ABSTRACT South-South cooperation has become one of the most powerful tools at the disposal of developing countries for integration into the global economy. South-South relations that gained momentum in the aftermath of the Cold War have demonstrated a radical departure from the now archaic modes of engagement characteristic of the Cold War era. A handful of developing countries have emerged as de facto leaders of the South. These are countries that have taken significant rhetorical as well as practical steps towards strengthening South-South cooperation, as a means to counter the global domination of the affluent states of the North. This research report investigates the Post-Cold war adaptation of South-South cooperation exemplified by China and South Africa, and how they cooperate in international fora, with focus on the United Nations and World Trade Organisation. These are two countries that are strong advocates of South-South solidarity, and are regarded as leading powers of the developing world. Although with varying political and economic formations, the two countries have much in common. The most salient commonality is their evolving foreign policies. It is their evolving foreign policies that have enabled China and South Africa to take particular positions in international forums. There is significant commitment to the South agenda and this is demonstrated in UN and WTO engagements. However, there is ample room for improvement. Though committed to South-South cooperation, China and South Africa are still more committed to national interests. For South-South cooperation to move beyond rhetoric and periodic instances of cooperation there is an urgent need to redefine South-South cooperation. A new definition should involve a significant shift from the current abstract characterisation, to one that focuses on specific issues whose progress can be monitored and measured.

Masters Research Report presented in partial fulfilment of degree of Master in Translation (Option: Interpreting) at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Academic year: 2016 / The focus of the present study is church interpreting, which is commonly used in multilingual church environments and is usually performed by untrained, non-professional individuals, usually members of the congregation, who perceive interpreting as a voluntary community service. This study has been undertaken at the Mosaïek Church in Fairland, Johannesburg, an interdenominational Christian church. It is often assumed that anyone who speaks more than one language can be an interpreter; therefore, interpreting is not generally regarded as a profession by laypersons. However, research in interpreting studies demonstrates that interpreting demands skills, beyond bilingualism, that generally confer in interpreters the ability to convey messages. As a result, this study aims to fill the research gap in church interpreting studies, specifically in South Africa, to develop a training programme for church interpreters at Mosaïek Church and raise awareness about the profession. The researcher has recorded professional and non-professional interpreters’ rendition of a recorded sermon, keeping as closely to a real-life situation as possible. The recordings have been transcribed and analysed to determine the coping strategies used by each participant, in order to create a training programme for this specific church’s non-professional interpreters. / MT 2018

À medida que o conhecimento e a inovação tornam-se mais importantes para o sucesso competitivo das organizações, surge a necessidade de avaliar as iniciativas que promovem a criação de novos conhecimentos e a geração de inovações tecnológicas, tais como as parcerias tecnológicas firmadas entre empresas e universidades. Visando ao aprofundamento deste tema, buscou-se identificar o estágio de desenvolvimento da cooperação empresauniversidade nas multinacionais brasileiras. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva e foram efetuados múltiplos estudos de caso. As multinacionais brasileiras estudadas em profundidade foram: Embraco, Alfa, Beta, Tigre e WEG. Dados primários foram coletados junto às empresas estudadas por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e questionários. Foram também obtidos dados complementares sobre as empresas estudadas em fontes secundárias. O arcabouço teórico que suportou a pesquisa abordou sete temas centrais, sendo eles a inovação e a capacitação tecnológica, a gestão da P&D, a cooperação empresauniversidade, a cooperação tecnológica internacional, a internacionalização de empresas, a internacionalização de P&D e as multinacionais brasileiras. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que o estágio de desenvolvimento da cooperação empresa-universidade é predominantemente intermediário nas multinacionais brasileiras estudadas. Foi também possível verificar que não existe um consenso ou padrão rígido para a utilização de determinados arranjos e mecanismos para a cooperação tecnológica nas multinacionais brasileiras, a escolha dos mesmos dependerá da posição e dos objetivos de cada participante frente ao processo cooperativo e deverá contemplar a maleabilidade e adequações necessárias ao tipo de relação a ser desenvolvida. Por fim, o trabalho ressalta que a cooperação empresauniversidade é um grande propulsor da competitividade tecnológica e, cada vez mais, deverá ser foco de atenção das empresas, das universidades e do governo. / As knowledge and innovation become more important to the competitive success of the organizations, the need to evaluate the initiatives that promote the creation of new knowledge and the generation of technological innovations, such as technology partnerships signed between companies and universities arises. In order to deepen this issue, we have tried to identify the development stage of company-university cooperation in Brazilian multinationals. For this, a qualitative and descriptive research was conducted and several case studies were done. Brazilian multinationals studied in depth were: Embraco, Alfa, Beta, Tigre and WEG. Primary data were gathered from the companies using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Additional data about the studied companies were also obtained from secondary sources. The theoretical framework that supported the search addressed seven key issues: innovation and technological training, management of R&D, business-university cooperation, international technological cooperation, internationalization of enterprises, internationalization of R&D and Brazilian multinationals. The results indicate that the development stage of business-university cooperation is predominantly intermediary in the studied Brazilian multinational. It was also possible to see that there is a consensus or rigid standard for the use of certain arrangements and mechanisms for technology cooperation in Brazilian multinational, and their choices will depend on each participant\'s position and goals face the cooperative process and should consider flexibility and adjustments necessary and the kind of relationship to be developed. Finally, the work emphasizes that business-university cooperation is a major propellant for technological competitiveness and, increasingly, to be the companies of, universities and the government\'s attention focus.

