The issue this master’s thesis discusses the cooling synchronous machines. Specifically, the calculation of cooling induction motor using the finite volume method. Using Autodesk Inventor will create a 3D model of a real electric machine, ie asynchronous motor and then ANSYS WORKBENCH perform system analysis CFX, based on the finite volume method. Furthermore, we realize the air speed measurements on a particular machine and the individual results obtained by measuring and calculating the actual compared with each other. The master’s thesis also deals marginally with closely related to it. For the same machine model, we apply the calculation of the temperature fields using the finite volume method and them perform a thermal analysis. Next, we can carry out the measurement of the temperature on the motor itself and calculate the measured values and the measured compare each other.

Millennials are not as committed to charity as the generations before them. Millennials have also been proven very difficult to attract, which is problematic since Millennials are the future donors’ charity organizations must depend on. The purpose of this study is therefore to identify possible patterns, relationships and opportunities that would make Millennials donate to charity. The study presents the current situation of charity on the Swedish market, which follows by an introduction for how non-profit promote themselves and do their marketing. This leads to the research question: How should charity organizations promote themselves to get Millennials to become loyal? This study applies a qualitative research strategy. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with five representatives from five different charity organizations. All five organizations work with international projects.   The result shows that the five organizations have knowledge about how to market to attract and engage Millennials, but they do not apply this knowledge. The result presents four paradoxes. We consider that the perception of these paradoxes, as well as responding to them, determines the charity organizations outcomes and overall ability to attract Millennials. The result also shows that to engage with Millennials and create long-lasting relationships, charity organizations marketing must be innovative, cool, and creative with repetitive messages. Charity organizations also must use the communication channels that Millennials engage with. The result has given rise to the "Interactional Model for Targeting Millennials", which is built on 11 key factors that charity organizations must apply to establish, develop and maintain a relationship with Millennials.

The Chatham Islands are located in the SW Pacific Ocean, approximately 850 km to the east of the South Island of New Zealand. This small group of islands is situated near the eastern margin of the Chatham Rise, an elongated section of submerged continental crust that represents part of the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana accretionary margin. The location and much of the geology of the Chatham Islands are attributed to intra-plate basaltic volcanism, initiated during the Late Cretaceous, in association with development of a failed rifting system to the south of the Chatham Rise. Despite the volcanic nature of much of the geology, the majority of the Cenozoic sedimentary stratigraphic record on the islands comprises non-tropical skeletal carbonate deposits whose deposition was often coeval with submarine volcanics and volcaniclastic deposits. This has resulted in complex stratigraphic relationships, with the volcanic geology exerting a strong influence on the geometry and distribution of the carbonate deposits. These limestones, despite some general field descriptions, have been little studied and are especially poorly understood from a petrographic and diagenetic perspective. The carbonate geology in detail comprises eleven discrete limestone units of Late Cretaceous through to Pleistocene age which were studied during two consecutive field expeditions over the summers of 2005 and 2006. These limestone occurrences are best exposed in scattered coastal outcrops where they form prominent rugged bluffs. While many of the younger (Oligocene to Pliocene) outcrops comprise of poorly exposed, thin and eroded limestone remnants (it;5 m thick), older (Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene) exposures can be up to 100 m in thickness. The character of these limestones is highly variable. In outcrop they display a broad range of textures and skeletal compositions, often exhibit cross-bedding, display differing degrees of porosity occlusion by cementation, and may include rare silicified horizons and evidence of hardground formation. Petrographically the limestones are skeletal grainstones and packstones with a typical compositional makeup of about 70% skeletal material, 10% siliciclasts, and 20% cement/matrix. Localised increases in siliciclastics occur where the carbonates are diluted by locally-derived volcaniclastics. The spectrum of skeletal assemblages identified within the Chatham Island limestones is diverse and appears in many cases to be comparable to the bryozoan dominant types common in mainland New Zealand and mid-latitude Australian cool-water carbonates in general. However, some key departures from the expected cool-water carbonate skeletal makeup have been identified in this study. The occurrence of stromatolitic algal mats in Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene carbonate deposits indicates not cool-temperate, but certainly warm-temperate paleoclimatic conditions. A change to cool-temperate conditions is recorded in the limestone flora/fauna from the mid-Late Miocene times following the development and later northward movement of the Subtropical Front. An uncharacteristic mix of shallow-shelf (bryozoans) and deeper water fauna (planktic foraminifera), together with their highly fragmented and abraded nature, is indicative of the likely remobilisation and redistribution of carbonate, primarily during episodic storm events. The Chatham Islands limestones formed within the relative tectonic stability of an oceanic island setting, which was conducive to ongoing carbonate