Hepatito B virusas (HBV) yra plačiai paplitęs žmogaus patogenas, bet iki šiol mažai ištirta jo šerdies baltymo (HBc), o ypač natūraliai aptinkamų mutantinių formų įtaka viruso dauginimuisi ir patogeniškumui. Šiame darbe mielių dviejų hibridų metodu atrinkti žmogaus kepenų baltymai, sąveikaujantys su laukinio tipo baltymu bei mutantais HBc1 ir HBc2. Su visomis tirtomis HBc atmainomis stipriausiai ir specifiškiausiai sąveikavo žmogaus baltymai GIPC1 ir GIPC2. Detaliau tiriant šias sąveikas nustatyta, kad HBc baltymo C-galas sąveikauja su GIPC1 ir GIPC2 baltymų PDZ domenais. HBc baltymo C-gale aptiktas PDZ domenų atpažįstamos sekos motyvas ir parodyta, kad šios sekos pokyčiai įtakoja HBc sąveiką su GIPC1 ir GIPC2. Vien su mutantais HBc1 ir HBc2 stipriausiai ir specifiškiausiai sąveikavo žmogaus baltymai FLJ20850 ir IKK (NEMO). Anksčiau netyrinėto nežinomos funkcijos žmogaus baltymo FLJ20850 raiška ir geno struktūra apibūdinta naudojantis bioinformatinėmis duomenų bazėmis. Detaliau tiriant mutantų sąveikas su FLJ20850 ir IKK buvo nustatytos baltymų sritys, apsprendžiančios tarpusavio sąveiką. IKK baltymas reguliuoja transkripcijos veiksnio NF-κB aktyvumą, todėl buvo tiriama ir mutanto HBc1 įtaka NF-κB aktyvumui žmogaus ląstelėse. Aptiktos baltymų sąveikos gali padėti geriau suprasti HBV dauginimosi ciklą bei patogeniškumą ir tapti naujų antivirusinių vaistų taikiniais. / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen, but up to now little is known about its core protein (HBc) interactions with host proteins. The role of mutated HBc proteins in enhanced pathogenicity of mutant viruses is also unclear. In this work, the yeast two-hybrid system was employed to find human proteins interacting with HBV core mutants HBc1 and HBc2, as well as with the wild-type core protein. All HBc variants strongly and specifically interacted with human proteins GIPC1 and GIPC2. Common protein interaction domain PDZ in both GIPC1 and GIPC2 was identified as the region interacting with the C-end of HBc. A putative PDZ-interacting motif was identified at the C-end of the HBc protein, and variation of this sequence influenced determined interactions. Human proteins FLJ20850 and IKKγ (NEMO) strongly and specifically interacted with mutants HBc1 and HBc2 only. Gene structure and expression FLJ20850 protein, which was never before described in scientific literature, were analyzed bioinformatically. Detailed analysis of interacting protein pairs revealed regions, responsible for discovered interactions. IKKγ is known as an important regulator of transcription factor NF-kB, therefore HBc1 influence on NF-kB activity in human cells was evaluated experimentally. Determined protein interactions potentially add to understanding of HBV replication and pathogenicity and could serve as targets for developing of new antivirals.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen, but up to now little is known about its core protein (HBc) interactions with host proteins. The role of mutated HBc proteins in enhanced pathogenicity of mutant viruses is also unclear. In this work, the yeast two-hybrid system was employed to find human proteins interacting with HBV core mutants HBc1 and HBc2, as well as with the wild-type core protein. All HBc variants strongly and specifically interacted with human proteins GIPC1 and GIPC2. Common protein interaction domain PDZ in both GIPC1 and GIPC2 was identified as the region interacting with the C-end of HBc. A putative PDZ-interacting motif was identified at the C-end of the HBc protein, and variation of this sequence influenced determined interactions. Human proteins FLJ20850 and IKKγ (NEMO) strongly and specifically interacted with mutants HBc1 and HBc2 only. Gene structure and expression FLJ20850 protein, which was never before described in scientific literature, were analyzed bioinformatically. Detailed analysis of interacting protein pairs revealed regions, responsible for discovered interactions. IKKγ is known as an important regulator of transcription factor NF-kB, therefore HBc1 influence on NF-kB activity in human cells was evaluated experimentally. Determined protein interactions potentially add to understanding of HBV replication and pathogenicity and could serve as targets for developing of new