This thesis is a study of the attitude of the Canadian Government towards the organization and operation of international institutions rather than a study of the policies pursued in them. Special emphasis is laid, upon two basic problems: the broad institutional framework of international society, dealt with in Part I, and the relationship of great and small states, the theme of part II. Each Part is prefaced by a brief analytical chapter (Chapters IX and VIII). Apart from the introductory chapter, the thesis is almost entirely confined to the period from the outbreak of war in 1939 to the immediate aftermath of the invasion of South Korea in 1950. The opening chapter traces the development of Canadian policy towards international institutions from the early days after Confederation to the post- war period. During the inter-war years, the primary appeal of tie League of Nations to Canada was as a means of asserting her international status. At the same time, she was most reluctant to assume international responsibilities, particularly obligations to impose automatic military sanctions against an aggressor. Early in the Second World War, her attitude began to change, and she earns to accept not only the principle of collective security but also the need to play her full part in it. The Canadian Government was also determined to ensure that, in the reconstruction of international government, the fullest attention was paid to the question of removing the underlying economic and social causes of war.

This work analyzes the political instrumentalization of culture. Specifically, it studies how this is done through cultural policy within Western democracies. The analysis takes, as an example, official Nordic cultural cooperation in the post-war period. During this time, cultural exchange among Nordic countries became the subject of political attention establishing itself as part of the Nordic inter-governmental cooperation framework. This work focuses on three key moments in the history of official Nordic cultural cooperation: (i) the failure of the NORDEK plan (a plan which envisaged extensive economic cooperation between the Nordic countries) and the establishment of the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1971; (ii) the collapse of the Soviet system at the end of the 1980s - beginning of the 1990s; and (iii) the movement towards promoting the Nordic region on the global market in the first decade of the 2000s. The analysis traces the lack of convergence between the official arm’s length principle in cultural policy and how cultural cooperation actually worked. The results of the research both demonstrate the various ways culture was instrumentalized and also prove that the politically defined concept of culture can receive different interpretations in the official discourse depending on current political goals.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After being sidelined for a number of years, South Africa finds itself readmitted to the international community. One of the many issues at stake now is the reform of the United Nations Security Council. This study looks at South Africa's aim to make substantial changes in the international system, with the Security Council being one of the target institutions. This is a mammoth task for South Africa and the study points out the challenges that go with engaging in this process. The study points out an element of ambiguity in South Africa's foreign policy and the challenges that go with making multilateralism a cornerstone of such a policy. While it is not yet clear as to whether South Africa will succeed in changing the behaviour of states and the practice of multilateral institutions, it is at the moment participating in debates that might lead to such changes. South Africa's participation in the Open Ended Working Committee on the reform of the United Nations Security Council constitutes one move among others to ensure a change in the practice of the Security Council. The limits of making multilateralism a cornerstone of foreign policy are outlined with the aim of making policy-makers aware of the implications of the broad scope of their ambiguous foreign policy. While it is necessary to avoid engaging in assignments that might be difficult to manage, the need for South Africa to focus only on what is achievable and not to try and punch above its weight is one aspect this paper emphasises. The paper ends by making recommendations, which include (among others) that South Africa should attempt to secure a seat in the reformed Security Council should such an opportunity arise, but only after a careful consideration of her abilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na jare van politieke isolasie is Suid-Afrika weer 'n volwaardige lid van die internasionale gemeenskap. Die hervorming van die Verenigde Nasies (VN) se Veiligheidsraad, het binne die konteks van buitelandse beleid, een van die land se vernaamste uitdagings geword. Hierdie studie plaas Suid-Afrika se hervormingspogings van die internasionale stelselonder die soeklig, en fokus veralop die rol van die VN Veiligheidsraad. Die omvang van dié proses kan nie onderskat word nie, en die studie poog om die vernaamste uitdagings van hierdie hervormings te identifiseer. Die opdrag poog om te wys op 'n mate van teenstrydigheid wat in Suid- Afrika se buitelandse beleid te bespeur is, asook die uitdagings verbonde aan die vestiging van multilaterale betrekkinge as hoeksteen van sodanige beleid. Hoewel daar nog nie duidelikheid bestaan oor die mate van sukses wat die land behaal het met betrekking tot die gedrag van state en die praktyk van multilaterale betrekkinge nie, neem dit tans deel aan debate wat mag lei tot beleidsverandering in hierdie velde. Suid-Afrika se deelname aan die VN Veiligheidraad se Ope Werkskonunittees, rakende die hervorming van hierdie liggaam, is een voorbeeld van die land se verbintenis tot die verandering van Veiligheidsraad praktyke. Die beperkings rakende mulilaterale betrekkinge, 'n steunpilaar van internasionale beleid, word uitgelig ten einde beleidsmakers bewus te maak van die omvattende aard van 'n dikwels, onduidelike, buitelandse beleid. Die opdrag benadruk die feit dat Suid-Afrika sal moet poog om slegs betrokke te raak in internasionale aksies wat binne sy vermoëns val. Dit word afgesluit met 'n aantal aanbevelings. Een hiervan is 'n pleidooi dat Suid-Afrika permanente lidmaatskap van die 'n hervormde Veiligheidsraad verkry indien die geleentheid dit voordoen. Sodanige deelname kan egter eers geskied na deeglike oorweging van die land se vermoës binne hierdie sfeer.