Thesis advisor: Mary Ann Glynn / I examine the process of evolution for theoretical constructs in the field of organizational scholarship, leveraging the sociology of knowledge literature and empirical studies of construct development to focus my research. Prior studies suggest several key factors operating in the process--actor-oriented components, including the characteristics and strategies of scholarly actors, and situationally-oriented components of historical context and word meanings. No study, however, has assessed these factors in interaction over time. I address this gap through a historical study based primarily on archival data regarding construct usage in journal articles and scholarly books. Specifically, I explore the evolution of "cooperation" and "purpose" in organizational scholarship from 1938 through 2005. My findings contribute to elaboration of the theory of construct evolution proposed by Hirsch & Levin (1999), as I observe that a construct developing largely within a single disciplinary paradigm is marked by narrowing rather than expansion of meaning in the course of increased operationalization. Further, I find that an interdisciplinary context of evolution multiplies not just meanings but also the language used for a construct. I also document how antecedent conditions of meaning for the words "cooperation" and "purpose," as well as elements of historical context, affect the evolution process. In addition, my study extends the observations of Barley & Kunda (1992) regarding a cyclical dichotomy between rational and normative paradigms in managerial discourse, as I observe this pattern contributing to the fragmentation of language and meanings in the constructs studied. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Organization Studies.

This study proposes criteria to diagnose, to analyse and to evaluate the extent of cooperation and collaboration between supply chain members within extensive inter-firm relationships in supply chains. A case study context examines cooperative and collaborative relationships between shipping companies and shippers as suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, retailers, exporters and importers. The components of cooperation and collaboration are analysed through literature reviews, interviews with industrial experts, content analysis, two-rounds of Q-sorting, and pilot testing. Cooperation is a subset of collaboration comprised of transparency, fairness, and mutuality, and cooperation and “relational strength” such as trust and sustainability constitute collaboration. A questionnaire survey generated 167 responses from shipping companies in South Korea. Exploratory factor analysis underpinned cooperative and collaborative spirit indices (CCSIs) that varied within the shipping industry, types of shipping registered, and vessel types. Confirmatory factor analysis supported good model fit, convergent and discriminant validity, and unidimensionality. A “target coefficient” identified second order factors and path analysis showed that fairness, mutuality and cooperation can foster trust, and mutual trust can cultivate sustainability although transparency does not necessarily lead to trust. CCSIs indicated modest cooperation and collaboration in the shipping industry and MANOVA revealed differences according to vessel types and contract periods. This research clarifies theories of cooperation. Enhanced CCSIs between shippers and shipping companies imply that shippers should extend two-way communication, mutuality, distributive fairness and sustainability with shipping companies. Maintaining relationships brings long run benefits. Further, shipping companies should continuously strive to gain trust from shippers and government should organise consultative groups, develop and disseminate exemplary cases and foster institutions to promote collaboration. The constructs and items deployed herein are generic, implying that the research model and CCSIs methods will be widely applicable.

