The balance of the supply of renewable energy sources with electricity demand will become increasingly difficult with further penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditionally, large stationary batteries have been used to store renewable energy in excess of electricity demand and dispatch the stored energy to meet future electricity demand. Cool thermal energy storage is a feasible renewable energy balancing solution that has economic and environmental advantages over utility scale stationary lead-acid batteries. Two technologies, ice harvesters and internal-melt ice-on-coil cool thermal energy storage, have the capability to store excess renewable energy and use the energy to displace electricity used for building cooling systems. When implemented by a utility, cool thermal energy storage can replace large utility scale batteries for renewable energy balancing in utility regions with high renewable energy penetration. The California Independent System Operator (CAISO) region and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) are utility regions with large solar and wind resources, respectively, that can benefit from installation of cool thermal energy storage systems for renewable energy balancing. With proper scheduling of energy dispatched from cool thermal energy storage, these technologies can be effective in displacing peak power capacity for the region, in displacing traditional building cooling equipment, and in recovering renewable energy that would otherwise be curtailed. / Master of Science

O uso de \"pigmento frio\" é uma alternativa para minimizar os efeitos de \"ilhas de calor\" em grandes cidades como São Paulo. Este tipo de pigmento proporciona o desenvolvimento de fórmulas de tinta para aplicação em coberturas com cores escuras, próximo ao preto, apresentando refletância solar (SR) maior. Neste estudo, foi formulado um grupo de tintas na cor cinza claro e outro na cor cinza escuro. O primeiro grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de pigmento preto convencional, o negro de fumo que possui natureza orgânica e o segundo grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de \"pigmento frio\", que possui natureza inorgânica. A fração pigmentária de ambos os grupos de tintas foi preparada com auxílio do software \"CoolSim\". A revisão bibliográfica mostra que as tintas preparadas com pigmentos de natureza orgânica apresentam baixa refletância solar enquanto que as tintas preparadas com o uso do \"pigmento frio\" apresentam maior refletância solar. Os resultados de refletância solar de ambos os grupos de tintas confirmam os dados apresentados na revisão da bibliográfica. As fórmulas preparadas com o uso de \"pigmento frio\", mesmo tendo cor escura, resulta em produto mais adequado para a aplicação em superfície de cobertura como telha, devido sua capacidade de absorver menos calor, o que contribui na redução da temperatura do edifício, reduzindo a necessidade de uso de ar condicionado e auxiliando na redução do consumo de energia. / The use of \"cool pigment\" is one of the alternatives to minimize the effects of \"heat islands\" in big cities like São Paulo. This type of pigment provides the development of formulas for painting roofs with dark colors, near black, but showing higher solar reflectance (SR) than conventional pigments. In this study, a group of paint was formulated in light gray color and the other in dark gray color. The first group of paints was prepared with addition of conventional black pigment which is the carbon black that has organic nature. The second group of paints was prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", which has inorganic nature. The pigment fraction of both groups of paints was obtained using the software \"CoolSim\". The literature review shows that finishes obtained with paints prepared with organic nature pigment has lower solar reflectance and finishes obtained with paints prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", with inorganic nature, have a higher solar reflectance. The results of the study show that the solar reflectance of both groups of paint confirms the data obtained in the literature review. The paint formulas prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", even presenting dark color, resulted in film more adequate for the application in surfaces of roofs and tiles due their capacity to absorb less heat. The use of \"cool pigment\" in formulas allow to obtain paints that can contribute to the reduction of the temperature of the building, by reduction the need to use air conditioning, resulting in lower energy consumption.

