No description available.

This dissertation aims to contribute to the literature of cooperation and social preferences. We use experimental and computational methods to understand the role and extent of reciprocity on cooperation. The first paper is a methodological contribution to the large literature on conditional preferences of cooperation. Cooperation generated by this type of preferences is notoriously unstable, as individuals reduce their contributions to the public good in reaction to other subjects' free-riding. This has led to the widely-shared conclusion that cooperation observed in experiments (and its collapse) is mostly driven by imperfect reciprocity. In this study, we explore the possibility that reciprocally cooperative preferences may themselves be unstable. We do so by observing the evolution of subjects' preferences in an anonymously repeated social dilemma. Our unsettling result is that, in the course of the experiment, a significant fraction of reciprocally cooperative subjects become egoistic, while the reverse is rarely observed. The non-selfish preferences that appear to be more stable are those most easily attributed to confusion. We are thus driven to the conclusion that egoism is more resistant to exposure to social dilemmas than reciprocity. The second paper the evolutionary success of conditional preferences by using simulations. We use an agent-based model in which agents play a variation of the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. We estimate the likelihood of cooperation levels as well as the likelihood of the existence of conditional types for different continuation probabilities. We show that an all-or-none type of conditional cooperation strategy together with the perfect conditional cooperation strategy are most likely to emerge when the continuation probability is sufficiently high. Our most surprising finding is related to the so-called hump-shaped strategy, a conditional type that is commonly observed in experiments. Our simulations show that those types are likely to thrive for intermediate levels of the continuation probability due to their relative advantage when probability of interaction is not enough to sustain a full-cooperation, but instead merely sustains mid-level cooperation. The third paper aims to understand the underlying reciprocal motives in altruistic behavior. We argue that the altruism that is revealed in dictator games can be explained by what we call presumptive reciprocity. Subjects may display non-selfish preferences because they presume that the other subjects would have revealed similar, non-selfish preferences if the roles had been reversed. This kind of intuitive reasoning, although partially captured by indirect reciprocity, is overlooked in the literature on social preferences, especially when it comes to explaining the behavior that appears to be purely altruistic. The experimental evidence we provide shows that people's choices reveal mostly presumptive reciprocity, while purely altruistic preferences play a much smaller role.

This thesis answers the question “Why does security cooperation occur between Western states?”. The basic answer is: “Because most state actors do not want their states to integrate”. In other words, cooperation occurs as a coping mechanism, as an imperfect substitute for integration. But the thesis does not only investigate the reasons for cooperation, what Aristotle called the final cause. The thesis also examines the material, formal and efficient causes of cooperation. Such an unorthodox causal explanation of cooperation is based on a Critical Realist philosophy of social science. The application of this philosophy to the empirical study of International Relation is rare, making this thesis original. Beyond the philosophy of social science, the thesis' research design, many of the cases, and much of the data are also rarely used. The research design is an embedded multiple-case study. The states studied are the United States of America, France and Luxembourg. Within each state, the embedded subcases are three types of state security organisations: the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Rarely have these three types of security organisations been compared. Similarly, Luxembourg is seldom studied. Comparing different types of states and different types of state security organisations has not only allowed the main research question to be answered. It has also allowed temporal, spatial, national, and functional variation in cooperation to be identified and theorised. The empirical evidence studied includes participant observation (at the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) and documents (e.g. state policy documents, annual reports by organisations, reports by parliaments and non-governmental organisations, autobiographies, books by investigative journalists, articles by newspapers and magazines). The thesis is also based on a score of elite interviews (e.g. with ambassadors, diplomatic liaisons, ministerial advisors, foreign ministry officers, military commanders, etc.), and the careful study of both declassified and classified archival records.

Using the IAEA as a case for focused study, this thesis argues that the construction and reconstruction of the Secretariat’s legitimacy has been dependant upon several different legitimating influences at different stages in the IAEA’s evolution. In brief, it will be demonstrated that early on, in the absence of clear non-proliferation norms, power wielded by critical and self-interested actors functioned as the primary legitimator – promoting early development and insulating the organization from outside pressures. However, based upon this particular case, I will also argue that state power alone is insufficient to guarantee legitimacy and the exercise of international public authority, especially in light of the degree to which these institutions are increasingly expected to challenge the territorial sovereignty of member states. In order for an organization to acquire adequate legitimacy to exercise public authority over the long term, it must develop beyond the point at which state power is instrumental, and assume a degree of organizational autonomy. This happened with the evolution of organizational expertise recognizing the IAEA’s bureaucracy as an authority, development of specific nonproliferation rules and norms that placed the IAEA in authority, and “right” processes within the bureaucracy that reinforced these and other substantive norms, positioning the Secretariat as a trusted agent within international society. Thus, the development of a professional identity, successful norms and rules, and the elaboration of a “right” process were key to the creation of legitimacy, and as a consequence, the Secretariat’s exercise of public authority in support of the safeguards regime.

