Self-regulatory abilities have a great significance for a child’s optimal development and so far it is important to explore which of the factors are associated with individual self-regulatory differences. The aim of the doctoral work is to explore the main biological and psychosocial (family environment) factors of self-regulation, which of them account for self-regulatory abilities at the age of four years. The work is conceptualized in the term of the ecological and transactional theory. On the level of dimensions the two-dimension model of hot and cool self-regulation is chosen. The participants of the study were 142 children (71 boy and 71 girls). The data collected on the second or third day after delivery, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years is reported. There were two sources of the information about children’s self-regulation at four years: maternal reports and observational measures. Higher hot self-regulation was related to female gender, delivery by emergency Caesarean section, and better maternal emotional state during the 2nd and 3rd years of the child’s life. Higher cool self-regulation was related to greater age, higher parental education, higher child’s reasoning ability, pregnancy planning, and better evaluated quality of a couple’s relationship. Maternal reports of self-regulation were directly predicted by maternal supportive responses and maternal self-efficacy, though the maternal early depression had an indirect effect... [to full text] / Savireguliacijai gebėjimai yra labai svarbūs optimaliai vaiko raidai, todėl svarbu aiškintis, kokie veiksniai yra susiję su individualiais vaiko savireguliacijos skirtumais. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra įvertinti pagrindinius vaikų savireguliacijos biologinius ir psichosocialinius (šeimos aplinkos) veiksnius, kurie iš jų geriausiai paaiškina ketverių metų vaikų savireguliacijos gebėjimus. Darbas yra konceptualizuojamas remiantis ekologine ir transakcine teorija. Savireguliacijai tirti dimensijų lygmenyje yra pasirinktas „karštos“ ir „šaltos“ savireguliacijos modelis. Tyrime analizuojami duomenys apie 142 vaikus (71 berniuką ir 71 mergaitę). Empirinė medžiaga buvo renkama 8 tyrimo pjūviais: antrą – trečią dieną po vaiko gimimo, praėjus 3 mėn., 6 mėn., 12 mėn., 18 mėn., 2 metams, 3 metams ir 4 metams po gimimo. Savireguliacijai įvertinti buvo pasitelkti du informacijos šaltiniai: motinos stebėjimu paremti duomenys ir psichologinio testavimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad didesnė „karšta“ savireguliacija yra susijusi su tokiais veiksniais: mergaitės lytis, gimimas po skubaus cezario pjūvio ir gera motinos emocinė būsena antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais, o didesnė „šalta“ savireguliacija – su vyresniu vaiko amžiumi, aukštesniu tėvų išsilavinimu, didesniais vaiko samprotavimo gebėjimais, planuotu nėštumu, motinos geriau įvertintais santykiais su sutuoktiniu antraisiais ir trečiaisiais vaiko gyvenimo metais. Motinos įvertintą vaikų savireguliaciją tiesiogiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloGuekas.pdf: 2271314 bytes, checksum: fd513ba97d7427d53be48098d2c0ad57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It is noticed, in literature, and about Brazilian popular music the affirmative comments about the similarity existent between Bossa Nova and Cool Jazz that may be a result from the possible adoption of Cool Jazz elements by Bossa Nova composers. This research has its origin in the need to locate, via musical analysis, co-relationships between representative works from the Cool Jazz and Bossa Nova. Two arrangements works, one of each kind, were selected, nominated by that literature, as representative: Desafinado from the composer Antônio Carlos Jobim in partnership with Newton Mendonça with arrangements by Jobim and Moom Dreams by Chummy MacGregor in partnership with Johnny Mercer with arrangements by Gil Evans. For the selection of those arrangements three aspects were taken into consideration: representation of the works, the originality and the notoriety of the arrangement. From Arnold Schoenberg and Almir Chediak s perspective, aspects concerning the melodic stratum were collected and related, via the analysis of the linear and harmonic processes, aspects concerning the melodic stratum such as basic motive, melodic variation procedures and motivic traces. And the harmonic processes including the polyphonic and homophonic resources, cadences, modal loan chords, superstructure chords, interval relationship between bass line and melody, modulations, auxiliary notes. As a result of the hereto made analysis it was noticed the existence of co-relationships between those works regarding the motivic traces, motivic variation procedures, cadences, superstructure chords, interval relationship between bass line and melody, modal loan chords and auxiliary notes. The survey of those aspects allowed, in a restrict way to those arrangements, to profoundly