Qualität wird nach ISO 8402 als Gesamtheit von Eigenschaften und Merkmalen eines Produktes, die sich auf deren Eignung zur Erfüllung festgelegter oder vorausgesetzter Erfordernisse beziehen, definiert. Produkte mit hohem Wassergehalt und großer Atmungsrate können erhebliche Qualitätsbeeinträchtigungen in der Nachernteperiode bis zum Verkauf bzw. Verzehr erleiden. Am Beispiel des Spargels, also junger und physiologisch sehr aktiver Pflanzensprosse, werden äußere und innere Qualitätsmerkmale sowie deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch züchterisch- pflanzenbauliche Maßnahmen und Lagerverfahren einschließlich Vorkühlung und Lagerdauer aufgezeigt. Das im Land Brandenburg gewachsene Untersuchungsmaterial wurde aus einem 2- faktoriellen Parzellenfeldversuch, einem Praxis- Sortenvergleichsversuch und durch Zukauf gewonnen. Bonituren und Sortierung nach äußerlich erfassbaren, Qualitätskriterien sowohl von frisch geerntetem als auch von zwei bzw. fünf Wochen unter Kühl- und CA- Lagerbedingungen (verschiedene Gaszusammensetzungen) gelagerten Grün- und Bleichspargels der männlichen Hybridsorte `Gijnlim` sowie der gemischtgeschlechtlichen, anthocyanfreien Sorte `Huchels Schneewittchen` ergaben differenzierte Aussagen zur äußeren Qualität. Untersuchungen von Brix/ Zuckergehalt, Gehalt an Apfel-, Zitronen- und Weinsäure sowie proteinogenen Aminosäuren ( speziell essentielle und halbessentielle AS) und Gesamtpektin in den verschiedenen Spargelproben zeigten bei diesen wert- und geschmacksgebenden Inhaltsstoffen die Dynamik in ihrem Auftreten vom Erntezeitpunkt bis zum Auslagerungstermin auf. In diesem Zeitraum wurden auch der Frischgewichtsverlust erfasst und alle Untersuchungswerte stets vergleichend bei beiden Spargelanbauformen sowie beiden Sortentypen betrachtet. Dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand konnten einige neue Ergebnisse zur unterschiedlichen Qualitätsbildung und Qualitätserhaltungsmöglichkeit bei Grün- und Bleichspargel in Abhängigkeit von Sortenwahl, Bestandesdichte, Lagerverfahren und- dauer hinzugefügt werden. Sie bedürfen aber teilweise noch weiterer modifizierter Bearbeitung bzw. längerer Bearbeitungsdauer. / The quality is defined according to ISO 8402 as a whole of characteristics and significations of a product, which refer to their suitability for the fulfilment of fixed or presupposed requirements. Products with high water content and large breathing rate can suffer substantial quality impairments in the post-harvest period up to the time for selling and/or consumption. By the example of the asparagus, a rather young and physiologically very active plant rung, we register both external and internal breeding and plant-structural measures and storage procedures including precooling and duration of storage. The investigation material gathered in the Federal State of Brandenburg was won from a 2-factorial plot-field-test, a practice sort comparison test and by additional purchase. Bonitures and assortment after outwardly detectable, quality criteria both of freshly harvested and of two and/or five weeks under cool and APPROX. storage conditions (different gas compositions) of stored green and bleached Asparagus of the male hybrid sort ` Gijnlim` as well as the mixed-gender; Anthocyan-free sort ` Huchels Schneewittchen` resulted in differentiated statements to the outside quality. Investigations of Brix/ sugar content, content of apple -, lemon and tartaric acid as well as proteinogenen amino acids (particularly essential and halfessential AS) and total Pectin in the different asparagus samples pointed the dynamics in their occurrence from the harvest time to the paging date to taste-giving contents materials out with this worth and. In this period also the fresh decrease in weight and all investigation values always comparatively with both forms of cultivation of asparagus as well as both sort types were seized were regarded. The past level of knowledge could some new results for different quality formation and quality preservation possibility with green and bleaching asparagus as a function of sort choice, inventory density, camp procedure and duration be added. They require however partly still further modified treatment and/or longer machining time.