ABSTRAKT Bakgrund: De mest sjuka/sköra äldre är en ökande grupp patienter som ofta hamnar i kläm då missförstånd uppstår vid övergång mellan slutenvård och kommunal sjukvård. Tidigare forskning har visat att bland annat bristande informationsöverföring mellan instanser är en av de mest förekommande orsakerna till vårdskador. Att samarbetet mellan dessa två primära vårdinstanser fungerar är av största vikt för god patientsäkerhet. Syfte: att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av samarbetet mellan slutenvården och kommunal sjukvård kring den äldre patienten. Metod: En kvalitativ metod valdes för att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av samarbetet mellan slutenvård och kommunal sjukvård. Sammanlagt 27 sjuksköterskor från både kommunal sjukvård och slutenvård svarade på en elektronisk enkät via e-post. Deras svar analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor från både slutenvården och den kommunala sjukvården anser att ett bättre samarbete måste till för att öka patientsäkerheten. Brister finns i samarbetet framför allt kring läkemedelshantering, kommunikation och informationsöverföring. De upplever även att förståelsen för varandras verksamheter bör öka. Som förbättringsförslag ges utbildning och hospitering för att öka sjuksköterskornas kompetens för det gemensamma kommunikationsverktyget och bättre förståelse för de olika verksamheterna. Slutsats: Samarbetet mellan kommunal sjukvård och slutenvård kan bli bättre och patientsäkerheten öka om läkemedelshanteringen säkras, bra planer görs upp med och för patienten och om informationsöverföringen sker korrekt. Då möjliggörs ett gott samarbetet och vårdens övergångar blir inte lika märkbara för patienten. Det befintliga kommunikationsverktyget, om det används till fullo, är ett bra stöd i detta. / ABSTRACT Background: The frail and/or sick elderly are a growing group of patients who are often caught in between healthcare instances when misunderstandings occur in transition between inpatient and municipal healthcare providers. Previous research has shown that, among other things, lack of information between instances are one of the most common causes of preventable harm. Improved cooperation between these two primary health facilities work is of paramount importance for patient safety. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine nurses experiences of cooperation between inpatient care and municipal healthcare concerning geriatric patients. Method: A qualitative method was chosen to investigate the nurses' experience of cooperation between inpatient care and municipal healthcare. A total of 27 nurses from both municipal and inpatient answered an electronic questionnaire via e-mail. Their answers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Nurses from both inpatient care and municipal healthcare believes that the cooperation is in need of improvement in order to increase patient safety. Shortcomings occur in cooperation, especially regarding medicinal management, communication and information transfer. They are also under the impression that an increased understanding of each other's work situations are crucial. Suggestions of improvement are increased education within the common communicational tool and also visits to each other’s workplaces to increase the understanding of the different work situations. Conclusion: An increased and improved cooperation between municipal healthcare and inpatient care can improve patient safety if medicinal management and transference is secured, better care plans are set up with and for the patient, and also that information transfer is conducted properly. These things will enable a good cooperation and transition of caregiver will not be as noticeable to the patient. The existing tool for communication, if used to its full extent, is a great support in doing this.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

This dissertation provides a cultural-cognitive perspective on the relationship between cooperation and competition within organizations. Instead of explicitly defining the relationship between cooperation and competition, I examine lay beliefs about the relationship and the impact of these beliefs on perceptions and behavior. This dissertation consists of two studies. In the first study, I examine the role of peoples’ categorization of competitive behaviors as cooperative or non-cooperative in teams. I assess the influence of dialectical reasoning, a culturally-shaped reasoning style, on the categorization of competitive behaviors and the reaction to competitive behaviors within teams. I test my predictions with a laboratory experiment with participants in the US and China. The analyses from this study reveal cultural differences in perceptual and behavioral reactions to competitive behaviors, with differences partially attributed to reasoning style and categorization. In the second study, I examine the role of people’s categorization of competitive behaviors as cooperative or non-cooperative in working relationships. I assess the influence of culture and categorization on people’s ego-centric network of working relationships. I test my predictions with a survey of working professionals in the US and China. The analyses from this study demonstrate that people who categorize certain competitive behaviors as cooperative are more likely to be more cooperative with people they are more competitive with instead of having exclusively cooperative or competitive relationships. The analyses also reveal national cultural differences in people’s networks of working relationships that are partially attributable to categorization of competitive behaviors. By empirically connecting culture and reasoning style to cooperative and competitive behavior in teams and working relationships, this research enhances our understanding of fundamental aspects of organizations, suggesting a new approach to examining the influence of societal factors in behavior within organizations. / text