study and confirm some of the affirmative comments existent in literature concerning the common characteristics to those musical styles / Na literatura sobre música popular brasileira verifica-se a reiterada afirmação a respeito de uma possível assimilação de elementos do Cool Jazz por compositores da Bossa Nova. Esta pesquisatem sua origem na necessidade de localizar, por meio da análise musical, correlações entre obras representativas dos estilos Cool Jazz e Bossa Nova. Foram selecionados dois arranjos de obras indicadas pela literatura como representativas, sendo um de cada estilo: Desafinado do compositor Antônio Carlos Jobim em parceria com Newton Mendonça, arranjada por Jobim e Moon Dreams, de Chummy MacGregor em parceria com Johnny Mercer, arranjada por Gil Evans. Para a escolha desses arranjos foram levados em consideração três aspectos: a representatividade das obras, a originalidade e notoriedade do arranjo. Dentro da perspectiva de Arnold Schoenberg e de Almir Chediak foram levantados e relacionados, através da análise de processos lineares e harmônicos, aspectos concernentes ao estrato melódico tais como: motivo básico, procedimentos de variação melódica e traços motívicos e aos processos harmônicos, entre eles: recursos polifônicos e homofônicos, cadências, acordes de empréstimo modal, acordes de superestrutura, relação intervalar entre linha do baixo e melodia, modulações e notas auxiliares. Como resultado das análises aqui realizadas observou-se a existência de correlações entre as obras no que diz respeito aos traços motívicos, procedimentos de variação motívica, cadências, acordes de superestrutura, relação intervalar entre linha do baixo e melodia, acordes de empréstimo modal e notas auxiliares.

Os contêineres metálicos foram desenvolvidos para a utilização no setor de logística e transporte, mas por sua escala adaptável à das edificações e pela mobilidade e praticidade de instalação, tiveram sua utilização apropriada também pelo setor da construção civil. Essas instalações possuem diversas qualidades ambientalmente amigáveis, mas seu aspecto térmico é extremamente insuficiente: sem isolamento térmico, demandam alta carga térmica de refrigeração e aquecimento, no verão e inverno, respectivamente e, consequentemente, um alto consumo energético. Tal característica foi crucial para que se determinassem como objetivos da presente pesquisa investigar o comportamento térmico dessas construções metálicas, avaliar seus parâmetros de desempenho, conforto e estresse térmicos, por meio de uma ampla coleta de dados experimentais. O experimento com duração de um ano - contou com três tipologias de contêiner em escala real, sendo o primeiro em aço Tipo X sem isolamento térmico, o segundo com um isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da condução e o terceiro com isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da radiação. Os diferentes tipos de tratamentos térmicos proporcionaram melhorias à envoltória dos contêineres, chegando a uma diferença nas temperaturas internas de até 9 °C. Constatou-se a extrema necessidade de adequação do tipo de isolamento térmico dos contêineres ao uso a que tais instalações se destinam escritório ou alojamento, no caso dos canteiros de obras para que as características da envoltória minimizem de fato a demanda ou mesmo atinjam a eliminação da necessidade de condicionamento artificial. / Metal containers were developed to logistics and transportation sector, but as a result of their suitable scale to human occupation, and their mobility and installation convenience, their use was adopted by the construction sector. These installations have many environmentally friendly characteristics, but their thermal performance is extremely unsuitable for habitation: without thermal insulation, the containers have high cooling and heating thermal load, in summer and winter, respectively, and consequently, to achieve thermal comfort, a substantial amount of energy is consumed. This feature was important to determine that the researchs objectives were to investigate metallic constructions thermal performance, calculate their thermal performance parameters, thermal comfort and thermal stress through a wide collection of experimental data. The experiment with duration of one year was conducted in three real scale containers: all of them made of steel (called steel Type X): the first one had no thermal insulation, the second one had insulation for thermal conduction, and the third had a thermal barrier for radiation. This different types of thermal treatment provided improvement to the containers envelopes, achieving a difference in internal temperatures about 9 °C. The findings reveal that thermal insulation needs to correctly respond to the containers intended use office or accommodation, in the case of construction sites so that the envelopes characteristics can have an impact on minimizing energy demand or even eliminate the containers need for artificial heating and cooling.

