Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas lyginamosios reklamos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungoje, tiriamos istorinės lyginamosios reklamos formavimosi prielaidos pasirinktose valstybėse, analizuojama, ar lyginamosios reklamos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje atitinka Europos Sąjungos teisėje įtvirtintas nuostatas bei identifikuojamos su tuo susijusios praktinės problemos ir pateikiamas galimas jų sprendimas. Taip pat darbe pateikiami bendrieji reklamos principai, kurie taikomi visų rūšių reklamai, bei atskleidžiami pagrindiniai lyginamosios reklamos privalumai ir trūkumai. Kadangi lyginamoji reklama yra leidžiama, jei ji atitinka teisės aktuose nustatytas sąlygas, didelis dėmesys darbe skiriamas būtent lyginamosios reklamos leistinumo sąlygų analizei bei su jų taikymu praktikoje susijusioms problemoms atskleisti. Tiek, kiek tai susiję su lyginamąja reklama, darbe įvertinamas lyginamosios reklamos poveikis vartotojų ir kitų ūkio subjektų atžvilgiu, aptariami kontrolės būdai, atsakomybė už lyginamosios reklamos pažeidimus. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad tiek Europos Sąjungos lygmeniu, tiek nacionaliniu lygmeniu vis didesnis dėmesys yra skiriamas savireguliacijai, analizuojamas savireguliacijos institucijų vaidmuo bei atskleidžiamos su tuo susijusios problemos. / This article analyses regulation of comparative advertising in Lithuania and European Union. It also examines historical assumptions of comparative advertising in selected states and common commercial principles, applicable in all arts of comparative advertising. In addition, this article seeks to ascertain, whether the legal basis in Lithuanian and European Union is unanimous in this field. Furthermore, the appropriate problems were identified and possible solutions of recent regulation were offered. Comparative advertising is allowable only if it corresponds the conditions, noted in legal regulations. Therefore, attention was paid for analysis of these conditions and investigation of appropriate problems, which occur while their application. Insofar it is related with comparative commercial, there were also measured the impact for consumers and other economy subjects, discussed different ways of control and responsibility for violation of comparative advertising regulations. According to the increasing role of self -regulation in national and European Union field, there were also analysed institutions of self-regulation and some related problems.

Savireguliacijai gebėjimai yra labai svarbūs optimaliai vaiko raidai, todėl svarbu aiškintis, kokie veiksniai yra susiję su individualiais vaiko savireguliacijos skirtumais. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra įvertinti pagrindinius vaikų savireguliacijos biologinius ir psichosocialinius (šeimos aplinkos) veiksnius, kurie iš jų geriausiai paaiškina ketverių metų vaikų savireguliacijos gebėjimus. Darbas yra konceptualizuojamas remiantis ekologine ir transakcine teorija. Savireguliacijai tirti dimensijų lygmenyje yra pasirinktas „karštos“ ir „šaltos“ savireguliacijos modelis. Tyrime analizuojami duomenys apie 142 vaikus (71 berniuką ir 71 mergaitę). Empirinė medžiaga buvo renkama 8 tyrimo pjūviais: antrą – trečią dieną po vaiko gimimo, praėjus 3 mėn., 6 mėn., 12 mėn., 18 mėn., 2 metams, 3 metams ir 4 metams po gimimo. Savireguliacijai įvertinti buvo pasitelkti du informacijos šaltiniai: motinos stebėjimu paremti duomenys ir psichologinio testavimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija yra susijusi su tokiais veiksniais: mergaitės lytis, gimimas po skubaus cezario pjūvio ir gera motinos emocinė būsena antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais, o didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija savireguliacija – su vyresniu vaiko amžiumi, aukštesniu tėvų išsilavinimu, didesniais vaiko samprotavimo gebėjimais, planuotu nėštumu, motinos geriau įvertintais santykiais su sutuoktiniu antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais. Motinos įvertintą vaikų savireguliaciją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Self-regulatory abilities have a great significance for a child’s optimal development and so far it is important to explore which of the factors are associated with individual self-regulatory differences. The aim of the doctoral work is to explore the main biological and psychosocial (family environment) factors of self-regulation, which of them account for self-regulatory abilities at the age of four years. The work is conceptualized in the term of the ecological and transactional theory. On the level of dimensions the two-dimension model of hot and cool self-regulation is chosen. The participants of the study were 142 children (71 boy and 71 girls). The data collected on the second or third day after delivery, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years is reported. There were two sources of the information about children’s self-regulation at four years: maternal reports and observational measures. Higher hot self-regulation was related to female gender, delivery by emergency Caesarean section, and better maternal emotional state during the 2nd and 3rd years of the child’s life. Higher cool self-regulation was related to greater age, higher parental education, higher child’s reasoning ability, pregnancy planning, and better evaluated quality of a couple’s relationship. Maternal reports of self-regulation were directly predicted by maternal supportive responses and maternal self-efficacy, though the maternal early depression had an indirect effect... [to full text]

