This dissertation employs an organizational approach to examine how reentry organizations seek to provide social value as public-private partnerships with the mission statement of aiding the reintegration of the formerly incarcerated. With the help of a case study of a reentry organization in Cleveland, Ohio, I examine the sociological significance of the discursive “brokerage metaphor” of reentry organizations as brokers of the social and cultural capital the formerly incarcerated require as catalysts for their reintegration back into society. Based on ethnographic data and in-depth field interviews collected over a period of 16 months in Cleveland, Ohio, my research finds that the “brokerage metaphor” for reentry elides important factors which play an integral role in the organizational behavior of reentry organizations and the sociological experience of reentry for the formerly incarcerated. These other factors notably include the competitive and regulatory organizational environment of the reentry organization, and the intersectional identities of formerly incarcerated women. These external factors reveal the paradox of the public-private partnership represented by the reentry organization wherein some obstacles that stymie the objectives of the reentry organization might be attributed to its public partner, the government. Furthermore, my research finds that besides the brokerage of social and cultural capital, reentry organizations as public-private partnerships provide other tangible benefits for achieving the reentry of the formerly incarcerated, such as a remove from the carceral continuum that invites participation and creates the space for community-building. This dissertation research advances a new direction for the study of public-private partnerships wherein the lens of inquiry is not merely on the private partner, rather, the spotlight is also trained on the external impediments that prevent the organization from achieving full social value. This direction for research bodes well for determining appropriate and effective ethical policy interventions to addressing pressing social problems through public-private partnerships and social enterprise.

A fronteira é uma área fragilizada; o trânsito livre de pessoas na região faz com que ela seja altamente vigiada, tanto para a segurança quanto o contrabando e tráfico. Essa facilidade de acesso no transito entre os países, traz um número de pessoas que fazem um trajeto longo, muitas vezes com risco de vida eminente, em busca de assistência médica, inexistente no seu país de origem. O pagamento dessa fatura é de responsabilidade do país que realizou o atendimento, assim como a estatística. Os gestores estaduais e municipais tentam contornar essa situação da melhor maneira possível, sem causar perdas financeiras no seu orçamento. A partir da experiência internacional de parcerias entre cidades de fronteira (transfronteirização), esta dissertação tem como eixo principal analisar o caso do município de Foz do Iguaçu, onde a problemática da política brasileira de saúde nas fronteiras se revela em sua potência máxima. O trabalho apresenta a situação do financiamento da saúde na fronteira oeste do Estado do Paraná, propondo um termo de cooperação na assistência e no financiamento. / The frontier is a fragile area. Free traffic of people in this frontier region makes it highly monitored as to safety and as to restrain smuggling and drugs trafficking. Facility of access within coutries, brings in a great number of people who travel a long way, many times, facing great eminent death hazard, in search of medical care that does not exist in their home country. When they are assisted, payment is due to the country responsible for health care Managers try to overcome this situation and avoid financial losses. Inspired by European experience of partnerships between neighbor towns of different countries, this thesis analyzes the situation in Foz do Iguaçu city, where the problem of Brazilian health politics in the frontier is revealed at its maximum. The work presents the health financing situation in the West frontier of Parana State, proposing a cooperation term for health care and health financing, which would allow treatment for this population by Brazilian health system.

Since the second half of the 20th century in Asia is evident the emergence of the new centers of economic growth. The success of the Asian newly industrialized countries is followed by different in character but also dynamic development of the Asian newly industrialized countries of the second generation. The growing economic powers in Asia as also in global measures are China and India. The importance of these countries in the context of the global economy will be likely to increase. However, these countries face many typical for developing countries constraints of the economic and social development. This paper describes the European Union's approach to development cooperation with the states of South and Southeast Asia, its application, effectiveness, and in particular the importance of modern optimal growth of these countries for the future of the EU in terms of its growth and sustainable development.