O uso de \"pigmento frio\" é uma alternativa para minimizar os efeitos de \"ilhas de calor\" em grandes cidades como São Paulo. Este tipo de pigmento proporciona o desenvolvimento de fórmulas de tinta para aplicação em coberturas com cores escuras, próximo ao preto, apresentando refletância solar (SR) maior. Neste estudo, foi formulado um grupo de tintas na cor cinza claro e outro na cor cinza escuro. O primeiro grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de pigmento preto convencional, o negro de fumo que possui natureza orgânica e o segundo grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de \"pigmento frio\", que possui natureza inorgânica. A fração pigmentária de ambos os grupos de tintas foi preparada com auxílio do software \"CoolSim\". A revisão bibliográfica mostra que as tintas preparadas com pigmentos de natureza orgânica apresentam baixa refletância solar enquanto que as tintas preparadas com o uso do \"pigmento frio\" apresentam maior refletância solar. Os resultados de refletância solar de ambos os grupos de tintas confirmam os dados apresentados na revisão da bibliográfica. As fórmulas preparadas com o uso de \"pigmento frio\", mesmo tendo cor escura, resulta em produto mais adequado para a aplicação em superfície de cobertura como telha, devido sua capacidade de absorver menos calor, o que contribui na redução da temperatura do edifício, reduzindo a necessidade de uso de ar condicionado e auxiliando na redução do consumo de energia. / The use of \"cool pigment\" is one of the alternatives to minimize the effects of \"heat islands\" in big cities like São Paulo. This type of pigment provides the development of formulas for painting roofs with dark colors, near black, but showing higher solar reflectance (SR) than conventional pigments. In this study, a group of paint was formulated in light gray color and the other in dark gray color. The first group of paints was prepared with addition of conventional black pigment which is the carbon black that has organic nature. The second group of paints was prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", which has inorganic nature. The pigment fraction of both groups of paints was obtained using the software \"CoolSim\". The literature review shows that finishes obtained with paints prepared with organic nature pigment has lower solar reflectance and finishes obtained with paints prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", with inorganic nature, have a higher solar reflectance. The results of the study show that the solar reflectance of both groups of paint confirms the data obtained in the literature review. The paint formulas prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", even presenting dark color, resulted in film more adequate for the application in surfaces of roofs and tiles due their capacity to absorb less heat. The use of \"cool pigment\" in formulas allow to obtain paints that can contribute to the reduction of the temperature of the building, by reduction the need to use air conditioning, resulting in lower energy consumption.

L’interaction des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un tissu urbain avec les apports anthropiques participent à l’îlot de chaleur urbain et à la dégradation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L’objectif de cette étude est de définir l’impact de la modification des propriétés radiatives aux façades des bâtiments qui peut être réalisée par l’utilisation de revêtements sélectifs colorés récemment développés pour les toitures. Les flux sensibles et l’impact sur les bâtiments sont étudiés pour une morphologie caractéristique des milieux urbains denses, la rue canyon. Un suivi expérimental mené sur des surfaces élémentaires de propriétés radiatives différentes nous a permis de développer par une méthode d’optimisation un procédé de détermination simultané du coefficient de convection et des absorptivités solaires effectives sur la période de mesure. L’utilisation de peintures sélectives dans la configuration canyon retenue est ensuite analysée expérimentalement. Pour cela une maquette (1/10ème) de scène urbaine a été conçue sur la base de 5 rangées de cuves de béton creux qui ont fait l’objet de mesures de températures et de flux radiatifs. Dans un premier temps, le traitement de deux mois de mesures a permis de caractériser les évolutions de champs de températures liés à cette forme urbaine. Par la suite, trois configurations de propriétés radiatives aux façades ont été étudiées simultanément et ont permis d’analyser les modifications spécifiques sur les champs de température, de sur-faces et d’air. Afin d’estimer les économies d’énergie réalisables sur un bâtiment réel ainsi que l’impact sur son environnement proche, une étude paramétrique des revêtements de façade et de la chaussée a été effectuée par des simulations de l’interaction du bâti et du micro-climat. Les méthodes et expériences établies dans cette étude nous permettent d’envisager le développement du traitement des façades et de la caractérisation de leurs performances globales. / Modified heat and mass transfer in the urban built and anthropogenic loads contribute to the urban heat island phenomenon as to the deterioration of building energy efficiency. The scope of this study is to define the impact implied by the modification of façade radiative properties that can be achieved by using selective cool-coloured coatings initially developed for roofing. Sensible heat transfers and consequences on building comfort are studied through a characteristic morphology from dense urban environment, the street canyon. Monitoring of surface energy budget on elementary discs of different radiative properties allowed us to develop, through optimisation method, a process to determine simultaneously the effective solar absorptivities and a convective heat transfer coefficient on the measurement period. The following step consists in an experimental analysis of cool selective paints in the chosen canyon configuration. A reduced-scale model (1/10th) of an urban scene has been designed with 5 rows of hollow concrete tanks that had temperatures and radiative fluxes monitored. Measured data for uniform coatings allowed highlighting the temperature evolution linked to the particular urban form. Afterwards, three façades radiative properties configurations have been studied simultaneously and allowed the analysis of those specific modifications on air and surface temperature fields. Lastly, in order to estimate energy consumption savings on real scale buildings as well as the impact on the near urban environment, a parametric study on coating of façades and roads has been performed through simulation taking into account interactive heat transfers between the built environment and the microclimate. The experiments and methods designed along the study permit to consider façade coating development and global efficiency characterization.