accumulation throughout much of the Cenozoic. This contrasts markedly with other mainland New Zealand shelf carbonates which formed over sporadic and short-lived geological periods, experiencing greater degrees of burial cementation controlled by a relatively more active tectonic setting. As a consequence of the tectonically stable setting, the Chatham Islands limestones have experienced little burial and exhibit a paucity of burial cementation effects. They remain commonly soft and friable. Detailed petrographic investigations have shown the limestones are variably cemented by rare uneven acicular spar fringes, poorly to well-developed syntaxial rim cements about echinoderm fragments, and equant/blocky microsparite. Staining of thin sections and cathodoluminescence petrography show these spar cement generations are non-ferroan and their very dull- to non-luminescent nature supports precipitation from Mn-poor oxygenated waters, likely of an either meteoric or combined marine/shallow burial origin. Micrite is the dominant intra- and inter-particle pore fill and occurs both as a microbioclastic matrix and as precipitated homogenous and/or micropeloidal cement. The rare fringing cements often seen in association with homogenous and/or micropeloidal micrite may be indicative of true early marine (seafloor) cement precipitation and localised hardground development. An interesting feature of the geology of the Chatham Islands is the occurrence of carbonate material within sedimentary dykes. The locations of the dykes are in association with volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits. Similarities between dyke characteristics at Red Bluff on Chatham Island with mainland occurrences from East Coast and Canterbury Basins (North and South Islands, respectively) on mainland New Zealand have been recognised. They show complex structures including sidewall striations, internal flow structures as revealed by grain sorting, and extra-clast inclusions of previous fill lithologies which are characteristic of carbonate injection. This is in contrast to other dykes which are known to be of a passive fill origin. Multiple phases of carbonate sediment injection can be recognised by crosscutting relationships enabling the determination of a parasequence of events. Possible injection mechanisms are most likely associated with sediment overloading or hydrothermal pressurisation associated with emplacement of submarine volcanics. The Chatham Islands provide an exciting example of a geologically unique and complex non-tropical carbonate depositional setting. The production of carbonates is controlled by volcanic and volcaniclastic sediment input with the types of carbonate deposits and water depth variations related to thermal uplift/subsidence in association with global eustatic sealevel and temperature changes associated with development of Southern Ocean water fronts from the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Carbonate deposition on the Chatham Islands is considered to relate to a rather variable and small scale oceanic, high energy, cool-water carbonate ramp setting whose geometry was continually evolving/changing as a consequence of periodic volcanic episodes.

Although New Zealand is fortunate in having a climate mild enough to allow some growth of pasture in winter even in the extreme south of the South Island (Duffy, 1971), growth is nevertheless considerably less than in spring and summer. O’Connor et al, (1968) point out that at Lincoln, Canterbury, winter production from a New Zealand Certified Grasslands Ruanui Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne c.v.) and New Zealand Certified Grasslands Huia white clover (Trifolium repens c.v.) sward is at best only 8% of the mean total annual dry matter (D.M.) production. A similar seasonal pattern is shown by irrigated pastures (Rickard, 1968), as well as pastures in the milder North Island of New Zealand (O’Connor and Vartha, pers comm.). Stocking of grazing animals is normally related to the growth rate of pastures in the spring, with conserved hay or silage, plus specially grown greenfeed or root crops being fed if necessary to offset the winter feed deficit. However on hill country too steep for tractor cultivation, cropping and conservation are not possible. Animals have to rely upon in situ grazing of native or dominant browntop (Agrostis tenuis) swards which may not have been improved by the aerial introduction of clovers. In an unimproved state, the quality and quantity of the herbage grown on such areas are low, Molloy (1966) have discussed clover introduction into native swards and the notably beneficial result this has on stock thrift, particularly during the winter period. Considerably better growth rates of stock grazing legumes rather than grasses have been noted by many authors including Ulyatt, (1971), and McLean et al (1962); this superiority being due largely to the greater digestible organic matter intake and higher ratio of soluble to insoluble carbohydrate associated with the herbage of legumes (Ulyatt, 1971). Consequently the presence of clover, and the winter activity of this, have an important influence on the productivity of steep hill country during winter. An increase of winter activity is also desirable, but not essential, in clover associated with flat or gently rolling pastures. The main pasture legume used in New Zealand has, in the past, been the white clover cultivar Huia. Whilst since 1945 selection and breeding of ryegrasses has brought about a very considerable improvement in the winter or cool season activity of these (Corkill, 1966), no legume cultivar having an increased level of cool-season activity has been released to commerce in New Zealand over the same period to date. Breeding for increased winter growth has been an objective of the Grasslands Division Plant Breeding Section for many years (Barclay, 1960). Since 1957, breeding and selection work has been proceeding with the objective of increasing the winter growth of the New Zealand Certified Grasslands white clover cultivar – Huia (henceforth to be referred to as Huia) without sacrificing the moderately good summer growth of this strain, (Barclay, 1969). Seed of a promising cultivar selected during the course of this work – New Zealand Grasslands 4700 white clover, (henceforth to be referred to as 4700) became available for testing in 1967. The investigation to be reported here aimed to measure the cool-season activity of 4700 by comparison with that of Huia, at the same time elucidating if possible the factors controlling this growth.