Os contêineres metálicos foram desenvolvidos para a utilização no setor de logística e transporte, mas por sua escala adaptável à das edificações e pela mobilidade e praticidade de instalação, tiveram sua utilização apropriada também pelo setor da construção civil. Essas instalações possuem diversas qualidades ambientalmente amigáveis, mas seu aspecto térmico é extremamente insuficiente: sem isolamento térmico, demandam alta carga térmica de refrigeração e aquecimento, no verão e inverno, respectivamente e, consequentemente, um alto consumo energético. Tal característica foi crucial para que se determinassem como objetivos da presente pesquisa investigar o comportamento térmico dessas construções metálicas, avaliar seus parâmetros de desempenho, conforto e estresse térmicos, por meio de uma ampla coleta de dados experimentais. O experimento com duração de um ano - contou com três tipologias de contêiner em escala real, sendo o primeiro em aço Tipo X sem isolamento térmico, o segundo com um isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da condução e o terceiro com isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da radiação. Os diferentes tipos de tratamentos térmicos proporcionaram melhorias à envoltória dos contêineres, chegando a uma diferença nas temperaturas internas de até 9 °C. Constatou-se a extrema necessidade de adequação do tipo de isolamento térmico dos contêineres ao uso a que tais instalações se destinam escritório ou alojamento, no caso dos canteiros de obras para que as características da envoltória minimizem de fato a demanda ou mesmo atinjam a eliminação da necessidade de condicionamento artificial. / Metal containers were developed to logistics and transportation sector, but as a result of their suitable scale to human occupation, and their mobility and installation convenience, their use was adopted by the construction sector. These installations have many environmentally friendly characteristics, but their thermal performance is extremely unsuitable for habitation: without thermal insulation, the containers have high cooling and heating thermal load, in summer and winter, respectively, and consequently, to achieve thermal comfort, a substantial amount of energy is consumed. This feature was important to determine that the researchs objectives were to investigate metallic constructions thermal performance, calculate their thermal performance parameters, thermal comfort and thermal stress through a wide collection of experimental data. The experiment with duration of one year was conducted in three real scale containers: all of them made of steel (called steel Type X): the first one had no thermal insulation, the second one had insulation for thermal conduction, and the third had a thermal barrier for radiation. This different types of thermal treatment provided improvement to the containers envelopes, achieving a difference in internal temperatures about 9 °C. The findings reveal that thermal insulation needs to correctly respond to the containers intended use office or accommodation, in the case of construction sites so that the envelopes characteristics can have an impact on minimizing energy demand or even eliminate the containers need for artificial heating and cooling.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-26T22:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 43.pdf: 3316113 bytes, checksum: 59a696189af2b9803f0adedd6828d93e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-26T22:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 43.pdf: 3316113 bytes, checksum: 59a696189af2b9803f0adedd6828d93e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Banco Santander / Banespa / O trabalho apresenta um estudo do sistema de climatização do aeroporto da cidade de Porto Alegre, visando determinar e mensurar as oportunidades de redução dos seus custos operacionais utilizando o tanque de termoacumulação já existente, recurso que por razões diversas encontra-se atualmente inoperante. Para possibilitar uma avaliação global do comportamento do sistema em estudo, tanto a edificação do terminal de passageiros quanto os equipamentos integrantes da sua planta de climatização foram modelados e simulados através do programa EnergyPlus, com uso de arquivo climático específico para a cidade de Porto Alegre. As simulações ratificaram as previsões de que o sistema de climatização do