leaved fescue species [hard fescue (Festuca trachyphylla Thuill.), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L), and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)] to determine which combination and establishment strategy provides the highest quality turf for the California central coast region. Evaluations made on buffalograss establishment and competitive ability when grown in pre-existing fine fescue turfgrasses showed seeded cultivars (Bowie, Cody, Texoka, and Bison) were unsuccessfully established (zero percent coverage in two growing seasons), and vegetative cultivar (Prairie, Prestige, 609 and UC Verde) establishment was greatly dependent on the type of cultivar planted. After two growing seasons, buffalograss cultivar UC Verde had the highest establishment rate (38.6 percent living ground cover) and Prestige had the lowest (11.4 percent living ground cover). Results from this study do not recommend establishing seeded buffalograss cultivars into pre-existing fine leaved fescue turfgrass stands. Vegetative buffalograss cultivars can be established into pre-existing fine leaved fescue turfgrass stands; however, this process is too slow for most turfgrass practitioners and is quite unsightly in winter dormancy during the establishment process.

Human interference with the Earth’s climate, through the release of greenhouse gasses (GHGs), is estimated to have already increased average statewide temperatures in California by 1.7° Fahrenheit (F), with a further 2.7°F of warming expected by mid-century. The negative impacts of increased temperatures may be especially acute in mid-latitude cities that currently enjoy a mild climate, such as Los Angeles (LA), which are projected to warm to a point that will significantly affect human health and well being. The built environment increases urban temperatures through building materials that readily absorb heat from the sun, a lack of vegetation, a lack of pervious surface area, and anthropogenic heat. Local governments can take action to help their cities adapt to future temperatures through changes to building materials, urban design and infrastructure. This study evaluates six urban design strategies for reducing temperatures and therefore adapting to increased heat in LA: cool roofs, cool pavements, solar panels, tree planting, structural shading and green roofs. The methods used in this analysis include a cost-effectiveness analysis, key stakeholder interviews, and case studies from other cities in the US. Findings indicate that cool roofs are the most cost-effective strategy for urban heat island mitigation, with cool pavements and tree planting also cost-effective. Findings from stakeholder interviews indicate that political feasibility is high for all strategies except structural shading, which was thought to be costly and difficult to implement. However, significant political barriers were also identified for tree planting and green roofs. Findings from four case studies indicate that climate adaptation policies should emphasize co-benefits, include flexible design standards, and provide financial or performance-based incentives for property owners or developers. Specific recommendations for implementing climate adaptation measures are provided for urban planners, policy makers, urban designers and architects in Los Angeles.

The provision of a sustainable energy supply is one of the most important issues facing humanity at the current time, given the strong dependence of social and economic prosperity on the availability of affordable energy and the growing environmental concerns about its production. Solar thermal power has established itself as a viable source of renewable power, capable of generating electricity at some of the most economically attractive rates. Solar thermal power plants are based largely on conventional Rankine-cycle power generation equipment, reducing the technological risk involved in the initial investment. Nevertheless, due to the variable nature of the solar supply, this equipment is subjected to a greater range of operating conditions than would be the case in conventional systems. The necessity of maintaining the operational life of the steam-turbines places limits on the speed at which they can be started once the solar supply becomes available. However, in order to harvest as much as possible of the Sun’s energy, the turbines should be started as quickly as is possible. The limiting factor in start-up speed being the temperature of the metal within the turbines before start-up, methods have been studied to keep the turbines as warm as possible during idle-periods. A detailed model of the steam-turbines in a solar thermal power plant has been elaborated and validated against experimental data from an existing power plant. A dynamic system model of the remainder of the plant has also been developed in order to provide input to the steam-turbine model. Three modifications that could potentially maintain the internal temperature of the steam-turbines have been analysed: installation of additional insulation, increasing the temperature of the gland steam and use of external heating blankets. A combination of heat blankets and gland steam temperature increase was shown to be the most effective, with increases in electricity production of up to 3% predicted on an annual basis through increased availability of the solar power plant. / Hållbar energiförsörjning är för närvarande en av de viktigaste frågorna för mänskligheten. Socialt och ekonomiskt välstånd är starkt kopplat till rimliga energipriser och hållbar energiproduktion. Koncentrerad solenergi är nu etablerad som en tillförlitlig källa av förnybar energi och är också ett ekonomiskt attraktivt alternativ. Koncentrerade solenergikraftverk bygger till stor del på konventionella Rankine-cykel elgeneratorer, vilka minskar de tekniskt relaterade riskerna i den initiala investeringen. På grund av solstrålningens skiftande karaktär utsätts denna utrustning för mer varierade driftsförhållanden, jämfört med konventionella system. Behovet av att bibehålla den operativa livslängden på ångturbiner sätter gränser för uppstartshastigheten. För att utnyttja så mycket som möjligt av solens energi bör ångturbinen startas så snabbt som möjligt när solstrålningen blir tillgänglig. Eftersom temperaturen i metalldelar hos turbinerna är den begränsande faktorn, har metoder studerats för att hålla turbinerna så varma som möjligt under tomgångsperioder. En detaljerad modell av ångturbiner i ett solenergikraftverk har utvecklats och validerats mot experimentella data från ett befintligt kraftverk. En dynamisk systemmodell av de övriga delarna av anläggningen har också utvecklats för att ge input till ångturbinsmodellen. Tre modifieringar som potentiellt kan bidra till att upprätthålla den inre temperaturen i ångturbiner har analyserats: montering av ytterligare isolering, ökning av temperaturen hos glänsångan och användning av elvärmefiltar. En kombination av elvärmefiltar och en temperaturökning av glänsångan visade sig vara det mest effektiva alternativet. Åtgärderna resulterade i en ökad elproduktion på upp till 3%, beräknat på årsbasis genom ökad tillgänglighet hos kraftverket. / QC 20110629 / TURBOKRAFT