Les systèmes pair-à-pair (P2P) sont utilisés par des millions d'usagers tous les jours. Dans beaucoup de cas, un usager souhaite communiquer, échanger du contenu ou des services à travers différents systèmes P2P. Cela requiert de la coopération entre les différents systèmes P2P, ce qui est très souvent difficile ou même impossible à obtenir, à cause des raisons suivantes; in primis, l'absence d'une infrastructure de routage entre les réseaux, ce qui rend la communication étanche et, in secundis, l'incompatibilité des protocoles et des opérations des susdits systèmes. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est celui de permettre la coopération entre systèmes P2P. La thèse introduit un cadre de coopération rétro-compatible entre systèmes P2P hétérogènes constitué de deux parties. La première est un cadre de routage intra-réseaux permettant à des réseaux hétérogènes de communiquer. La deuxième est une application coopérative, conçue à l'aide et au travers du cadre de routage, dont l'objectif est celui de résoudre les incompatibilités protocolaires des systèmes P2P sous-jacents. Comme étude de cas de notre cadre de coopération, on présente une solution complète permettant une coopération entre des réseaux P2P spécialisés dans l'échange des fichiers pouvant s'appliquer aux réseaux P2P actuels. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on présente une étude de cas d'usage de notre architecture d'interconnexion des réseaux P2P pour la collecte et la gestion des données dans réseaux d'électricité intelligents. / Peer-to-peer systems are used by millions of users every day. In many scenarios, it is desirable for the users from different P2P systems to communicate and exchange content or services with each other. This requires co-operation between the P2P systems, which is often difficult or impossible, due to the two following reasons. First is the lack of an inter-overlay routing infrastructure throughout these systems, caused by the incompatibilities in overlay networks on top of which they are built. Second, there are incompatibilities in the application protocols of these systems. The main topic of this thesis is enabling the cooperation between P2P systems. The thesis introduces a cooperation framework for backward-compatible cooperating heterogeneous P2P systems which constitutes two parts. The first one is an inter-overlay routing framework which allows to inter-routing between heterogeneous overlay networks. The second one is the cooperation application, built on the top of the inter-overlay routing framework, which aims at solving the incompatibilities in the application protocols of P2P systems. As a case study of the cooperation framework, we introduce a complete solution for cooperating P2P file-sharing networks which is applicable for all current P2P file-sharing networks. In the second topic of this thesis, we investigate a case study of using inter-connecting P2P overlays for collecting and managing data in smart grid, a typical example of cyber physical system.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os tratamentos preconizados para o cÃncer de colo do Ãtero e cÃncer de mama sÃo agressivos e transformam significativamente as relaÃÃes sociais e pessoais da mulher, motivos pelos quais muitas delas apresentam entraves na adesÃo ao tratamento proposto. Dentre os objetivos do estudo destacam-se: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a escala Adherence Determinants Questionnaire para a lÃngua Portuguesa no contexto brasileiro e verificar a confiabilidade e a validade da escala Adherence Determinants Questionnaire- VersÃo Brasileira para analisar os elementos da adesÃo dos pacientes ao tratamento clÃnico do cÃncer de mama e de colo do Ãtero. Trata-se de um estudo metodolÃgico realizado em dois centros de referÃncia em oncologia do estado do CearÃ. A amostra foi composta por 196 mulheres em tratamento do cÃncer de colo do Ãtero e cÃncer de mama que foram entrevistadas no perÃodo de maio a julho de 2012. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulÃrio que abordava dados sÃcio demogrÃficos, fatores de risco, comportamentais e fatores relacionados ao tratamento, alÃm da escala Adherence Determinants Questionnaire- VersÃo Brasileira. Um comità de especialistas realizou a validaÃÃo de conteÃdo da escala Adherence Determinants Questionnaire- VersÃo Brasileira, em que foram feitos ajustes para a formaÃÃo da versÃo prÃ-final. A validaÃÃo de construto se deu pela anÃlise fatorial utilizando a anÃlise dos componentes principais com rotaÃÃo varimax que sugeriu a reduÃÃo de sete para cinco fatores, bem como a permanÃncia dos 38 itens semelhante à escala original. A confiabilidade da escala averiguada pelo alfa de Cronbach foi 0,829, revelando uma alta consistÃncia interna. A validade do construto, por meio da comparaÃÃo de grupos contrastados, mostrou que nÃo houve diferenÃa na adesÃo ao tratamento entre mulheres com cÃncer de colo do Ãtero e de mama. Relacionando as variÃveis sÃcio demogrÃficas com os domÃnios, verificou-se que a escolaridade apresentou significÃncia estatÃstica com a intenÃÃo que a mulher possui de aderir ao tratamento. As mulheres em estudo mostraram uma alta adesÃo ao tratamento do cÃncer, sendo o apoio social e a percepÃÃo da severidade do cÃncer como as principais barreiras de adesÃo ao tratamento. A escolaridade tambÃm pode influenciar de forma significativa na intenÃÃo que a mulher possui de aderir ou nÃo ao tratamento. Conclui-se, portanto, que a escala Adherence Determinants Questionnaire- VersÃo Brasileira à um instrumento, vÃlido, confiÃvel e capaz de mensurar os elementos de adesÃo ao tratamento do cÃncer, pois ela permite identificar os subcomponentes relacionados à adesÃo que requerem uma maior atenÃÃo por parte dos profissionais, com o propÃsito de reduzir as barreiras de adesÃo ao tratamento do cÃncer. Ademais, o instrumento tambÃm aponta elementos que podem ser reforÃados positivamente e servirem de apoio no intuito de melhorar as dificuldades vivenciadas durante a terapÃutica do cÃncer e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida dessa populaÃÃo.