aeroporto de Porto Alegre trabalha atualmente com custos de operação superiores àqueles que poderiam ser obtidos caso o sistema de termoacumulação estivesse em operação. A economia integrada ao longo de um ano pela redução de custos com as faturas de energia do aeroporto atingiu R$ 312.206,00. Ficou evidente que a redução da demanda e consumo de energia em horário de ponta são as parcelas com maior representatividade na diminuição dos custos operacionais do sistema de climatização do aeroporto, respondendo, respectivamente, por 77% e 18% sobre todas as economias obtidas nas faturas de energia após o uso da termoacumulação. Constatouse que além da redução nos valores pagos pela utilização de energia elétrica em horário de ponta, a participação da termoacumulação possibilita também redução no consumo energético dos equipamentos da planta de climatização, motivada por estratégias de operação mais eficientes. Desta forma, considerando apenas os meses de verão, as simulações apontaram uma redução média de 11% no consumo referente aos equipamentos da planta de climatização. Se para o mesmo período forem também contabilizadas as economias devido redução de demanda e consumo em horário de ponta dos equipamentos de climatização, a redução total sobre a fatura de energia do aeroporto a partir do uso da termoacumulação situase em 30%. Outra importante questão relacionada ao uso da termoacumulação diz respeito à ampliação da capacidade frigorífica que a mesma proporciona ao sistema de climatização, efeito de elevada relevância para fazer frente ao aumento na movimentação de passageiros da aviação civil dos últimos anos. Nesse sentido, as simulações apontaram um incremento de cerca de 25% na capacidade de refrigeração da planta atual, após participação do tanque de termoacumulação. Tal efeito representa notória contribuição ao aumento da longevidade das instalações existentes, limitando ou eliminando a necessidade de maiores intervenções para aumento de capacidade de refrigeração da planta até o momento em que o terminal de passageiros venha a sofrer ampliações mais significativas. / The study presents the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) used in Porto Alegre city airport, aiming cost reductions opportunities due to its cool storage tank operation, a feature that for various reasons is currently out use. To enable a comprehensive assessment of the system’s behavior, both the passenger terminal building and HVAC equipment were modeled and simulated using the EnergyPlus software, along with the weather file that contains Porto Alegre’s meteorological data. The simulations have reaffirmed the predictions that Porto Alegre’s airport HVAC system is currently working with operating costs above those that could be obtained if the cool storage system were in operation. The integrated economy over a year by reducing costs to the electricity bills from the airport reached R$ 312.206,00. It became notorious that the reduction of demand and energy consumption during the peak hours are the most representative from all economies, accounting respectively for 77% and 18% of the total energy bills savings after cool storage tank operation. It was found that, besides the reduction in the amounts paid for electricity at peak hours, the participation of cool storage also enables reduction in energy consumption for HVAC plant equipments, driven by more efficient operating strategies. Thus, considering only the summer months, the simulations showed an average reduction of 11% in HVAC plant equipment consumption. As for the same period, if it is also accounted for the savings due to electric demand and consumption reduction during peak hours, the total energy bill reduction for the airport after applying the cool storage tank stands at 30%. Another important issue related to the use of cool storage is the HVAC cooling capacity increase, very relevant if considering the terminal passenger handling increase along last years. In that sense, the simulations showed a 25% increase in cooling capacity for the current system after the cool storage has joined the HVAC plant. This effect is a noticeable contribution to the existing installations longevity, as it limits or eliminates the need for further increase in the airport cooling capacity, not until the time when the passenger terminal may suffer significant enlargements.

No description available.