antivirals. / Hepatito B virusas (HBV) yra plačiai paplitęs žmogaus patogenas, bet iki šiol mažai ištirta jo šerdies baltymo (HBc), o ypač natūraliai aptinkamų mutantinių formų įtaka viruso dauginimuisi ir patogeniškumui. Šiame darbe mielių dviejų hibridų metodu atrinkti žmogaus kepenų baltymai, sąveikaujantys su laukinio tipo baltymu bei mutantais HBc1 ir HBc2. Su visomis tirtomis HBc atmainomis stipriausiai ir specifiškiausiai sąveikavo žmogaus baltymai GIPC1 ir GIPC2. Detaliau tiriant šias sąveikas nustatyta, kad HBc baltymo C-galas sąveikauja su GIPC1 ir GIPC2 baltymų PDZ domenais. HBc baltymo C-gale aptiktas PDZ domenų atpažįstamos sekos motyvas ir parodyta, kad šios sekos pokyčiai įtakoja HBc sąveiką su GIPC1 ir GIPC2. Vien su mutantais HBc1 ir HBc2 stipriausiai ir specifiškiausiai sąveikavo žmogaus baltymai FLJ20850 ir IKK (NEMO). Anksčiau netyrinėto nežinomos funkcijos žmogaus baltymo FLJ20850 raiška ir geno struktūra apibūdinta naudojantis bioinformatinėmis duomenų bazėmis. Detaliau tiriant mutantų sąveikas su FLJ20850 ir IKK buvo nustatytos baltymų sritys, apsprendžiančios tarpusavio sąveiką. IKK baltymas reguliuoja transkripcijos veiksnio NF-κB aktyvumą, todėl buvo tiriama ir mutanto HBc1 įtaka NF-κB aktyvumui žmogaus ląstelėse. Aptiktos baltymų sąveikos gali padėti geriau suprasti HBV dauginimosi ciklą bei patogeniškumą ir tapti naujų antivirusinių vaistų taikiniais.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T14:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karin Florencio Lins de Paiva Fontes.pdf: 1183202 bytes, checksum: cd071de0a1543bbb031923846a82c239 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T14:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karin Florencio Lins de Paiva Fontes.pdf: 1183202 bytes, checksum: cd071de0a1543bbb031923846a82c239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-19 / Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), considered one of the most important viruses in horses in the world, is caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. It is a chronic infection without treatment, mainly prevalent in regions with hot and humid climate, favorable for transmission by blood-sucking insects. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), the restriction of transit and slaughter of infected animals are the strategies for the control of EIA in Brazil, which causes losses in equine breeding. The official diagnosis of the disease is carried out by detection of circulating antibodies by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA. The p26 protein from EIAV is highly conserved and used in most diagnostic tests, since it induces a strong humoral response. The aim of this work was the production of a p26 recombinant protein in Escherichia coli for use in serologic tests. The p26 gene sequence was optimized with respect to E. coli codon usage, in order to maximize protein production, and was added with a marker sequence of six histidine residues (6xHis-tag) for later protein detection and purification. The sequence was synthesized and cloned downstream of the gene of a maltose binding protein (MBP2*) on the pMAL-c4X expression vector. The E. coli gene induction was performed by Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside and the resulting protein (MBP2*.p26mod) was detected by SDS-PAGE gel and Western blot with monoclonal anti-HIS. The MBP2*.p26mod was visualized as a 68.5 kDa band, the recombinant fusion protein was cleaved with factor Xa resulting in two bands of 42.5 and 26 KDa, corresponding to MBP2* and p26mod respectively. The MBP2*.p26mod purification was performed with affinity chromatography by nickel resin and yielded 78.12 mg/L of bacterial culture. The MBP2*.p26mod protein was intensely immunoreactive at AGID test where precipitation lines were observed only among the positive sera, including reference OIE serum, and the protein MBP2*.p26mod, showing high analytical sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant protein. / A Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE), considerada uma das viroses mais importantes em equinos no mundo, é causada por um lentivírus da família Retroviridae. É uma infecção crônica, sem tratamento, prevalente principalmente em regiões de clima quente e