The study relates international knowledge of climatically responsive and energy-efficient design to work done in South Africa. It also explores the relevance of design devices from international regions to the climates of this country. The research approach explores existing analyses of the main climate regions and the effects of climate factors on human comfort in each, in order to derive appropriate design solutions for the climate of South Africa. In South Africa obstacles exist in the face of energy efficiency. The cheapness of electricity to the consumer and the virtual non-existence of appropriate legislation appear to be two of the most significant obstacles. Design and subsequent construction of suburban residences is carried out with little regard for climatic context. Water is shown to be a particularly scarce and unevenly distributed commodity, which the affluent have greater access to and consume in greater quantities. However, it is demonstrated that the South African climate is virtually ideal for several climate-responsive energy-efficiency techniques. Especially due to the high solar radiation levels there is potential for various active and passive solar design techniques and technologies. The impact of atmospheric temperature and humidity, wind, radiation and precipitation on human comfort is investigated. Humidity and wind are demonstrated to be very influential on human comfort, whereas radiation and wind are the most easily manipulated through design. Furthermore, the specific topography and location of a site can influence the microclimate and solar access of an area to a significant degree. The South African climate is predominantly either hot semi-arid or temperate. Most of the western interior is hot arid whereas the eastern interior and highveld is predominantly temperate, with temperatures increasing to the north and decreasing to the south. The only cool region of the country is found in the highlands of the Drakensberg, with a significant portion of the eastern coast being hot humid. Methodologies and guidelines for both layout, or macro design, and detailed design of residential suburbs are explored. The manipulation of solar radiation, sunlight and wind, as well as the management of rainwater and used household water is explored. It is shown that designing suburbs to create access to solar radiation forms the basis of solar design, with solar access control, material and surface treatment largely determining the success of individual designs. Wind manipulation is achieved mainly through planting design, influencing mostly heat loss and gain ratios into buildings. Effective household water management can substantially reduce its consumption. Further research is needed in all aspects of climate-responsive design, especially classification of the South African climate and development of design techniques adapted to this context. / Dissertation (M (Landscape Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Architecture / unrestricted

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Though grocery shopping is largely done by habit, consumers are provided with continuous information aiming to inform and persuade them to make active choices. Online grocery shopping offers further ways for consumers to find, evaluate and compare products with just a few clicks. Country of origin labelling (COOL), providing consumers with further information, has gained popularity over recent years. What influences consumers to actively choose COOL products has been researched, but specifically Swedish consumers’ evaluation of COOL online has remained unexplored. The aim of the current study is to contribute to the understanding of consumers’ evaluation of COOL in the online environment, particularly for Swedish consumers. A survey was distributed and the answers analysed in order to evaluate Swedish consumers’ perceptions of COOL in the online environment. The results suggest that Swedish consumers value COOL highly, since it aligns with their values. Those who have a higher interest in COOL pay less attention to price, and they are willing to pay more for Swedish products. Additionally, more ways to find and filter products online based on country of origin, is desired amongst consumers who value COOL. / Trots att mathandel ofta görs på ren vana, så förses konsumenter med massor av information med syfte att informera och övertyga de att göra aktiva val. Mathandel online erbjuder ytterligare sätt för konsumenter att hitta, utvärdera och jämföra produkter med endast ett par klick. Ursprungsmärkning, som förser konsumenter med än mer information, har vuxit i popularitet de senaste åren. Det har forskats kring vad som influerar en konsument att aktivt välja ursprungsmärkta produkter, men svenska konsumenters värdering av ursprungsmärkning i onlinehandeln har förblivit outforskat. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till förståelsen för konsumenters värdering av ursprungsmärkning i onlinemiljö, specifikt med hänsyn till svenska konsumenter. En enkät användes för att utvärdera och analysera svenska konsumenters uppfattning av ursprungsmärkningar i onlinemiljö. Resultatet antyder att svenska konsumenter värderar ursprungsmärkta produkter högt, då de efterlever deras värderingar. De som har ett större intresse för ursprungsmärkningar lägger mindre vikt vid pris och är villiga att betala mer för svenska produkter. Dessutom efterfrågas fler tillvägagångssätt för att hitta och filtrera produkter online baserat på ursprung bland konsumenter som värderar ursprungsmärkningar.

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