Due to climatic change, increasing thermal loads inbuildings and rising living standards, comfort cooling inbuildings is becoming increasingly important and the demand forcomfort cooling is expanding very quickly around the world. Theincreased cooling demand results in a peak in electrical powerdemand during the hottest summer hours. This peak presents newchallenges and uncertainties to electricity utilities and theircustomers. Cool thermal storage systems have not only the potential tobecome one of the primary solutions to the electrical powerimbalance between production and demand, but also shift coolingenergy use to off-peak periods and avoid peak demand charges.It increases the possibilities of utilizing renewable energysources and waste heat for cooling generation. In addition, acool storage can actually increase the efficiency of combinedheat and power (CHP) generation provided that heat drivencooling is coupled to CHP. Then, the cool storage may avoidpeaks in the heat demand for cooling generation, and this meansthat the CHP can operate at design conditions in most oftime. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) used for cool storage hasobtained considerable attention, since they can be designed tomelt and freeze at a selected temperature and have shown apromising ability to reduce the size of storage systemscompared with a sensible heat storage system because they usethe latent heat of the storage medium for thermal energystorage. The goal of this thesis is to define suitable PCM candidatesfor comfort cooling storage. The thesis work combines differentmethods to determine the thermophysical properties oftetradecane, hexadecane and their binary mixtures, anddemonstrates the potential of using these materials as PCM forcomfort cooling storage. The phase equilibrium of the binarysystem has been studied theoretically as well asexperimentally, resulting in the derivation of the phasediagram. With knowledge of the liquid-solid phase equilibriumcharacteristics and the phase diagram, an improvedunderstanding is provided for the interrelationships involvedin the phase change of the studied materials. It has beenindicated that except for the minimum-melting point mixture,all mixtures melt and freeze within a temperature range and notat a constant temperature, which is so far often assumed in PCMstorage design. In addition, the enthalpy change during thephase transition (heat of fusion) corresponds to the phasechange temperature range; thus, the storage density obtaineddepends on how large a part of the phase change temperaturerange is valid for a given application. Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is one frequentlyused method in the development of PCMs. In this thesis, it hasbeen found that varying results are obtained depending on theDSC settings throughout the measurements. When the DSC runs ata high heating/cooling rate it will lead to erroneousinformation. Also, the correct phase transition temperaturerange cannot be obtained simply from DSC measurement. Combiningphase equilibrium considerations with DSC measurements gives areliable design method that incorporates both the heat offusion and the phase change temperature range. The potential of PCM storage for peak shaving in differentcooling systems has been demonstrated. A Computer model hasbeen developed for rapid phase equilibrium calculation. The useof phase equilibrium data in the design of a cool storagesystem is presented as a general methodology. Keywords:Comfort cooling, peak shaving, PCM, coolthermal storage system, DSC, phase change temperature range,the heat of fusion, phase equilibrium, phase diagram. Language:English

No description available.

<p>Due to climatic change, increasing thermal loads inbuildings and rising living standards, comfort cooling inbuildings is becoming increasingly important and the demand forcomfort cooling is expanding very quickly around the world. Theincreased cooling demand results in a peak in electrical powerdemand during the hottest summer hours. This peak presents newchallenges and uncertainties to electricity utilities and theircustomers.</p><p>Cool thermal storage systems have not only the potential tobecome one of the primary solutions to the electrical powerimbalance between production and demand, but also shift coolingenergy use to off-peak periods and avoid peak demand charges.It increases the possibilities of utilizing renewable energysources and waste heat for cooling generation. In addition, acool storage can actually increase the efficiency of combinedheat and power (CHP) generation provided that heat drivencooling is coupled to CHP. Then, the cool storage may avoidpeaks in the heat demand for cooling generation, and this meansthat the CHP can operate at design conditions in most oftime.</p><p>Phase Change Materials (PCMs) used for cool storage hasobtained considerable attention, since they can be designed tomelt and freeze at a selected temperature and have shown apromising ability to reduce the size of storage systemscompared with a sensible heat storage system because they usethe latent heat of the storage medium for thermal energystorage.