O presente trabalho investigou o efeito de histórias de cooperação e não-cooperação sobre a escolha de um participante entre uma alternativa de cooperação e uma alternativa individual. Os participantes formaram duplas com um confederado e ambos escolheram entre cartões azuis e verdes. Cooperação foi definida como o participante e o confederado escolherem o cartão azul e a alternativa individual foi definida como um ou ambos escolherem o cartão verde. Os participantes foram expostos a três fases experimentais: Fase Inicial, Fase de História e Fase de Teste. Na Fase Inicial (4 tentativas) e na Fase de História (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o participante recebia 5 pontos e o confederado 2 pontos. Quando um dos dois ou ambos escolhiam o cartão verde, ambos recebiam 2 pontos. Na Fase de Teste (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o confederado recebia 5 pontos e o participante 2 pontos. Caso um ou ambos escolhessem o cartão verde, os dois recebiam 2 pontos. Os participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Cooperação e Individual) que se diferenciavam pela escolha do confederado. Em ambos os grupos, na Fase Inicial, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde e azul alternadamente. Na Fase de História e na Fase de Teste do Grupo Cooperação, o confederado escolheu o cartão azul em todas as tentativas. Enquanto que no Grupo Individual, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde na Fase de História e o cartão azul na Fase de Teste. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes do Grupo Cooperação escolheram o cartão azul em aproximadamente 11 de 15 tentativas na Fase de Teste, produzindo iniquidade desfavorável para ele, enquanto os do Grupo Individual escolheram o cartão azul aproximadamente em 1 de 15 tentativas. Conclui-se que a escolha de um dos participantes (ou confederado) de uma dupla entre produzir ou não iniquidade favorável para o outro participante precisa ser cuidadosamente considerada nos estudos sobre cooperação, já que pode alterar inclusive a função da iniquidade de reforços / This study aimed to investigate what is the effect of different stories of cooperation and non-cooperation on the choice of a participant of a cooperation alternative and a single alternative. Participants worked in pairs with a confederate, and each pair had the task of choosing between a blue card and a green card. If the participant and the confederate chose the blue card, cooperation alternative came into effect; if either or both choose the green card, the individual alternative entered into force. Participants were exposed to three experimental phases: Initial Phase, Phase History and Test Phase. In the Initial Phase (four attempts) and History Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the participant received 5 points and the confederate 2 points. When either or both chose green cards, both received 2 points. In the Test Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the confederate received 5 points and the participant 2 points. If either or both choose the green card, both received 2 points. Participants were divided into two groups (Cooperation and Single), that differed by the choice of confederate. In both groups, in the Initial Phase, the confederate chose the blue card and green alternately. In Phase History and Test Phase of Cooperation Group, the confederate chose the blue card in all attempts. While in the Individual Group the confederate chose the green card in the History Phase and the blue card in the Test Phase. Results indicated that the participants of the Cooperation Group chose the blue card more than 11 of the attempts in the Test Phase, producing unfavorable iniquity for it; while the Individual Group chose at least 2 of attempts. We conclude that the experimental history is an important variable to be considered in studies of cooperation, and the fact that the reinforcements of iniquity does or does not aversive properties depends more on other variables than necessarily of iniquity itself

Development aid has long been a major policy tool of the discourse and policy practiceof bilateral and multilateral donors alike. Originally used for servicing the reconstructionof post-war economies and the wider geo-political aspirations of the period, moderndevelopment aid was quickly transformed to an ever-growing industry which hasexpanded to the most remote locations of the globe. Large countries and internationalorganisations swiftly set up a variety of specialised agencies, institutes and researchcentres in order to promote their aid programmes and projects to the poor countries ofthe South. The persistent failure of the development industry to achieve substantialresults in the poorest regions of the world has meant that discourse and priority areashave been redirected multiple times according to the trends of every period. However, itis not clear how far development practice actually alters in correspondence with changesin aid discourse. This dissertation provides an empirical study of the relationshipbetween the two in the context of the move to bottom-up 'partnership' discourse andJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) development practise in Ghana. During the last ten years Ghana has geared its development policies towards achievingthe Millennium Development Goals and entering the group of countries classified ashaving (lower) middle-income status. Major donor agencies like JICA have gathered inthe country to provide their 'expertise' and to 'assist' Ghana in reaching the targets ofthe Millennium Declaration. Drawing from two JICA case studies of TechnicalCooperation for Capacity Development in Ghana in health and education this thesissheds light on the differences between JICA's aid rhetoric and practice. This studyargues that despite JICA's aid discourse for a 'demand-driven', 'relevant' and'participatory' aid understanding, its implementation practice contradicts the substantivenormative meanings of these terms and is instead reticent of the past orthodox and 'topdown'aid practices of big donor countries and organisations.