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In hot climate areas, the electrical load in a building spikes, but not by the same amount daily due to various conditions. In order to cover the hottest day of the year, large cooling systems are installed, but are not fully utilized during all hot summer days. As a result, the investments in these cooling systems cannot be fully justified. A solution for more optimal use of the building cooling system is presented in this dissertation using Cool Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) deployed at a district level. Such CTES systems are charged overnight and the cool charge is dispatched as cool air during the day. The integration of the CTES helps to downsize the otherwise large cooling systems designed for the hottest day of the year. This reduces the capital costs of installing large cooling systems. However, one important question remains - how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling load for the next day is fully met and at the same time the CTES charge is fully utilized during the day. The solution presented in this dissertation integrated the CTES with Photovoltaics (PV) power forecasting and building load forecasting at a district level for a more optimal charge/discharge management. A district comprises several buildings of different load profiles, all connected to the same cooling system with central CTES. The use of forecasting for both the PV and the building cooling load allows the building operator to more accurately determine how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling system and CTES can meet the cooling demand for the next day. Using this approach, the CTES would be optimally sized, and utilized more efficiently during the day. At the same time, peak load savings are achieved, thus benefiting an electric utility company. The district presented in this dissertation comprises PV panels and three types of buildings – a mosque, a clinic and an office building. In order to have a good estimation for the required CTES charge for the next day, reliable forecasts for the PV panel outputs and the electrical load of the three buildings are required. In the model developed for the current work, dust was introduced as a new input feature in all of the forecasting models to improve the models' accuracy. Dust levels play an important role in PV output forecasts in areas with high and variable dust values. The overall solution used both the PV panel forecasts and the building load forecasts to estimate the CTES charge for the next day. The presented method was tested against the baseline method with no forecasting system. Multiple scenarios were conducted with different cooling system sizes and different CTES capacities. Research findings indicated that the presented method utilized the CTES charge more efficiently than the baseline method. This led to more savings in the energy consumption at the district level. / Doctor of Philosophy / In hot weather areas around the world, the electrical load in a building spikes because of the cooling load, but not by the same amount daily due to various conditions. In order to meet the demand of the hottest day of the year, large cooling systems are installed. However, these large systems are not fully utilized during all hot summer days. As a result, the investments in these cooling systems cannot be fully justified. A solution for more optimal use of the building cooling system is presented in this dissertation using Cool Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) deployed at a district level. Such CTES systems are charged overnight and the cool charge is dispatched as cool air during the day. The integration of the CTES helps to downsize the otherwise large cooling systems designed for the hottest day of the year. This reduces the capital costs of installing large cooling systems. However, one important question remains - how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling load for the next day is fully met and at the same time the CTES charge is fully utilized during the day. The solution presented in this dissertation integrated the CTES with Photovoltaics (PV) power forecasting and building load forecasting at a district level for a more optimal charge/discharge management. A district comprises several buildings all connected to the same cooling system with central CTES. The use of the forecasting for both the PV and the building cooling load allows the building operator to more accurately determine how much of the CTES should be charged during the night, such that the cooling system and CTES can meet the cooling demand for the next day. Using this approach, the CTES would be optimally sized and utilized more efficiently. At the same time, peak load is lowered, thus benefiting an electric utility company.

Sustainable weed control in managed agricultural systems requires the judicious use of multiple weed control tactics and prevents over-reliance on any one tactic. In this context, sustainable weed management plays a critical role in the mitigation of one of agriculture's most pressing problems- herbicide resistance. Research conducted in Virginia sought to explore the effects of integrating multiple weed management tactics in corn and cool-season turfgrass. Additionally, research was conducted to confirm nicosulfuron and glyphosate herbicide resistance in Virginia johnsongrass and elucidate the molecular mechanisms conferring those resistances. Rye and hairy vetch cover crop residues, combined with reduced rates of preemergence herbicide and postemergence glyphosate applications, were shown to provide sufficient weed control and corn yield. Cover crop type or residue level did not augment weed control in corn production systems, but the use of glyphosate was essential for late-season weed control. Rye and vetch biculture as a cover crop increased corn yield compared to rye cover crop alone. In cool-season turfgrass, the addition of reduced preemergence herbicide rates to corn gluten meal, an organic herbicide product, reduced crabgrass 25%. Moreover, control was dependent on herbicide choice. Herbicides applied at half of recommended labeled rates or less did not control crabgrass at a commercially-acceptable level, regardless of corn gluten meal addition. In field experiments, Virginia johnsongrass expressed resistance to nicosulfuron and glyphosate. Glyphosate at 0.88 kg ae ha-1 controlled johnsongrass 65%. Nicosulfuron at 0.14 kg ai ha-1 controlled the same population 10%. Greenhouse experiments confirmed differential sensitivity of putative herbicide-resistant johnsongrass seedlings to nicosulfuron and glyphosate when compared to a susceptible population. Herbicide resistance was not conferred via target-site mutation. Five ALS-gene site mutations were confirmed absent in Virginia johnsongrass, while three others were located in coding regions that could not be elucidated in johnsongrass. Further investigations showed glyphosate resistance was not conferred via reduction in herbicide absorption or translocation. The susceptible johnsongrass caused an increase in a polar metabolite at Rf = 0.17 with concomitant reduction in glyphosate over time. Although the mechanism is not clear, these data suggests that glyphosate resistance in johnsongrass may be associated with differential metabolism. / Ph. D.