Self-regulatory abilities have a great significance for a child’s optimal development and so far it is important to explore which of the factors are associated with individual self-regulatory differences. The aim of the doctoral work is to explore the main biological and psychosocial (family environment) factors of self-regulation, which of them account for self-regulatory abilities at the age of four years. The work is conceptualized in the term of the ecological and transactional theory. On the level of dimensions the two-dimension model of hot and cool self-regulation is chosen. The participants of the study were 142 children (71 boy and 71 girls). The data collected on the second or third day after delivery, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years is reported. There were two sources of the information about children’s self-regulation at four years: maternal reports and observational measures. Higher hot self-regulation was related to female gender, delivery by emergency Caesarean section, and better maternal emotional state during the 2nd and 3rd years of the child’s life. Higher cool self-regulation was related to greater age, higher parental education, higher child’s reasoning ability, pregnancy planning, and better evaluated quality of a couple’s relationship. Maternal reports of self-regulation were directly predicted by maternal supportive responses and maternal self-efficacy, though the maternal early depression had an indirect effect... [to full text] / Savireguliacijai gebėjimai yra labai svarbūs optimaliai vaiko raidai, todėl svarbu aiškintis, kokie veiksniai yra susiję su individualiais vaiko savireguliacijos skirtumais. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra įvertinti pagrindinius vaikų savireguliacijos biologinius ir psichosocialinius (šeimos aplinkos) veiksnius, kurie iš jų geriausiai paaiškina ketverių metų vaikų savireguliacijos gebėjimus. Darbas yra konceptualizuojamas remiantis ekologine ir transakcine teorija. Savireguliacijai tirti dimensijų lygmenyje yra pasirinktas „karštos“ ir „šaltos“ savireguliacijos modelis. Tyrime analizuojami duomenys apie 142 vaikus (71 berniuką ir 71 mergaitę). Empirinė medžiaga buvo renkama 8 tyrimo pjūviais: antrą – trečią dieną po vaiko gimimo, praėjus 3 mėn., 6 mėn., 12 mėn., 18 mėn., 2 metams, 3 metams ir 4 metams po gimimo. Savireguliacijai įvertinti buvo pasitelkti du informacijos šaltiniai: motinos stebėjimu paremti duomenys ir psichologinio testavimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija yra susijusi su tokiais veiksniais: mergaitės lytis, gimimas po skubaus cezario pjūvio ir gera motinos emocinė būsena antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais, o didesnė „šalta“ savireguliacija – su vyresniu vaiko amžiumi, aukštesniu tėvų išsilavinimu, didesniais vaiko samprotavimo gebėjimais, planuotu nėštumu, motinos geriau įvertintais santykiais su sutuoktiniu antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais. Motinos įvertintą vaikų savireguliaciją tiesiogiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The aim of this research is to show how mentally handicapped young people can be helped in developing their own individuality, sense of self-control and ability to understand their own emotions as well as communicative and social skills through participation in a vocal group. In the first part of our work mentally handicapped young people’s intelligence is studied. Classification and wide analysis of backward intellect and Down syndrome is shown. Communication, emotions, self-regulation are analysed as the most important aspects which state mentally handicapped young people socialization. Mental handicap illnesses classification is analysed in the first section. Some reasons for suffering from inner underdevelopment of the intelligence, among them various chromosome sets leading to Down syndrome disease and some reasons of outer origin both inherited and got from various negative aspects including birth and other traumata are revealed. In the second section the Down syndrome disease is discussed with its main physical and psychiatric peculiarities. It is underlined that such children should be developed from early childhood and stimulated to be independent. In the third section some aspects of social skills development are analysed. Special attention to self-regulation, emotions and communicative skills is paid. It is stated that the involving of the disabled into systematic and well-organized musical education in a vocal group helps mentally handicapped young people to... [to full text]