Ao longo do último século, o Brasil foi basicamente um receptor de ajuda internacional. Nas últimas décadas, entretanto, o país se firmou como um doador de recursos para países em desenvolvimento por meio de suas ações de Cooperação Internacional ao Desenvolvimento (CID). Embora o país não se considere um doador, na medida em que essa ajuda prestada pelo país se inscreveria no contexto da Cooperação Sul-Sul, o país ganhou proeminência no regime de CID nos últimos anos. A influência dos países emergentes na arquitetura da CID trouxe profundas mudanças ao panorama da cooperação. Ao mesmo tempo, os países emergentes, geralmente classificados como países de renda média, ainda permanecem com altos níveis de pobreza, estimulando um debate sobre se tais recursos utilizados na cooperação internacional não teriam um melhor destino no ambiente doméstico. Assim, por que um país em desenvolvimento com graves problemas socioeconômicos forneceria cooperação no cenário internacional? Por um lado, o discurso oficial durante esse período, especialmente entre 2003 e 2014, era o de que a cooperação fornecida pelo Brasil, sobretudo em sua vertente técnica, se sustentaria em ideais de solidariedade e no intercâmbio de experiências comuns não possuindo interesses materiais. Por outro, analistas apontam para os interesses políticos e econômicos na sua execução. Essa pesquisa busca contribuir com esse debate por meio de uma análise empírica inédita acerca dos padrões de alocação dos gastos com projetos de Cooperação Técnica (CT) realizados pelo Brasil entre os anos de 2000 e 2016. Dialogando com a literatura acerca dos determinantes de ajuda externa, foi analisada a relação entre os gastos com CT por parte do governo brasileiro e variáveis econômicas e políticas referentes aos interesses geopolíticos do Brasil no cenário internacional e variáveis socioeconômicas referentes às necessidades dos países recipientes. Assim, a proposta dessa pesquisa foi analisar quais os determinantes para a alocação dos gastos em projetos de CT brasileira. Os resultados indicam uma relação entre a cooperação técnica brasileira e variáveis referentes aos interesses econômicos e políticos, como empréstimos subsidiados via BNDES, exportações e apoio político dos receptores ao Brasil em Organizações Internacionais; e variáveis referentes às necessidades dos receptores, como nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e qualidade democrática. / Over the last century, Brazil was basically an international aid recipient. In the last decades, however, the country has established itself as a donor of resources for developing countries through its actions of International Development Cooperation (IDC). Although the country does not consider itself a donor, to the extent that the country\'s aid is inscribed in the context of South-South Cooperation (SSC), Brazil has gained prominence in the IDC regime in recent years. The influence of emerging countries on IDC architecture has brought profound changes to the cooperation landscape. At the same time, emerging countries, generally classified as middle-income countries, still remain at high levels of poverty, stimulating a debate on whether such resources used in international cooperation would not have a better destination in the domestic environment. Therefore, why would a developing country with serious socio-economic problems provide international cooperation? On the one hand, the official discourse at the time, especially between 2003 and 2014, was that the Brazilian cooperation, particularly in its technical modality, was based on ideals of solidarity and on the exchange of common experiences having no material interests. On the other, analysts point to the political and economic interests in its execution. This research contributes to this debate through an empirical analysis of the Brazilian Technical Cooperation (TC) allocation patterns between 2000 and 2016. Departing from the literature on foreign aid determinants, this study analyzes the relationship between TC expenditures by the Brazilian government and economic and political variables related to Brazil\'s geopolitical interests in the international scenario and socioeconomic variables related to the recipient needs. Thus, this research analyzes the determinants of Brazilian TC projects expenditures allocation. The results indicate a relationship between Brazilian technical cooperation and variables related to economic and political interests, such as subsidized loans through BNDES, exports and political support of recipients to Brazil in International Organizations; and variables related to the recipients\' needs, such as socioeconomic development and democratic quality.

