This ethnographic study of the strategies used by pupils in their adjustment to a new class after an individual move to a new school partway through a term considered 30 pupils aged 8-11 entering a Primary School run by the Service Children's Education Authority during the course of an academic year. Previous research suggests that whilst there may be little statistical effect on educational attainment of even frequent changes of school, there are pupils whose attainment seems adversely, and others beneficially, affected. Attempts to associate these pupils with such factors as age at or frequency of moves, socio-economic status or IQ levels have proved unsuccessful. This study utilises the notion of 'coping strategy' as put forward by Hargreaves (1978) and Pollard (1982) to investigate the hypothesis that it is the difference in the strategies that the pupils use that enables some to cope effectively and even benefit from changes of school whilst others appear to suffer. In order to consider the hypothesis this study puts forward an entirely new model of strategies and their use and significantly amends the Hargreaves/Pol lard model of the contexts of constraint. A process of 'progressive focus' is suggested whereby these contexts can be interrelated, individual actions in the classroom can be identified as strategies and linked to goals in progressively wider spheres, and the effect of ineffective strategies can be recognised. Using this model the study: * suggests that pupil adjustment is affected by both their strategies and their goals and provides a description of this process. * suggests that it is not possible to link a simple typification of strategies to any aspect of adjustment * describes the way in which the strategy use of transient pupils could enable them to make higher or lower attainments than their static peers * points to the prevalence of pupil goals in the societal sphere and puts forward a notion of 'radical coping' that explains teachers' serious concerns about the adjustment of some pupils. The basis of teacher interventions with their new pupils is considered and ways in which the model could be used by teachers and parents to assist new pupils in the process of adjustment are put forward. The model, although derived from the situation of new pupils, presents a way in which classroom interactions as a whole could be considered and therefore contributes to a wider understanding of pupil actions and teacher effectiveness.

No description available.

No description available.

Bakgrund:   Parkinsons sjukdom är en vanlig obotlig neurologisk sjukdom. Sjukdomen   innebär en långsam försämring livet ut. Både motoriska och icke-motoriska   symtom har stor inverkan på drabbades livsvärld även om det finns lindrande   läkemedel. Syfte:   Syftet är att undersöka hur personer med Parkinsons sjukdom hanterar sin   sjukdom och finner välbefinnande trots sjukdom. Metod:   Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på fem stycken självbiografier   skrivna av personer med Parkinson sjukdom. Texten har analyserats med   kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat:   Tre huvudkategorier framkom: ”Att få sjukdomen – en resa mot insikt och   kunskap”, ”Ett nytt sätt att leva” och ”Omgivningens betydelse”. Att   acceptera sjukdomen var en process som kunde ta tid. Behov och vilja att lära   sig varierade och ändrades efterhand. Med sjukdomen kom nya behov av att vila   mer och att planera och prioritera sin tid. En positiv attityd och humor var   vanligt att ta till. Familj och vänner gav både stöd och ökade   välbefinnandet. Slutsats:   I mötet med personer med Parkinsons sjukdom är det viktigt att känna av och   anpassa sig till var den personen befinner sig i sin hälsoprocess. Att   uppmuntra till att personen själv testar sig fram och själv söker information.   Det är även viktigt att inkludera närstående om detta är aktuellt då dessa   ofta spelar stor roll för hantering och välbefinnande.

The experience of stress and associated coping responses are often described as playing an important role in the onset of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Despite widespread acceptance of this model, there is little empirical evidence to support such a relationship. This is partly due to a lack of well-designed prospective studies of the onset of psychotic disorders that incorporate different aspects of the stress and coping process. The relatively recent development of validated and reliable criteria for identifying young people at high-risk (UHR) of developing psychosis has enabled the process of onset of psychotic illnesses to be studied more closely than was previously possible. It has also opened the way to the development and evaluation of preventive interventions. This longitudinal study aimed to compare the experiences of stress and coping between a UHR cohort (N = 143) and a group of young people without mental health concerns (HC group, N = 32). In addition, the contribution of stress and coping in the development of acute psychosis in a subgroup of the UHR cohort (UHR-P, n = 18) was also investigated.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Auteursnaam op omslag: Willie Langeland. Met bibliogr., lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. en samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Il est admis que pour atteindre le niveau d’élite en sport qu’au moins dix années d’entrainements et de compétitions sont nécessaires. Cet engagement peut être anéanti par une blessure qu’elle soit mineure, modérée ou sévère. Ainsi nous pensons qu’une réponse psychologique accompagne la phase de réhabilitation et de retour au sport. Il nous est apparu intéressant de mieux comprendre les facteurs psychologiques qui accompagnent la réhabilitation, ainsi nous avons suggérée une analyse des processus psychologiques en quatre points. Un premier point permet d’expliciter le modèle psychologique de réponse aux blessures proposé par Wiese-Bjornatal et al. (1998). Le deuxième point compare les stratégies de coping utilisées par des athlètes blessées et non blessés. Le troisième point porte sur l’évolution des motivations (intrinsèques, extrinsèque et amotivation) du début de la réhabilitation jusqu’au « retour-au-sport » chez des athlètes ayant une blessure modérée. Notre dernier article est une proposition de modélisation des facteurs influençant l’anxiété au cours de la réhabilitation chez des athlètes ayant des blessures sévères. Nos résultats montrent que les athlètes utilisent des stratégies variées au cours de la réhabilitation, ces stratégies sont orientées vers la recherche de solutions centrées sur le problème. Enfin nous suggérons qu’un modèle complétant le modèle de Wiese-Bjornstal et al. (1998) intégrant la problématique du retour au sport permettrait de mieux cerner la complexité des phénomènes psychologiques qui accompagnent la blessure. / It is recognized that to reach elite level in sports at least ten years of trainings and competitions are required. This commitment can be ruined by an injury that is minor, moderate or severe. Thus we believe that psychological response accompanies the rehabilitation process and “return to sport” phase.It's interesting to better understand the psychological factors that accompany the rehabilitation, so we conducted an analysis of the psychological process in four points. The first point underlines the model of psychological response to sport injury proposed by Wiese-Bjornatal et al. (1998). The second point is on the comparison of the coping strategies used by injured and uninjured athletes. The third point concerns the evolution of motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic amotivation) from the beginning of the rehabilitation to the "return-to-sports” in athletes with a moderate injury. Our last article is a proposal for modeling the factors influencing anxiety during the rehabilitation in athletes with severe injuries.Our results suggest that athletes use different strategies during rehabilitation; these strategies are mainly problem-focused strategies. Finally we suggest that a model completing the model of Wiese-Bjorstal et al (1998) including “return to sport” issues would help to better understand the complexity of psychological phenomena that accompany the injury.