Chan Wai Shun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-216). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.III / 緒論 --- p.IV / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VII / ABBREVIATIONS / LIST OF TABLES / LISTS OF FIGURES --- p.XII / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Policy Background --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptualization of Terms --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thematic Framework of the Whole Dissertation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodology and Research Limitations --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- The Selection of Case --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- The Articulation of Narratives and Discourses --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- The Source of Narratives and Discourses --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- The Methodological Limitations --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6 --- Potential Contributions --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Contributions to Academic Community --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Contributions to the Diplomatic Community --- p.23 / Chapter 1.7 --- Chapter Summary and the Preview of the Dissertation --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- A THEORETICAL REVIEW ON EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- IR Theories and their Application in European Neighbourhood Policy --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Realism and its Variation --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Liberal Institutionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Constructivism and its Application --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Problems of the Traditional IR Theories --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Maltreatment of Bargaining Game within EU --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Maltreatment of EU Polity --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Maltreatment of EU Foreign Policy --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- From IR ThEories to Policy-oriented Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Enlargement Experience of the Usual Reference --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Cross-pillar Characteristics of ENP --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Criticisms of the Policy-oriented Approach --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Common Shortfalls of IR Theories and Policy-oriented Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5 --- Chapter Summary and Preview of Next Chapter --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- THE TANGLED RELATIONS BETWEEN IDENTITIES AND INTERESTS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Political Context of European Union in the 21ST Century --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The End of Cold War --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Rise of Transnational Challenges --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- The Big-bang Enlargement in 2004 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Demand for a European Identity --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Common Objective: the Maintenance of EU Institutional Stability --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Established States: Striving for the Ownership of the Order --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The New Acceding States: Searching for Justification --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- The European Commission: Pushing for the Supranational Europe --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Supply of European Identities --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Europe as the Christendom --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Europe as a Disintegrated System of Nation-states --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Europe as the Frontier of Capitalism --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Unsatisfied Demand-Supply - The Limitations of European Identity --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Lacking of Shared Roots --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Absence of Territorial Space --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- "Absence of the"" Others´ح" --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Reconstruction of Post Cold War Identity --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- The Symbolic Creation of the EU Commons --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- The Copenhagen Criteria --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- The EU Constitutional Project --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6 --- From Identities to Policy - Liberal-Discursive Constructivism --- p.86 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Constructivist Understanding of European Foreign Policy --- p.86 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Liberal Conception of European Identity Bargaining --- p.87 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Discursive Reading of Boundary Formation --- p.92 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Summary and Preview of Next Chapter --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- THE CONTESTATION BETWEEN THE ACTORS - “PROXIMITY´ح --- p.99 / Chapter 4.1 --- EU Policies Prior to the Proximity Policy --- p.99 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- European Economic Area --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Euro-Mediterranean Partnership --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Partnership and Cooperation Agreements --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Proximity Policy as the First Label --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Proximity as the Mapping of European Space --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Proximity as the