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie med kvantitativa inslag med syftet att undersöka sångares upplevelser avnedsjungning efter högintensiv sång. Till en början har specifikt designade sångövningar förmedlats till sex medverkande sångare om fyra kvinnor och två män under individuella sånglektioner. Deltagarna har i en variant av crossover design skattat sin dagliga rösthälsa i EASE- självskattningsformulär för friska röster. Testperioden om tre veckor följdes sedan av kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultat visar att även om sångares vardag är komplex, i och med inre och yttre påverkande faktorer, har nedsjungning en upplevd effekt i avseendet förbättrad rösthälsa efter högintensiv sång. Detta gäller särskilt de kvinnliga sångarna som beskriver att nedsjungning bidragit till en mer samlad röst med minskad heshet och svullnad. Vidare rapporteras om större lätthet inför att sjunga i lägre delen av bröstregistret, en mer egaliserad röst och en förbättrad tal- och magstödsteknik tillsammans med större lätthet inför påföljande sångpass. Nedsjungning ses också ha skapat ett andrum i vardagen där minskad stress, prestationskrav och resultatinriktning omvänts till en samlad känsla av avslut. Likväl är begrepp som nedsjungning, att sjunga ned, kyla ned, eller att stretcha rösten nya begrepp som rekommenderas att vidare studeras och förmedlas till elever och studenter, framför allt då föreliggande studies resultat visar tydliga attitydskillnader avseende rösthälsa och röstvård emellan de olika könen. / This is a study regarding singers' experiences of a vocal-cool down routine preceded with a heavy vocal load. The study is mainly based on a qualitative approach with quantitative elements. At first individual singing lessons where held, whereas specifically designed vocal-cool down exercises were taught to six participating singers; four women and two men. With a modification of a crossover design the singers in this study have estimated their daily voice health in the Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily survey (EASE). After a three week period of tests the singers were interviewed. The result of this study shows that even if singers' everyday lives are complex due to internal and external factors, vocal- cool down where perceived as an improvement of voice health. It is mainly the female singers' that describes an increased vocal well-being, with less hoarseness and swollen vocal folds after a heavy vocal load, followed by a vocal -cool down routine. Furthermore a greater sense of ease was reported in terms of transitions between registers in the singing voice, where fatigue in the surrounding muscles also decreased alongside with a positive impact on the speaking voice, reaching lower notes in chest register and extended diaphragm breathing. The vocal cool-down routine itself also gave an unexpected finding in terms of being contemplative and relaxing for the singers; creating a breathing space in everyday life where stress, performance anxiety and other concerns where easier to let go of, with an overall feeling of closure. Vocal cool down, cooling down the voice, vocal stretch, or warming down your voice are all relatively new concepts that are recommended to be studied further, spread and taught to students and pupils, - especially as the result in this study indicates clear differences in attitudes regarding voice health in-between the male and female genders.

Combinatorial objects can be represented by strings, such as 21534 for the permutation (1 2) (3 5 4), or 110100 for the binary tree corresponding to the balanced parentheses (()()). Given a string s = s1 s2 sn, the right-shift operation shift(s, i, j) replaces the substring si si+1..sj by si+1..sj si. In other words, si is right-shifted into position j by applying the permutation (j j−1 .. i) to the indices of s. Right-shifts include prefix-shifts (i = 1) and adjacent-transpositions (j = i+1). A fixed-content language is a set of strings that contain the same multiset of symbols. Given a fixed-content language, a shift Gray code is a list of its strings where consecutive strings differ by a shift. This thesis asks if shift Gray codes exist for a variety of combinatorial objects. This abstract question leads to a number of practical answers. The first prefix-shift Gray code for multiset permutations is discovered, and it provides the first algorithm for generating multiset permutations in O(1)-time while using O(1) additional variables. Applications of these results include more efficient exhaustive solutions to stacker-crane problems, which are natural NP-complete traveling salesman variants. This thesis also produces the fastest algorithm for generating balanced parentheses in an array, and the first minimal-change order for fixed-content necklaces and Lyndon words. These results are consequences of the following theorem: Every bubble language has a right-shift Gray code. Bubble languages are fixed-content languages that are closed under certain adjacent-transpositions. These languages generalize classic combinatorial objects: k-ary trees, ordered trees with fixed branching sequences, unit interval graphs, restricted Schr oder and Motzkin paths, linear-extensions of B-posets, and their unions, intersections, and quotients. Each Gray code is circular and is obtained from a new variation of lexicographic order known as cool-lex order. Gray codes using only shift(s, 1, n) and shift(s, 1, n−1) are also found for multiset permutations. A universal cycle that omits the last (redundant) symbol from each permutation is obtained by recording the first symbol of each permutation in this Gray code. As a special case, these shorthand universal cycles provide a new fixed-density analogue to de Bruijn cycles, and the first universal cycle for the "middle levels" (binary strings of length 2k + 1 with sum k or k + 1).