EU has in the past years suffered from several terrorist attacks where over a hundred persons died only in the first half of 2017. As a response to these attacks EU has been provided, through recent treaties, with an increased number of tools to counter terrorism. This has raised questions regarding which actor shall provide the security for the citizens of Europe, the EU or the Nation state? The purpose with this study is to analyse the measures and strategies which the EU has been implementing between 2013-2017. Two main questions are formulated: To what extent are EUs measures and strategies between 2013-2017 characterised by hard and soft governance? How can these measures and strategies be understood from an integration perspective? This qualitative study is based on theories about hard/soft governance and on the theory of neofunctionalism. The results show an increasing use of hard governance methods in countering terrorism through a more supra-national approach. An increased integration took place partly because of a spillover effect and lack of belief in national solutions to the problem. However, the union’s member states still enjoy great influence in countering terrorism and they still have a big responsibility in protecting their citizens.

La coopération portée par les dernières réformes législatives a été préférée à d'autres outils de restructuration. Pourtant, au début des années 2000, il apparait que les coopérations entre établissements publics et privés de santé ne sont pas véritablement satisfaisantes. Avec la loi de santé du 26 janvier 2016 une rupture est faite. Cette loi, en plus d'apporter des modifications au groupement de coopération sanitaire permet la création d'un nouvel outil : le groupement hospitalier de territoire. Tous les établissements publics de santé doivent, sauf exception, être membre d'un groupement hospitalier de territoire. On pense "parcours" et "projet médical partagé" à l'échelle d'un territoire de santé. Pourtant, dans la pratique il est apparu que le groupement hospitalier de territoire n'était pas encore un outil pleinement opérationnel. Il a alors été nécessaire d'adopter une démarche prospective et d'émettre des propositions d'évolution pour que la coopération entre établissements de santé puisse véritablement être considérée comme un levier majeur permettant d’avoir un système de santé plus efficient / The cooperation of recent legislative reforms has been preferred to other restructuring tools. However, in the early 2000s, it appears that cooperation between public and private health facilities is not really satisfactory. With the law of health a break is made. This law, in addition to making changes to the sanitary cooperation grouping tool allows the creation of a new tool: the territorial hospital grouping. All public health establishments must, except in exceptional cases, be members of a regional hospital group. One thinks "course" and "shared medical project" at the scale of a territory of health. However, in practice it became clear that the territorial hospital grouping was not yet a fully convincing tool. It was then necessary to adopt a forward-looking approach and make proposals for changes so that cooperation between health care institutions could truly be considered as a major lever for a more efficient health system

O presente trabalho investigou o efeito de histórias de cooperação e não-cooperação sobre a escolha de um participante entre uma alternativa de cooperação e uma alternativa individual. Os participantes formaram duplas com um confederado e ambos escolheram entre cartões azuis e verdes. Cooperação foi definida como o participante e o confederado escolherem o cartão azul e a alternativa individual foi definida como um ou ambos escolherem o cartão verde. Os participantes foram expostos a três fases experimentais: Fase Inicial, Fase de História e Fase de Teste. Na Fase Inicial (4 tentativas) e na Fase de História (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o participante recebia 5 pontos e o confederado 2 pontos. Quando um dos dois ou ambos escolhiam o cartão verde, ambos recebiam 2 pontos. Na Fase de Teste (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o confederado recebia 5 pontos e o participante 2 pontos. Caso um ou ambos escolhessem o cartão verde, os dois recebiam 2 pontos. Os participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Cooperação e Individual) que se diferenciavam pela escolha do confederado. Em ambos os grupos, na Fase Inicial, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde e azul alternadamente. Na Fase de História e na Fase de Teste do Grupo Cooperação, o confederado escolheu o cartão azul em todas as tentativas. Enquanto que no Grupo Individual, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde na Fase de História e o cartão azul na Fase de Teste. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes do Grupo Cooperação escolheram o cartão azul em aproximadamente 11 de 15 tentativas na Fase de Teste, produzindo iniquidade desfavorável para ele, enquanto os do Grupo Individual escolheram o cartão azul aproximadamente em 1 de 15 tentativas. Conclui-se que a escolha de um dos participantes (ou confederado) de uma dupla entre produzir ou não iniquidade favorável para o outro participante precisa ser cuidadosamente considerada nos estudos sobre cooperação, já que pode alterar inclusive a função da iniquidade de reforços / This study aimed to investigate what is the effect of different stories of cooperation and non-cooperation on the choice of a participant of a cooperation alternative and a single alternative. Participants worked in pairs with a confederate, and each pair had the task of choosing between a blue card and a green card. If the participant and the confederate chose the blue card, cooperation alternative came into effect; if either or both choose the green card, the individual alternative entered into force. Participants were exposed to three experimental phases: Initial Phase, Phase History and Test Phase. In the Initial Phase (four attempts) and History Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the participant received 5 points and the confederate 2 points. When either or both chose green cards, both received 2 points. In the Test Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the confederate received 5 points and the participant 2 points. If either or both choose the green card, both received 2 points. Participants were divided into two groups (Cooperation and Single), that differed by the choice of confederate. In both groups, in the Initial Phase, the confederate chose the blue card and green alternately. In Phase History and Test Phase of Cooperation Group, the confederate chose the blue card in all attempts. While in the Individual Group the confederate chose the green card in the History Phase and the blue card in the Test Phase. Results indicated that the participants of the Cooperation Group chose the blue card more than 11 of the attempts in the Test Phase, producing unfavorable iniquity for it; while the Individual Group chose at least 2 of attempts. We conclude that the experimental history is an important variable to be considered in studies of cooperation, and the fact that the reinforcements of iniquity does or does not aversive properties depends more on other variables than necessarily of iniquity itself