Magistriniame darbe analizuojami alternatyvaus valstybės reguliavimui modelio – savireguliacijos - pritaikymo interneto erdvėje aspektai. Siekiama pagrįsti arba paneigti interneto savireguliacijos idėją, pateikiant Europos valstybių interneto savireguliacijos kodeksų pavyzdžius bei Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų teismų sprendimuose įtvirtintos savireguliacijos bendrąsias tendencijas. / The aim of this study is to analyse the suitability of self-regulation mechanism to alter internet regulation executed by the state. In order to motivate or to negate the idea of internet self-regulation, analysis is based on the internet codes of conduct in European countries as well as on the basic internet self-regulation tendencies embedded in the decisions of the courts in the United States of America. The status of the subjects - internet service providers, internet content providers and consumers - participating in the internet self-regulation process is defined in the third part of the study. Finally, the author is concerned with the possibility to embody internet self-regulation model in Lithuania and with the problems of this embodiment.

Reklamos rinka pastaruoju metu smarkiai išaugo. Reklama yra ne tik viena svarbiausių esamų ir potencialių pirkėjų, lankytojų ir klientų informavimo, supažindinimo ir susidomėjimą sukeliančių bei įtikinėjimo priemonių, bet ir perša įvaizdžius, vertybes, tikslus bei formuoja pasaulėžiūrą. Poreikis saugoti vartotojų ir sąžiningų konkurentų interesus verčia susirūpinti reklamos reglamentavimu ir kontrolės efektyvumu. Didžiausias dėmesys šiame darbe skiriamas kontrolės ypatumams Lietuvoje. Institucinė kontrolės sistema yra labai sudėtinga, nes kontrolės funkcijos patikėtos daugeliui institucijų. Taip pat aptariami reklamos principai, reklamos reglamentavimo ypatumai Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungoje. Šiame darbe siekima identifikuoti didžiausias reklamos reglamentavimo ir kontrolės problemas Lietuvoje bei pateikti galimus jų sprendimo būdus. Pakankamai didelė darbo dalis skirta reklamos reguliavimo alternatyvoms Europoje ir Lietuvoje. / Advertising plays a great role in the active market. Recently advertising market is growing up, a lot of new implements for advertising are turning up. Advertising also disseminates social values and attitudes, propogates some particular way of life. It’s the reason why it is so important to control advertising and to save consumers and honest competitors from negative impact. Focal attention in this paper is giving to advertising control in Lithuania. The scheme of institutes, which are competent to control advertising, is rather confusing. The peculiarities of advertising regulation in the European Union and Lithuania, the ways of alternative regulation and self-regulation in Lithuania are described in this paper as well. The object of the discourse is to identify the problems of advertising regulation and control, to propose the way how such problems could be solved.