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<p>Som ett led i att förstärka den effektiva kontrollen inom staten föreskrivs det att myndigheter skall ha en internrevision. Idag innehar ett femtiotal myndigheter en internrevisionsfunktion med uppdrag att granska myndigheternas interna styrning och kontroll. Vidare skall Riksrevisionen, en externrevision under Riksdagen, granska den statliga verksamheten och årsredovisningar som är upprättade av statliga myndigheter. Tidigare forskning visar på att intern- och externrevisionens arbetsområden kan anses sammanfalla i viss utsträckning. Enligt Riktlinjer för yrkesmässig internrevision (2006) anges att intern- och externrevisionen skall utbyta information och ha samordnade aktiviteter. Detta menar tidigare studier, skulle leda till effektivare revisioner. En stor del av forskningen inom detta område har dock genomförts ur externrevisionens perspektiv. Mot denna bakgrund är författarnas syfte med uppsatsen att undersöka hur samverkan mellan internrevisionen och Riksrevisionen ser ut från internrevisionens perspektiv samt utreda vilka faktorer som kan anses påverka denna samverkan.</p><p>Undersökningen består av kvalitativa intervjuer, fyra med internrevisionschefer vid olika myndigheter samt en processägare från Riksrevisionen. Författarna har vidare använt fyra förklaringsansatser utifrån Deutsch´s theory of cooperation and competition för att analysera intervjusvaren. Ansatserna har författarna benämnt som övergripande verksamhetsmål, koordinering av arbetsuppgifter, kommunikation och lyhördhet samt attityd och inställning.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det finns en skillnad i internrevisionens och Riksrevisionens verksamhetsmål. Gällande koordinering av arbetsuppgifter sker ingen direkt uppdelning. Beroende på vilket arbetsområde som beaktas varierar graden av samverkan. Kommunikationen sinsemellan kan delas in i en formell och en informell del. Samverkan föreligger företrädesvis gällande den formella kontakten medan den informella kontakten är svårare att definiera. Slutligen visar denna studie att internrevisionen innehar en huvudsaklig positiv inställning till Riksrevisionens arbete. Faktorer som kan anses påverkar samverkan är bland annat; olika uppdrag och uppdragsgivare, Riksrevisionens förtroende för internrevisionen samt personkemi.</p>

This dissertation describes the analysis, design, and implementation of a session level communication system referred to as PLEXNET. PLEXNET was developed specifically to provide communication services required by Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) applications but which are not currently available as part of commercially available LAN products. CSCW services include such things as: reliable broadcast communications, dynamic multicasting, and message queuing. Analysis of CSCW networking requirements entailed: reviewing CSCW applications and communications systems; synthesizing a data exchange model for collaborative tools; and defining a target system (PC-LAN). PLEXNET design provides a discussion of: networking tradeoffs, the relationship between PLEXNET and NETBIOS, PLEXNET queue structure, and PLEXNET implementation details. The design and implementation of PLEXNET were validated by performing discrete event simulations comparing response times and resource utilization for three communication paradigms and by developing four collaborative applications which employ PLEXNET for data communications. These applications are: Multi-User LAN Editor, Electronic Discussion System, Contracts Procurement, and Video Switcher.

This project attempts to understand the role of expectations in cooperative behavior using the interdisciplinary approach of Decision Neuroscience. While cooperation provides the foundation for a successful society, the underlying bio-psycho-social mechanisms remain surprisingly poorly understood. This investigation deconstructs cooperation into the specific behaviors of trust, reciprocation, and norm enforcement using the Trust and Ultimatum Games from behavioral economics and combines formal modeling and functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand the neurocomputational role of expectations in these behaviors. The results indicate that people appear to use context specific shared expectations when making social decisions. These beliefs are malleable and appear to be dynamically updated after an interaction. Emotions such as guilt and anger can be formally operationalized in terms of others' expectations and appear to be processed by a specific neural system involving the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplemental motor cortex. Importantly, these neural signals appear to motivate people to not only behave consistent with these expectations, but also to help others update their beliefs when these expectations are violated. Further, violations of social expectations appear to promote enhanced memory for norm violators. This work demonstrates the neural and computational basis of moral sentiments.