Yu Hongyuan. / "January 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Tyrimo objektas: žemės ūkio kooperatyvai. Tyrimo dalykas: kooperacijos plėtros centras Darbo tikslas: išnagrinėjus žemės ūkio kooperaciją užsienio valstybėse ir atsižvelgus į Lietuvos žemės ūkio kooperacijos padėtį, pasiūlyti kooperacijos plėtros centro modelį. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. įvertinti žemės ūkio kooperacijos padėtį užsienio valstybėse; 2. atskleisti kooperacijos padėtį Lietuvoje; 3. pateikti galimą kooperacijos plėtros centro modelį Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, loginė analizė bei sintezė, anketinė apklausa, grafinio vaizdavimo, duomenų analizė (naudojant SPSS 8.0 for Windows programą). Išanalizuota žemės ūkio kooperacijos padėtis užsienio valstybėse. Įvertinta žemės ūkio kooperacijos priemoni���� sistema Lietuvoje. Pateikiamas kooperacijos plėtros centro modelis užtikrinantis kooperacijos plėtrą Lietuvoje. / Research object: agricultural cooperatives. Research subject: the center of cooperation development. Research purpose: to create model of cooperation development center after exploring cooperation abroad and valuing agricultural cooperation situation in Lithuania. Research tasks: 1. to explore cooperation situation in agriculture abroad. 2. to value situation of agricultural cooperation in Lithuania. 3. to create model of cooperation development center. Research methods: monographic, graphic, observation, analysis of literary sources, form interview, data analysis with SPSS 8.0 computer program. Was made the analysis of cooperation situation of agriculture abroad. Valuation of agricultural cooperation in Lithuania. Analysis of the agricultural cooperatives in Lithuania. The creation of cooperation development model.

In the Twenty-first Century, sustainable water management is likely to be humanity's greatest challenge in a world of ever-increasing demand. Legal instruments both international and national regulate and provide a general framework for the use and management of international waters. Future basin management agreements can be informed by examining the degree of success, in terms of sustainability and equity, achieved by such agreements. That success can be influenced by the degree to which such agreements support the human right to water implicitly stated in international customary law, through a collaborative management approach. Since 1988, attempts by communities on the Pongolo floodplain to be involved in Pongolopoort Dam releases, have met with little success. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has begun to support those efforts, but the approach remains a sectoral one, and is primarily concerned with water issues. The South African National Water Act 36 of 1998 provides for environmental management and public participation, as well as providing explicitly for the rights of individual water users, but its implementation is hampered by an overwhelming emphasis on technical considerations and a lack of political will to embrace collaborative management systems. Little effort is expended on collaborative management methods, though the level of transparency in water management is improving, despite remaining highly centralised. The level and extent of incentives for local community participation is low, and systematic monitoring is in its early development. International river basin agreements generally take a top-down or state-driven approach, though there are some examples where local cross-border communities have participated successfully in the implementation of international agreements and management of transboundary basins. South Africa, Swaziland and M09ambique signed the Interim Incomaputo Agreement, which includes the Maputo basin, in August 2002. Once again, the approach to this agreement has been highly sectoral in that negotiations were handled entirely by water officials in the relevant countries. A lack of transparency has prevailed in the negotiation stages, though through the basin studies, which will inform implementation plans, the level of participation should improve. There is overwhelming consensus that integrated management is the key to sustainable international river basin management. Formal and systematic methods for inter-departmental communication, both nationally and internationally are currently not being implemented, which has significant negative impacts on integrated management. Research in this area represents an opportunity to explore collaborative management of an international river basin in an area that is, as yet, unstressed in terms of population and water supply. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Bibiography: leaves 91-96. The Timor Gap area is managed jointly by Australia and Indonesia through the Treaty of Timor Gap (1989). The Zone of Cooperation area A 's main activity is oil exploration and exploitation. The main concern of the research is the provisions for environmental protection and the procedure of environmental impact assessment in the Treaty.

Collaboration appears to be a magical solution for many problems when there is scarcity of resources, lack of knowledge or skills, and/or environmental threats. However, there is little knowledge about the nature of collaboration. A holistic conceptual framework was developed for the collaborative process, and the conceptualization process used systems thinking approach. The author has selectively chosen conceptualizations and/or research by a limited subset of scholars whose ideas appeared to be the most relevant and useful to explore the type of collaboration studied here. In other words, the selection of the literature was based on an eclectic selection. Multiple cases were used in this research to understand the factors that are components of collaborative effort among non-profit organizations and the relationships among those factors. This study also investigated the stages of collaborative process. Data were collected from 54 participants who were partners in collaborate projects funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). Among these 54 participants, 50 answered the online questionnaire and 38 received the telephone interviews. The data collected was analyzed using cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, internal consistency reliability, and descriptive statistics. The component factors of collaboration were grouped by the following seven concepts: trustworthiness, competence, dependency, misunderstanding and/or conflict, complexity, commitment and mechanism of coordination. This study showed twelve relationships among these factors. For instance, different points of view and partners' capacity to maintain inter-organizational relationships were found to be opposite concepts. In addition, the findings in this study indicate that 84% of participants reported the presence of the five pre-defined stages: execution, networking, definition, relationship, and common evaluation.