Despite the recent recession, the economic growth of recent decades has created a group of so-called ‘Global-Elites’ (CeMoRe, 2010). Small in number, but high in net worth and influence they are influential in the creation of, and desire for consumption, often portrayed as luxury, privilege, prestige, and 'class'. The tourism industry has also benefited from growth, with demand predicted to double by the year 2020, reaching an estimated $14.95 billion (World Tourism & Travel Council, 2010). Much of this growth has been at the top end, as Keissling et. al. (2009) note an unprecedented rise in demand for the luxury hotel sector over the past decade. The global elite’s leisure consumption practices require considerable research attention, and yet research into luxury services, such as hotels and associated hospitality services, is greatly undeveloped. Atwal and Williams (2008) note the ability of consumption as a means for consumers to make statements about themselves, and nowhere is this more true than in the world of the Global-Elite, who seemingly having no desire to curb current travel activities (Elliott & Urry, 2009). This may be due to the uncertainty that is felt about future travel opportunities, with environmental decline of natural and heritage attractions paralleled by numerous threats to travel such as peak oil and political instability. However, in recent years, there has been increased interest in the study of ethical consumption in the tourism arena (e.g. Novelli, 2005; Sharpley, 2006; Lansing & Vries, 2006; Yeoman et. al., 2006). Although there appears to be incompatibility between the concepts of luxury and concerns around ethical consumption and sustainability, this research posits that while current transitions (around travel and tourism) continue towards further unsustainability (Cohen, 2010), ethical consumption may provide an avenue for social distinction and status differentiation in the world of the Global-Elites. In order to adequately understand the behavioural intentions of the Global-Elites, the synergy between consumer values, luxury dimensions and ethical consumption needs to be explored. This research examines the influence of consumer values, as a more universal measure of intent, in relation to ethical consumption in luxury hotels. This research argues that by reducing the uncertainty related to the degree to which consumers (Global-Elites) value ethical consumption, deeper insights into these apparently incompatible spaces and places for ethical consumption will be obtained. Furthermore, luxury hotels will be able to assess the suitability of marketing and communicating such strategies to their customers.

生活型態目前是行銷學界普遍可見的名詞，台灣地區亦有很多生活型態的相關研究，然而這些研究多屬於特定化生活型態研究，而非一般化的生活型態研究，缺乏對台灣消費者的整體認識。以政治大學社資中心為例，自成立以來社資中心共收錄有316篇生活型態相關之碩士論文，研究標的遍佈各種產業和各種族群，卻沒有可以概觀地描述台灣普羅大眾的一般化生活型態研究，由此可見台灣學術界存在有「台灣整體民眾一般化生活型態研究」之缺口，本研究將進行台灣地區消費者的一般化生活型態研究的跨期比較，首先對E-ICP東方消費者行銷資料庫資料進行因素分析，探討歷年來台灣人的生活型態概況，再以迴歸分析探討台灣人生活型態及其行為背後的主要價值觀變遷，幫助大眾進一步建立對台灣消費者生活型態與價值觀的整體認識並解讀其改變情形。 本研究以1998年為主軸，透過因素分析和信度分析選取出流行傾向、追求自我、平和謹慎的生活習慣、社群參與度、都會傾向、獨立自主的生活、尊重權威、宗教信仰傾向、不確定的自我、積極進取的工作觀、新兩性觀、嚮往西方社會、社交活躍度十三個因素，再以迴歸分析探討這十三個因素在1994年到2002年間的趨勢變化，發現斜率項顯著的有流行傾向、社群參與度、都會傾向、不確定的自我、積極進取的工作觀、新兩性觀、嚮往西方社會、社交活躍度等七個因素。追求自我、平和謹慎的生活習慣、獨立自主的生活、尊重權威、宗教信仰傾向、嚮往西方社會等六個因素則呈現迴歸模式不顯著的分析結果。 本研究的限制有三，第一是量表之周延性有待商榷、第二是資料非panel data，不能進行與時間有關的統計分析、第三是無法反應新因素，並建議學者可進行後續研究，建立本土的資料庫與量表，以發展出適合台灣地區的本土一般化生活型態量表，並進行長期調查，予以修正，彌補本量表所缺乏之周延性與穩固性。

Yes / Ethical consumption is more likely when consumers are receptive to ethical product information and consider such information when making purchasing decisions. Building on communication theory, we develop and test a framework illustrating how different consumer values induce contrasting effects on consumers’ willingness to choose ethical products through affecting consumer receptiveness to ethical product information. We present an online survey with 590 US consumers, which was analyzed with covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). Results show that altruistic and biospheric consumer values increase consumers’ willingness to choose ethical products via trust in ethical advertising and ethical purchase decision involvement. In contrast, egoistic consumer values reduce ethical purchase decision involvement, and ultimately consumers’ willingness to choose ethical products. Thus, we illustrate the mechanisms through which contrasting values take effect. Results are discussed in light of theoretical and managerial implications and reemphasize the need for better adaptation of ethical marketing to individual consumer characteristics.