Un comportement convenable de l’individu est déterminé par des règles de la société. Une fois que l’autorégulation est troublée, on perd la capacité de contrôler son comportement ou d’atteindre le but. C’est ainsi qu’apparaissent des problèmes de longue durée, dont les signes sont: des difficultés dans la coopération sociale, une dégradation de l’état général. Les enfants ayant des troubles du comportement peuvent bénéficier une aide psychologique et pédagogique, mais il n’y a aucune donnée sur l’autorégulation d’un adolescent a l’aide du théâtre. Le but de la recherche: établir quelle influence le théâtre peut avoir sur l'autorégulation des élèves des classes 5-eme – 7-eme, ayant des troubles du comportement. L’objet de la recherche: l'autorégulation des élèves,ayant des troubles du comportement pendant l’ éducation théâtrale. La recherche a été exécuté dans une école secondaire d’Alytus en 2004-2005. Les 22 élèves des classes 5-eme – 7-eme ont été choisis, 5 parmi eux ayant des troubles du comportement. On leur a donne des cours de théâtre où ils ont exerce leurs taches créatives. Après on s’est aperçu que ces élèves font plus attention à leur comportement, ils planifient mieux leurs activités, ils s’estiment davantage et leurs état général s’améliore. 20 % ont commence de se sentir mieux, ils ont acquis de décisions positives et ils ont changé leur attitude négative sur l’école. D’après cette recherche on peut faire la conclusion, que le rôle du théâtre joue un rôle... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išnagrinėta tema „Elgesio kodeksai: jų vieta ir reikšmė reglamentuojant neteisėtos ir žalingos informacijos platinimą kompiuteriniuose tinkluose“. Elgesio kodeksais reglamentuojančiais neteisėtos ir žalingos informacijos platinimą kompiuteriniuose tinkluose Lietuvoje susidomėta palyginti neseniai, tačiau didesnę plataus interneto naudojimo patirtį turinčiose šalyse ji yra nenauja ir kelianti nemažai diskusijų. Dauguma valstybių vienu ar kitu būdu reguliuoja internete skelbiamą turinį: arba per bendruosius viešosios informacijos publikavimą reglamentuojančius teisės aktus arba per specialiai kompiuteriniams tinklams skirtus savireguliacinius elgesio kodeksus. Lietuvos Respublikoje, skirtingai nuo Europos Sąjungoje egzistuojančio teisinio reguliavimo, žalingos ir neteisėtos informacijos platinimas kompiuteriniuose tinkluose yra pernelyg griežtai reguliuojamas, paliekant labai siaurą terpę savireguliacijai. / The master's degree thesis contains the analysis of conduct codes: their place and meaning in regulation of illegal and harmful information disseminating in computerized networks. In Lithuania Republic, the problem of self-regulation of conduct codes and their place and meaning in regulation of illegal and harmful information disseminating in computerized networks became of interest comparatively not long ago, but in the countries more experienced in wide Internet usage this problem is nor new and raises quite many discussions. Most countries regulate the contents of information published in computerized networks in one or another way: by means of common regulatory provisions governing public information release or by means of specifically computerized networks-tailored conduct codes. In Lithuania Republic, contrary to legal regulations existing in the European Union, release of illegal and harmful information to computerized networks is regulated so strictly with a little space left for self-regulation by conduct codes.

INTRODUCTION Relevance of the scientific problem: Individual experience of teachers, perceiving one’s self as an instance of the subject’s activities in the teacher career is becoming one of the pre-conditions for professional development. However, modern educology still targets at general requirements for a teacher’s work rather than his/her professional individuality. It is impossible to realise the new paradigm of humanistic education without the quintessence of perception of an educator’s personality, aim, content and characteristics of professional development. All this cannot proceed without an expression of professional individuality, which realises the humanistic potential of educating. Nevertheless, solving of such problems in educology still encounters a number of obstacles: the boundaries, fields and goals of teacher activities, the realisation of which depend on a teacher’s individuality are not sufficiently defined, because everything what is individual is referred to as a common element. A statement of Ušinskas (1983) that in teaching everything is based on a personality and “only a personality is capable/may educate a personality” also remains declarative (1983, p. 14). Processes of individual professional becoming of college teachers have not been researched, but they continuously foster interest of scholars as there is a growing tendency to assess a teacher in terms of his/her individuality, uniqueness and individual style (Pukelis, 2004; Laužackas, 2003... [to full text]

Relevance of the scientific problem: Individual experience of teachers, perceiving one’s self as an instance of the subject’s activities in the teacher career is becoming one of the pre-conditions for professional development. However, modern educology still targets at general requirements for a teacher’s work rather than his/her professional individuality. It is impossible to realise the new paradigm of humanistic education without the quintessence of perception of an educator’s personality, aim, content and characteristics of professional development. All this cannot proceed without an expression of professional individuality, which realises the humanistic potential of educating. Nevertheless, solving of such problems in educology still encounters a number of obstacles: the boundaries, fields and goals of teacher activities, the realisation of which depend on a teacher’s individuality are not sufficiently defined, because everything what is individual is referred to as a common element. A statement of Ušinskas (1983) that in teaching everything is based on a personality and “only a personality is capable/may educate a personality” also remains declarative (1983, p. 14). Processes of individual professional becoming of college teachers have not been researched, but they continuously foster interest of scholars as there is a growing tendency to assess a teacher in terms of his/her individuality, uniqueness and individual style (Pukelis, 2004; Laužackas, 2003; Leontjev, 1999... [to full text]