úmido, favorável à transmissão por insetos hematófagos. Segundo o Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), a restrição do trânsito e abate de animais infectados são as estratégias para o controle da AIE no Brasil, o que ocasiona perdas na equinocultura. O diagnóstico oficial da doença é realizado pela detecção de anticorpos circulantes através da imunodifusão em gel de Agar (IDGA) e de ELISA. A proteína p26 do vírus da AIE é altamente conservada e utilizada na maioria dos testes de diagnóstico, uma vez que induz uma forte resposta humoral. O objetivo com este trabalho foi a produção de uma proteína p26 recombinante em Escherichia coli para uso em testes diagnóstico sorológico. A sequência do gene p26 foi otimizada com relação aos códons preferenciais e ao conteúdo GC para uso em E. coli, a fim de maximizar a produção de proteínas, e foi adicionado à sequencia um marcador de seis resíduos de histidina (6xHis-tag) para posterior detecção e purificação protéica. A sequencia foi sintetizada e clonada a jusante do gene de uma proteína ligante de maltose (MBP2*) no vetor de expressão pMAL-c4X. A indução gênica da E. coli transformada foi realizada com isopropil β-D-tiogalactopiranosídeo e a proteína resultante (MBP2*.p26mod) foi detectada por SDS-PAGE em gel e Western blot com anticorpo monoclonal anti-HIS. A MBP2*.p26mod foi visualizada como uma banda de 68,5 kDa, a qual foi clivada com fator Xa resultando em duas bandas de 42,5 e 26 KDa, correspondentes à MBP2* e à p26mod respectivamente. A purificação MBP2*.p26mod foi realizada por cromatografia de afinidade com resina de níquel e foi obtido um rendimento de 78,12 mg/L de cultura bacteriana. A proteína MBP2*.p26mod foi intensamente imunoreativa no teste de IDGA, onde foram observadas linhas de precipitação únicas entre os soros positivos, inclusive o soro de referência OIE, e a proteína MBP2*.p26mod, demonstrando altas especificidade e sensibilidade analíticas da proteína recombinante.

L’hépatite B est une maladie du foie qui pose un problème majeur de santé publique. Il n’existe à ce jour aucun traitement permettant de guérir complètement de l’infection, et de nouvelles thérapies ont besoin d’être développées. Étant donné son rôle clé dans le cycle de vie du virus de l’hépatite B (VHB), la protéine core qui forme la capside virale est aujourd’hui l’une des cibles avec le plus grand potentiel thérapeutique. Nos recherches sont focalisées sur la caractérisation des capsides du VHB dans différents états conformationnels en utilisant des techniques de biochimie et de RMN du solide, afin de révéler leur conformation précise sous différentes conditions, incluant l’interaction des capsides avec des antiviraux, et la relation entre la conformation de la capside et la maturation du virus. Un système d’expression bactérienne ainsi qu’un système acellulaire de synthèse de protéine à base de germes de blé ont été établis au laboratoire pour produire les capsides, et des protocoles pour désassembler puis réassembler les capsides en présence de différents types d’ARN ont été implémentés. Des échantillons de capsides formées dans E. coli et réassemblées in vitro ont été analysés par RMN. Les différentes formes de capsides observées incluent les protéines tronquées Cp140 et Cp149, la protéine entière Cp183, phosphorylée P-Cp183, et enfin des mutants. Dans un premier temps, nous avons préparé des échantillons pour l’attribution séquentielle de la protéine core par RMN du solide. L’utilisation de la détection carbone en RMN requiert plusieurs dizaines de milligrammes d’échantillon, qui ont pu être produits en utilisant l’expressions bactérienne en milieu minimum contenant des isotopes marqués. Les attributions séquentielles ont été réalisées sur la protéine tronquée Cp149, qui donne des spectres très similaires à Cp183. Cet échantillon a également été utilisé pour identifier les différences conformationnelles entre les 4 monomères de la capside, qui sont provoquées par la symétrie icosaédrale T=4. Ensuite, l’objet principal de cette thèse a été l’investigation et la comparaison d’une large variété de capsides, dans leur forme autoassemblée dans les bactéries E. coli, ainsi que dans leur forme réassemblée. Pour le réassemblage de la protéine entière, qui requiert la présence