Reflection of European Project --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3 --- Chapter Summary and Preview of Next Chapter --- p.120 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- THE COMMISSION-LED NARRATION - “WIDER EUROPE´ح --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1 --- Representation of “WIder Europe´ح --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Core Europe as the Land of Prosperity and Stability --- p.122 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Wider Europe as an Empire of Unity in Diversity --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- European Union as a Benevolent Normative Civilian Power --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2 --- Policy Practice in Wider Europe --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3 --- Play of Discursive Practices in Winder Europe --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- A Freezing Relation towards the WNIS --- p.138 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- A Pseudo European Economic Area --- p.140 / Chapter 5.4 --- Chapter Summary and Preview of Next Chapter --- p.143 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- THE COUNCIL-LED NARRATION - “EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD´ح --- p.145 / Chapter 6.1 --- Changes in Representation in ENP --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- From Friends to Partners/Neighbours --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- From Friendly Neighbourhood to Problematic Neighbourhood --- p.152 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- From Responsibility to Reciprocity --- p.157 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- More Differentiation but Less Distinction --- p.163 / Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Practice in ENP --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3 --- Play of Discursive Practice in ENP --- p.171 / Chapter 6.4 --- Chapter Summary and Preview of Next Chapter --- p.174 / Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- CONCLUSION --- p.176 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summarization of the Empirical Findings --- p.176 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- European Identity in Wider Europe --- p.178 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- .European Identity in European Neighbourhood Policy --- p.181 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- The Institutional Bargaining Game --- p.183 / Chapter 7.2 --- Further Implications from the Thematic Framework --- p.187 / Chapter 7.3 --- Application of the Framework in Other Areas of European Foreign Policy --- p.188 / Chapter 7.4 --- Future Research Possibility --- p.192 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.193

Chan, Chun Him = 論競爭環境中出現的協作現象 / 陳俊謙. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan, Chun Him = Lun jing zheng huan jing zhong chu xian de xie zuo xian xiang / Chen Junqian. / Title / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / Chapter 1 --- Prologue --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Prisoners' Dilemma and Snowdrift Game --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Formulation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Prisoners，Dilemma (PD) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Snowdrift Game (SG) --- p.9 / Chapter 2.5 --- Parameterizing Payoffs in PD --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- The Temptation Reward Punishment Sucker System (TRPS system) --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- "Our Expanded 2-parameter System (r, s system)" --- p.10 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Our 1-parameter System (r system) --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- The Benefit and Cost System (BC system) --- p.11 / Chapter 2.6 --- Parameterizing Payoffs in SG --- p.12 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- A Common 1-parameter System (rh system) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Our 1-parameter System (r system) --- p.13 / Chapter 3 --- Iterated Prisoners' Dilemma (IPD) --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- Tragedy of One-shot PD Game --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- The First Cooperation --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Repeated PD Game --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Axelrod´ةs Tournament and Strategy “Tit-for-Tat´ح (TFT) --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Second Cooperation --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Nowak and Sigmund Evolutionary Experiment --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Stochastic Reactive Strategies (SRSs) and Evolutionary Infinite IPD --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Conclusion: TFT as a Pivot for Cooperation --- p.22 / Chapter 4 --- Evolutionary IPD with Strategy Lattices --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sensitivity to Initial Conditions and Numerical Accuracy in IPD --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- Modifications and Justifications --- p.24 / Chapter 4.3 --- Simulation Results --- p.26 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Strategy Frequencies Xi(t) versus Time --- p.27 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Mean Final State in the Whole r, s Space" --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Time Evolution of (p) and (q) --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Mean Final State of a Strategy Lattice with Inclined Frequencies --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.50 / Chapter 5 --- Egoistic Exploiters Induced Global Generosity in Evolutionary IPD --- p.52 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 5.2 --- Modifications and Justifications --- p.52 / Chapter 5.3 --- "The Three Initial Conditions: Cases TO, T1 and T2" --- p.53 / Chapter 5.4 --- Simulation Results --- p.54 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Distribution of the Final Dominant