<p>Stress är en riskfaktor för hälsan och blir allt vanligare i de yngre befolkningsgrupperna. Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att beskriva skolsköterskors, mentorers, lärare och kuratorers uppfattningar av stressförekomst bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta. Studien var baserad på en enkätundersökning. Resultatet som framkom var att deltagarna uppfattade att ungdomarna var stressade. Skolan tolkades som den största stressfaktorn. Huvudvärk ansågs vara det vanligaste symtomet. Åtgärder som föreslogs för att hantera stress var, att ungdomarna behövde hjälp att planera och prioritera sitt skolarbete. Ett ökat stöd hemifrån samt hjälp att begränsa fritidsaktiviteter och en ökad samverkan mellan lärare ansågs även vara viktigt. Slutsatsen blev att stress bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta förekom. Insatser inom skolans organisation angående stressprevention bör ge redskap och kunskap till ungdomar om stresshantering. För att kunna öka möjligheten till en bättre hälsa bland ungdomar ansåg vi att samverkan var ett område att studera närmare.</p> / <p>Stress is a risk factor for the health and becomes all the more common in the younger groups of the population. The aim with the work in question was to describe school nurses’, mentors’, teachers’ and school welfare officers’ views of stress occurrence among youths in eighth grade. The study was based on an opinion poll. The result showed that the participants considered the young people as being stressed. School was looked upon as the largest stress factor. Headache was considered as the most common symptom. Measures proposed to handle stress were that the young people needed help to plan and prioritize their school work. An increased support from home and help to limit leisure-time activities and an increased cooperation between teachers were also regarded as important. The conclusion was that stress among youths in eighth grade occurred. Initiatives within the organization of school concerning stress prevention should give tools and knowledge to young people about stress handling. In order to increase the possibility for a better health among young people we were of the opinion that cooperation was one area to study closer.</p>

Ce travail présente nos principales contributions à la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire en environnements déterministe et stochastique. Au niveau des métaheuristiques, une vue unifiée de la conception de métaheuristiques à solution unique et de métaheuristiques multi-objective est proposée. Cette unification a permis notamment de retravailler la plateforme ParadisEO afin d'offrir plus de flexibilité et de polyvalence. La synthèse des travaux présente également une vue unifiée des métaheuristiques coopératives. Nous montrons que cette vue convient aussi bien pour des coopérations entre métaheuristiques que des coopération entre des métaheuristiques et des méthodes exactes mais également des coopérations entre des métaheuristiques et des algorithmes d'extraction de connaissances. Différents exemples de coopérations réalisées dans mes travaux de recherche illustent ces coopérations et leur application à des problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire mono- et multi-objectif. Cette habilitation se termine par la présentation de travaux réalisés en optimisation stochastique notamment dans le cadre de l'optimisation sous incertitude et de l'optimisation dynamique. L'importance des critères de robustesse est discutée ainsi que l'intérêt et la mise en œuvre de méthodes coopératives dans un contexte dynamique. Les principales applications présentées on été réalisées sur des problèmes en transport et logistique ainsi qu'en biologie dans le cadre de l'ANR Dock.

<p>This thesis investigates the possibilities to extend a tactical air combat simulator, named TACSI, with support for team behavior in fight and attack scenarios. A model for describing teamwork has been developed. The model uses plans and primitive team actions to achieve goals. A social structure is used to transfer the responsibility for making decisions from the team to a single agent within the team. Special care have been taken to allow an effctive distribution of targets within the team. In order to test the concepts of the model and to evaluate the applicability in TACSI, a limited implementation of the team behavior model have been made. The results show that the concepts of the model works and that the model is applicable in TACSI, but some things is left to be specified in order to make a complete implementation.</p>

<p>The aim of this paper is to discuss the impediments to adopting sustainabletransportation in developing countries using tricycles in Nigeria as a case study.Two Executives of Chongqing Beyond Company in China, Marketing Managerof Kayemel Tricycle in India, Brand Manager of keke POeT, the chairman ofTricycle Association, Idewu Routes, the chairman of Tricycle Association,Liverpool Routes and a member of Transport Committee, Obafemi AwolowoUniversity (OAU) were interviewed. Data was also gathered throughquestionnaires for a total of fifteen drivers of different tricycle types on differentroute and a total of twenty passengers picked at random from Idewu Route,Liverpool Route and OAU campus.It was discovered under the lenses of relevant Green Marketing literature thatthe data supports some theoretical findings in their respective fields but alsocounters some other theoretic findings. It came to the conclusion that concept ofdominant demand, commercial stakeholders’ cooperation and effective qualityprogram advocated by some of the green marketing literature are very effectivemarketing tactics in the success of green tricycles adoption in Nigeria.</p>