Corporate Social Responsibility has grown in importance of the present society and therefore becomes a meaningful operation for companies today. Since the society is structured by consumers, companies have been forced to adapt this concept in their work, by the reason of keeping and gaining the consumers. For companies to be able to do so, they have to understand their customers and be aware of the different consumers purchase intention. These intention have shown to differ in regard of different industries, which is why this study have chosen to focus on the food industry, where the criticisms for the CSR initiatives are high. Consequently, the purpose of the study is to describe how consumers’ in the food industry perceive CSR and to explore how the perceived CSR affects their purchasing intention. Two research questions were made and to be able to answer these, relevant theories was established. The research was conducted using a quantitative study and a descriptive approach to analyze the collected data. The collection of data was made through nine interviews, divided into three involvement level for the reason of including all kinds of consumers. The results found that the general brand appearance is reflected in the companies’ products and therefore made their purchase based on this. The consumers perceived it hard to gain credible knowledge of companies CSR which leads them to make their purchase based on responsible certified labelling or recognition of the products instead. The consumers have a higher credibility for the negative information about companies. They therefore acts with CSR as a purchase criterion of this as they exclude products from this kind of companies. The consumer did however not act with CSR as a purchase criterion if the price was too high, as this was of a greater importance than CSR for the consumers. Because of the low information level and the low credibility, the consumers rather makes their decision based on what they perceive as less irresponsible instead of what they perceive as responsible. Keywords: CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumer perception, Consumer awareness, Consumer values, Consumer attitudes, CSR purchase criterion

Date: 2022-06-02    Level: Master thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Authors: Ida Pesiö Linnéa Rossander Title:  The Impact of Consumer Sustainability Values and Companies’                        Sustainability Work on Consumer Attitude and Purchasing The Importance of Product and Price Tutor: Aswo Safari Keywords: Consumer values, Consumer purchasing, Sustainability values,                    Online fashion sustainability, Companies’ sustainability work, Consumer attitude. Research question: How does consumers' sustainability values and companies'      sustainability work affect consumers' attitude and purchasing? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how consumers’ sustainability values and companies' sustainability work affect their attitude and purchasing in online fashion. Furthermore, the study  aims  to identify what factors may lead consumers to unsustainable purchasing in an online fashion context.    Method: The study was conducted with an explanatory qualitative approach. The empirical data was obtained through semi-structured interviews, and followingly analyzed by combining the study's conceptual model together with a thematic analysis. Conclusion: The findings reveal that consumer values and companies’ sustainability work affects consumer attitude. However, consumer values and companies’ sustainability work do not affect consumers’ clothing purchases online. The most important factors that guide consumers purchasing are product and price. This does not mean that consumers do not care about sustainability during clothing purchases online, however, sustainability is not a priority.

Though grocery shopping is largely done by habit, consumers are provided with continuous information aiming to inform and persuade them to make active choices. Online grocery shopping offers further ways for consumers to find, evaluate and compare products with just a few clicks. Country of origin labelling (COOL), providing consumers with further information, has gained popularity over recent years. What influences consumers to actively choose COOL products has been researched, but specifically Swedish consumers’ evaluation of COOL online has remained unexplored. The aim of the current study is to contribute to the understanding of consumers’ evaluation of COOL in the online environment, particularly for Swedish consumers. A survey was distributed and the answers analysed in order to evaluate Swedish consumers’ perceptions of COOL in the online environment. The results suggest that Swedish consumers value COOL highly, since it aligns with their values. Those who have a higher interest in COOL pay less attention to price, and they are willing to pay more for Swedish products. Additionally, more ways to find and filter products online based on country of origin, is desired amongst consumers who value COOL. / Trots att mathandel ofta görs på ren vana, så förses konsumenter med massor av information med syfte att informera och övertyga de att göra aktiva val. Mathandel online erbjuder ytterligare sätt för konsumenter att hitta, utvärdera och jämföra produkter med endast ett par klick. Ursprungsmärkning, som förser konsumenter med än mer information, har vuxit i popularitet de senaste åren. Det har forskats kring vad som influerar en konsument att aktivt välja ursprungsmärkta produkter, men svenska konsumenters värdering av ursprungsmärkning i onlinehandeln har förblivit outforskat. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till förståelsen för konsumenters värdering av ursprungsmärkning i onlinemiljö, specifikt med hänsyn till svenska konsumenter. En enkät användes för att utvärdera och analysera svenska konsumenters uppfattning av ursprungsmärkningar i onlinemiljö. Resultatet antyder att svenska konsumenter värderar ursprungsmärkta produkter högt, då de efterlever deras värderingar. De som har ett större intresse för ursprungsmärkningar lägger mindre vikt vid pris och är villiga att betala mer för svenska produkter. Dessutom efterfrågas fler tillvägagångssätt för att hitta och filtrera produkter online baserat på ursprung bland konsumenter som värderar ursprungsmärkningar.

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