Strategies --- p.54 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Case TO (100 Random Strategies) --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Case T1 (99 Random Strategies and a TFT-like Strategy) --- p.58 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Case T2 (98 Random Strategies and both a TFT-like and an AllD-like Strategies) --- p.58 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Comparing the Three Cases --- p.61 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 5.5 --- Analytic Manipulations for Small r Region --- p.65 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Values of (pmps) and (qmps) for Case T2 --- p.65 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Values of {pmps) and {qmps) for Case TO and T1 --- p.68 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.71 / Chapter 6 --- The Basics of Networks --- p.72 / Chapter 6.1 --- Fully-connected Networks and Well-mixed Networks --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2 --- Simple Hypercubic Lattices --- p.73 / Chapter 6.3 --- Barabasi-Albert (BA) Scale-free Growing Networks --- p.74 / Chapter 7 --- Proposing the N-person Snowdrift Game (NSG) --- p.76 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.76 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations of 2-person Games on Networks --- p.76 / Chapter 7.3 --- The Existing N-person Games --- p.77 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- The Public Good Game (PGG) --- p.78 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The N-person Battle of Sexes Games (NBOS) --- p.78 / Chapter 7.4 --- The NSG Scenario and Payoffs --- p.79 / Chapter 7.5 --- Everyday Examples of NSG --- p.80 / Chapter 7.6 --- Preview of Studies in Evolutionary NSG --- p.82 / Chapter 8 --- Evolutionary NSG in Well-mixed Populations --- p.84 / Chapter 8.1 --- The Method of Replicator Dynamics --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2 --- The Simulation Algorithm --- p.90 / Chapter 8.3 --- The Simulated Equilibrium Contributor Fraction x*(r) --- p.91 / Chapter 8.4 --- Analytic Manipulations on the Algorithm --- p.92 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Conversion Probabilities and Equilibrium Conditions --- p.92 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Discussions --- p.94 / Chapter 8.5 --- Analytic Treatments on the Time Evolution of the Contribution Level x(t) --- p.96 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Discrete Time Equation --- p.97 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Continuous Approximations --- p.97 / Chapter 8.5.3 --- Analytical Solutions of N=2 and N=S --- p.98 / Chapter 8.6 --- Conclusion --- p.100 / Chapter 9 --- Evolutionary NSG in Simple Hypercubic Lattices --- p.101 / Chapter 9.1 --- Comparison between Well-mixed and Lattice Populations --- p.101 / Chapter 9.2 --- Simulation Parameters --- p.103 / Chapter 9.3 --- Simulation Results for ID Lattices --- p.103 / Chapter 9.4 --- Analytic Theory for ID Lattices by Analyzing on the Local Configurations --- p.105 / Chapter 9.4.1 --- The Absence of Connected Contributors --- p.105 / Chapter 9.4.2 --- Theory for ID k=2 Chain Lattice --- p.106 / Chapter 9.4.3 --- Theory for ID k=4 Chain Lattice --- p.109 / Chapter 9.5 --- Simulation Results for 2D Lattices --- p.112 / Chapter 9.6 --- Analytic Theory for 2D k=4 Square Lattice --- p.115 / Chapter 9.7 --- Simulation Results for 3D Cubic Lattice --- p.120 / Chapter 9.8 --- Conjectures for Approximate Solutions in High-Dimensional Hy- percubic Lattices --- p.120 / Chapter 9.9 --- Extracting the Relation Neff=2k+1 --- p.122 / Chapter 9.10 --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter A --- Evolutionary NSG in Barabasi-Albert Networks --- p.125 / Chapter A.l --- The New Elements in BA Networks --- p.126 / Chapter A.2 --- The Two Implementations - Model A and Model B --- p.126 / Chapter A.3 --- Results in Model A (Varying-N) --- p.127 / Chapter A.4 --- Results in Model B (Fixed-N) --- p.133 / Chapter A.5 --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter B --- Supplementary Equations for Chapter 9 --- p.136 / Chapter B.l --- Equations for ID k=4 Lattice --- p.136 / Chapter B.2 --- Equations for 2D k=4 Lattice --- p.137 / Bibliography --- p.139

Thesis (M. A. (International Politics)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / Many Western and Central African countries were colonised by France from the early 17th century until the early 1960s. However, Africa has continued to be the private hunting ground for France in the post-independence period. This is because France still needs African resources, particularly its oil. In fact, Africa holds a strategic position for French foreign policy. Therefore, when France gave independence to its African colonies, it did not really mean it was completely disengaging from Africa. In essence, a package was imposed on Francophone African countries which tied them to the revitalised African states to preserve French colonial status. Moreover, France‟s heavy involvement in African countries has earned it a perception of being a police officer of the continent. Within this premise, due to protracted conflicts in French African countries, Francophone Africans bank their hope on France to assist in offering just and lasting solutions to the complex challenges facing their countries. This should be understood within the context that France maintained a significant colonial empire in the continent for almost a century and a half. Nevertheless, France attempts to uphold hegemonic foothold in Francophone Africa through political, economic and cultural connections while the security of Africans is threatened. With this in mind, this study critiques the French foreign policy towards Africa and it uses Ivory Coast and Central African Republic as case studies. These two countries are chosen given their recent conflicts and their assistance in critiquing the French position in African complex challenges. This study also adopted the use of document review and interviews to generate data.