Tidigare studier beskriver vikten av samarbete inom hela vårdsektorn för att skapa en patientsäker vård. En jämn arbetsbörda och tillräckligt med personal är också betydelsefullt. Denna studie undersökte balansen ansträngning-belöning, överengagemang och om det samvarierar med samarbetsförmåga och trivsel i arbetsgrupper inom vården. Genom att använda Effort-Reward-Imbalance model mättes balansen ansträngning-belöning samt överengagemang på arbetet. Via enkäter och intervjuer undersöktes även samarbetsförmåga och trivsel. Av totalt 148 enkäter var respondenterna 78 kvinnor, 12 män, och 8 annat. Respondenternas ålder var mellan 26-65 år. Fyra respondenter intervjuades. Studien visade att balansen ansträngning-belöning inte tycks spela någon roll för samarbetsförmågan i arbetsgruppen. Respondenternas subjektiva upplevelse mynnade ut i sex centrala teman. Respondenterna framförde vikten av att arbeta i team, vilket även tidigare forskning visat. Arbetstagare inom vården verkar uppleva ett gott samarbete och trivsel på sina arbetsplatser, vilket är motsatsen till dagens lägesrapporter. Studien ger därför en annan synvinkel på vårdyrket.

In order to reduce their predation risk, species have evolved a range of anti-predator behaviours. One co-ordinated anti-predator behaviour present in some group-living species is sentinel behaviour. In this behaviour individuals take up an elevated position and scan for threats, providing an alarm when one is spotted. However, this behaviour can lead to social conflict. Sentinel behaviour is a public good, i.e. the benefits are felt by all group members, but the costs only accrue to the actor. Thus it may be open to free loading, requiring individuals to monitor collaborators to prevent cheats. Additionally, individuals may vary in their alarm call reliability, which may select individuals to alter their behaviour based on caller ID. Monitoring others requires individuals to be closely associated, yet individuals may be spread out. For instance, foraging groups may be some distance from their nest, yet nestlings are particularly vulnerable. Adults should reduce their number of nest visits if a threat is nearby, so individuals returning from the nest may be selected to communicate about any perceived threats. Additionally, when perceiving threats, species need not use only conspecific information, because heterospecifics can also provide relevant information. In this thesis, I test these ideas in the Southern Pied Babbler (Turdoides bicolor), and I show that a) pied babblers monitor the quantity and quality of group-mates’ anti-predator behaviour; b) babblers accompany naïve sentinels and I investigate whether this may be related to anti-predator teaching; c) babblers do not appear to actively communicate about perceived nest threats because they do not alter their provisioning rate based on heterospecific derived anti-predator information; while d) avian heterospecifics are more prevalent in the presence of pied babblers, and can be attracted to areas by playback of pied babbler calls. These results show that species monitor both conspecifics and heterospecifics, and alter their behaviour based on the information they collect.