</p><p>The goal of this thesis is to define suitable PCM candidatesfor comfort cooling storage. The thesis work combines differentmethods to determine the thermophysical properties oftetradecane, hexadecane and their binary mixtures, anddemonstrates the potential of using these materials as PCM forcomfort cooling storage. The phase equilibrium of the binarysystem has been studied theoretically as well asexperimentally, resulting in the derivation of the phasediagram. With knowledge of the liquid-solid phase equilibriumcharacteristics and the phase diagram, an improvedunderstanding is provided for the interrelationships involvedin the phase change of the studied materials. It has beenindicated that except for the minimum-melting point mixture,all mixtures melt and freeze within a temperature range and notat a constant temperature, which is so far often assumed in PCMstorage design. In addition, the enthalpy change during thephase transition (heat of fusion) corresponds to the phasechange temperature range; thus, the storage density obtaineddepends on how large a part of the phase change temperaturerange is valid for a given application.</p><p>Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) is one frequentlyused method in the development of PCMs. In this thesis, it hasbeen found that varying results are obtained depending on theDSC settings throughout the measurements. When the DSC runs ata high heating/cooling rate it will lead to erroneousinformation. Also, the correct phase transition temperaturerange cannot be obtained simply from DSC measurement. Combiningphase equilibrium considerations with DSC measurements gives areliable design method that incorporates both the heat offusion and the phase change temperature range.</p><p>The potential of PCM storage for peak shaving in differentcooling systems has been demonstrated. A Computer model hasbeen developed for rapid phase equilibrium calculation. The useof phase equilibrium data in the design of a cool storagesystem is presented as a general methodology.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Comfort cooling, peak shaving, PCM, coolthermal storage system, DSC, phase change temperature range,the heat of fusion, phase equilibrium, phase diagram. Language:English</p>

Savireguliacijai gebėjimai yra labai svarbūs optimaliai vaiko raidai, todėl svarbu aiškintis, kokie veiksniai yra susiję su individualiais vaiko savireguliacijos skirtumais. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra įvertinti pagrindinius vaikų savireguliacijos biologinius ir psichosocialinius (šeimos aplinkos) veiksnius, kurie iš jų geriausiai paaiškina ketverių metų vaikų savireguliacijos gebėjimus. Darbas yra konceptualizuojamas remiantis ekologine ir transakcine teorija. Savireguliacijai tirti dimensijų lygmenyje yra pasirinktas „karštos“ ir „šaltos“ savireguliacijos modelis. Tyrime analizuojami duomenys apie 142 vaikus (71 berniuką ir 71 mergaitę). Empirinė medžiaga buvo renkama 8 tyrimo pjūviais: antrą – trečią dieną po vaiko gimimo, praėjus 3 mėn., 6 mėn., 12 mėn., 18 mėn., 2 metams, 3 metams ir 4 metams po gimimo. Savireguliacijai įvertinti buvo pasitelkti du informacijos šaltiniai: motinos stebėjimu paremti duomenys ir psichologinio testavimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija yra susijusi su tokiais veiksniais: mergaitės lytis, gimimas po skubaus cezario pjūvio ir gera motinos emocinė būsena antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais, o didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija savireguliacija – su vyresniu vaiko amžiumi, aukštesniu tėvų išsilavinimu, didesniais vaiko samprotavimo gebėjimais, planuotu nėštumu, motinos geriau įvertintais santykiais su sutuoktiniu antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais. Motinos įvertintą vaikų savireguliaciją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Self-regulatory abilities have a great significance for a child’s optimal development and so far it is important to explore which of the factors are associated with individual self-regulatory differences. The aim of the doctoral work is to explore the main biological and psychosocial (family environment) factors of self-regulation, which of them account for self-regulatory abilities at the age of four years. The work is conceptualized in the term of the ecological and transactional theory. On the level of dimensions the two-dimension model of hot and cool self-regulation is chosen. The participants of the study were 142 children (71 boy and 71 girls). The data collected on the second or third day after delivery, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years is reported. There were two sources of the information about children’s self-regulation at four years: maternal reports and observational measures. Higher hot self-regulation was related to female gender, delivery by emergency Caesarean section, and better maternal emotional state during the 2nd and 3rd years of the child’s life. Higher cool self-regulation was related to greater age, higher parental education, higher child’s reasoning ability, pregnancy planning, and better evaluated quality of a couple’s relationship. Maternal reports of self-regulation were directly predicted by maternal supportive responses and maternal self-efficacy, though the maternal early depression had an indirect effect... [to full text]