Although its consequences can be devastating, revenge is surprisingly understudied. In this dissertation, I address several key questions. For example, are the factors that trigger revenge the same across different individuals? What are the psychological processes that facilitate revenge? Does revenge have any adaptive value? These issues were addressed with a series of three studies. Study 1 explored whether personality predictors of self-reported revenge generalize across four specific transgressions. Results indicated that narcissists were only vengeful after social rejection whereas psychopaths and neurotics tended to be vengeful across transgressions. Study 2 expanded on these results by exploring trait-level vengeful fantasies and vengeful behaviors and the impact of a potential mediator, namely, anger rumination. Neuroticism was shown to be predictive of vengeful fantasies: This association was entirely mediated by anger rumination. Psychopathy predicted vengeful behavior: This association was partially mediated by vengeful fantasies. Study 3 involved the analysis of participants' personal anecdotes about how they reacted to transgressions against them. Coded variables included revenge as well as 10 other coping behaviors: These 11 predictors were then evaluated with respect to their impact on both immediate relief and long-term recovery. Although the revenge option fostered immediate relief, it did not benefit long-term recovery. Only one coping behavior (meaning-making) actually fostered recovery. The contributions and limitations of this research plus suggestions for future studies are discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Abstract The purpose of the study was to describe the experiences of home-dwelling stroke patients and their relatives about coping and to identify possible similarities and differences in these experiences. The research data were collected by interviewing 18 stroke patients and 20 relatives. The data were analysed using the phenomenological method. Based on the data, the stroke patients were divided into six groups with different coping strategies: flexible coping, realistic adjustment, recollection of losses, aspiration to work, denial of illness and submission to problems. Persons showing flexible coping live a full life. Meaningful activities and interpersonal relations promote coping, while problems due to the illness impair it. Persons showing realistic adjustment have modified their life styles to suit their resources. Coping is promoted by satisfaction with life and impaired by incidental periods of lack of energy. Persons who prefer to recollect losses draw energy from their past lives. Coping is promoted by interpersonal rehabilitation and impaired by a lack of meaningful activities. Persons showing aspiration to work seek for meaningful activities similar to salaried employment. Coping is promoted by humour and impaired by a lack of activity. Persons showing denial of illness attribute their problems to causes other than the disorder in brain circulation. Coping is promoted by stability of life and impaired by a fear of changes. Persons showing submission to problems tend to dwell on the losses due to their illness. Coping is promoted by contacts with children and impaired by depression. The relatives showed five coping strategies: re-orientation, confidence, escape, persistence and abandonment. Persons showing re-orientation had modified their strategies to be compatible with their life situation. Coping is promoted by hobbies and social relations and impaired by a lack of connections between rehabilitation and home life. Persons showing confidence see both good and bad points in their life situation. The need to re-consider one's life values is good, while the need to give up plans for the future is bad. People who escape tend to live either in the past or in the future. Coping is promoted by the learning of new roles and impaired by living on the patient's condition. Persistence is shown by people who only modify their strategies when forced to do so. Coping is promoted by planning of the future and impaired by disappointments at the medical and nursing personnel and the rehabilitation system. People who show abandonment are dissatisfied with their life situation. They have few chances to alter the situation and often have poor health. The patients' and relatives' experiences showed both similarities and differences. The patients and relatives had similar experiences of their own situation, treatment and rehabilitation, interpersonal relations and expectations, but the patients had more fears about their life situation than the relatives, while the relatives felt more responsibility for the coping at home. The patients' experiences generally focused on themselves, while the relatives' experiences were more abstract and encompassing. The patients and relatives who coped poorly felt that their whole life was filled by the illness, while for those who coped well it was only one experience among the others. The coping strategies of a patient and a relative who lived in the same household were mutually interdependent, and should therefore be viewed together. The findings may help us to understand the everyday home life of stroke patients and their relatives. They can be utilised while developing the nursing practice and rehabilitation.