<p>On March 28, 2007, at a national conference concerning Special Education in Norrköping Jan Björklund, School Minister for the Alliance Party of Sweden announced that the previous Government's proposal for changes to the existing Special Education System would be rejected. This proposal known as “Quality and Cooperation – Education for Children, Youths and Adults with Disabilities” (Kvalitet och samverkan – om utbildning för barn, unga och vuxna med utvecklingsstörning)was based upon a four year study done by the Carlbeck Committee aimed at a general overhaul of the Special Education System and focusing in particular on bringing Special Education into closer contact with the normal Education System.</p><p>This decision was met with shock and amazement from the conference members, and following the conference from members of the Swedish Downs Syndrome Association as well as FUB – "The Swedish National Association for Persons with Intellectual Disability", and researchers in the field of Disability Studies. The decision, according to them, moves in the opposite direction to the international movement towards a more inclusive perspective on education. This study examines “For Us Together”, the document upon which the rejected proposal was based upon, interviews from the individuals engaged in the Special Education field, and “More Knowledge - A Modern Educational Proposal” a proposal from the Alliance government regarding changes to the Educational System. This information is then filtered through the Pedagogical theories of Peder Haug, A Norwegian Researcher, found in Pedagogical Dilemma – Special Education.” The aim of the study is to shed light upon, and eventually speculate upon the reasons for this decision, as well it's possible consequences.</p><p>The conclusions reached involve issues such as: The Educational System's obligation to provide the tools necessary to live and succeed in Society; a raising of the national consciousness concerning Sweden's tendency towards Compensatory Special Educational solutions; the possibility of future advancements in Special Education towards a satisfactory treatment of all involved.</p>

<p>The general aim of this paper is to describe how the European Union can affect and transfer their conditionality politics to the Western Balkan countries. A specific purpose of this study is to describe and explain what we in this paper consider to be a specific additional membership criterion, regional cooperation that has been especially designed for this region. The point of departure for this paper is Europeanization theory that will be used to study the European Union’s impact on non EU-members in Europe. The theoretical Europeanization mechanisms are taken from Heather Grabbes “Europeanization model”. A descriptive case study method together with a theory consuming method will be used. After the wars in former Yugoslavia the now independent countries started in their own pace to move closer the European Union. The problems the individual countries faced in the beginning of the 21^st century were much a consequence of the war. This lead the European Union to establish a special political and economical regional framework, where regional cooperation was emphasized. Regional cooperation developed into one of the most important elements in the EU´s relation with the countries and is made a specific requirement under the Stabilization- and association process. Implications this paper makes are that regional cooperation can be considered as a specific requirement the EU use in the Western Balkan countries membership process and that EU have a series of “influencing tools” which works to promote regional cooperation in the Western Balkans.</p><!--EndFragment-->

<p>The purpose of the study is to investigate and elucidate how and why municipalities cooperate across municipal boundaries with destination development. To answer the purpose the authors chose two research questions:</p><p>What are the incentives of cooperation between the municipalities in Roslagen? What are the possibilities and difficulties of cooperation? In order to answer the research questions interviews with local business managers, administrative director, the acting Head of destination and tourist office staff were made. Municipalities have signed a cooperation agreement in October/November 2008, where they will work more formal together to strengthen the destination Roslagen. The result of the study shows that the main motive for municipal cooperation is the sharing of financial resources to promote and develop the destination Roslagen together. The possibilities are that Roslagen can market themselves both nationally and internationally through its partners Stockholm Visitors Board, Visit Skärgården and Visit Sweden. Difficulties in the cooperation are that the destination Roslagen lacks a major commercial operator who can control the development by coordinating the private and public sectors.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study has been to explore the expectations of the primary school on the activities of the pre-school. In order to limit the study I have chosen to compare the expectations found in two different schools. In the first case, the pre-school is integrated with the after-school centre and grade one to three (primary school), into the same building. In the other case, the pre-school share localities with the after-school centre in a separate building, with its own yard, within the primary school area. Since the purpose is rather comprehensive, it has been divided into sub-themes with separate set of questions. The sub-themes chosen are in themselves factors, which I believe to be of importance for the main purpose. I have used a qualitative method, why the answer may not be generalised, but give us a deeper understanding of the main question in my research, I have interviewed teachers and pre-school teachers as well as used curriculums and existing research, in order to shed light on the main question from different scientific perspectives. The result of this study shows, that the integration of the pre-school within the primary school, may be of great importance for cooperation and communication. The primary school’s expectations, however, seems to be more the result of the teacher’s and preschool teacher’s interpretations of the curriculums.</p>

The imperfections of the propagation channel due to channel fading and the self-generated noise from the RF front-end of the receiver cause errors in the received signal in electronic communication systems. When network coding is applied, more errors occur because of error propagation due to the inexact decoding process. In this dissertation we present a system called Partial Network Coding with Cooperation (PNC-COOP) for wireless ad hoc networks. It is a system which combines opportunistic network coding with decode-and-forward cooperative diversity, in order to reduce this error propagation by trading off some transmission degrees of freedom. PNC-COOP is a decentralized, energy efficient strategy which provides a substantial benefit over opportunistic network coding when transmission power is a concern. The proposed scheme is compared with both opportunistic network coding and conventional multi-hop transmission analytically and through simulation. Using a 3-hop communication scenario, in a 16-node wireless ad hoc network, it is shown that PNC-COOP improves the BER performance by 5 dB compared to opportunistic network coding. On average, it reduces the energy used by each sender node around 10% and reduces the overall transmitted energy of the network by 3.5%. When retransmission is applied, it is shown analytically that PNC-COOP performs well at relatively low to medium SNR while the throughput is comparable to that of opportunistic network coding. The effectiveness of both opportunistic network coding and PNC-COOP depends not only on the amount of network coding but also on other factors that are analyzed and discussed in this dissertation. / Graduation date: 2011 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from May 12, 2011 - May 12, 2012

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-288).