d’acides nucléiques, nous avons testé différents types d’ARN y compris l’ARN viral prégénomique. Nous avons étudié différentes symétries (T=3 et T=4), ainsi que les états d’oxydation de la capside, et comparé les différences de conformation grâce aux perturbations de déplacements chimiques observées dans les spectres RMN. Nous avons pu identifier les acides aminés impliqués dans les changements conformationnels majeurs entre les différentes préparations. La RMN du solide en détection proton à 100 kHz a récemment émergé comme un outils important pour l’analyse de protéines produites en quantités moindres. Nous avons appliqué cette stratégie à l’analyse des capsides de Cp149 afin d’obtenir l’attribution des protons amides. La détection proton par RMN du solide peut être combinée avec succès à la synthèse des protéines en système acellulaire, qui donne de faibles rendements par rapport aux cultures en bactéries. Cette approche est particulièrement intéressante pour analyser la modulation de l’assemblage des capsides induite par la présence de drogues. Bien que nous ayons commencé à étudier l’impact de modulateurs d’assemblage par RMN en détection carbone sur des capsides formées dans E. coli et réassemblées (données préliminaires non montrées dans ce manuscrit), la détection proton ouvre la voie vers l’analyse de l’impact de ces modulateurs sur l’assemblage des protéines core directement à la sortie du ribosome / Hepatitis B is a widely spread liver disease which causes a heavy burden for human health, with 257 millions of people affected by chronic infection and about 780,000 deaths per year. Yet, infected patients can not be completely cured by current treatments using notably nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferons. In order to achieve the goal of the World Health Assembly (WHA), who wishes to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030, new therapies need to be developed. Given its critical role for the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle, the core protein (Cp) is today one of the antiviral targets with the highest potential. Our research focuses on the characterization of HBV capsids in different conformational states using biochemistry and solid-state NMR, aiming at revealing their precise conformation under different conditions, including the interaction of capsids with antivirals, and the correlation between capsid conformation and viral maturation. For sample preparation, both a bacterial expression system and a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system have been established in the laboratory to produce HBV capsids, and protocols to disassemble and reassemble capsids with different nucleic acids have been implemented. Both capsids preformed in E. coli and capsids reassembled in vitro were addressed to NMR studies. Different capsids forms include the truncated versions Cp140 and Cp149, the full length protein Cp183, the phosphorylated P-Cp183 and mutant forms. First, we have prepared samples for the sequential assignment of the protein using solid-state NMR. The use of carbon-13 detection asks for several tens of milligrams of sample, which were produced using labeled isotopes and bacterial expression in minimal media. Sequential assignments were performed using the truncated capsid Cp149, which showed highly similar spectra to Cp183. This sample was also used to identify conformational differences between the four different monomers in the capsid, which are due to the T=4 icosahedral symmetry. Then, the main body of the thesis is the investigation and comparison of a variety of different capsid forms, including Cp183, P-Cp183, Cp149, Cp140, another truncated form resulting in mainly T=3 icosahedral assemblies, and Cp140 C61A and Cp183 F97L mutants. We investigated all samples in both the E. coli-produced and reassembled forms, which needs for the full-length protein the presence of nucleic acids, of which we tested several, including the viral pregenomic RNA. We investigated different symmetries, as well as oxidation states of the capsid, and compared the differences via chemical shift perturbations observed in NMR spectra. We reported in a site-specific manner the major conformational changes observed between the different preparations. Proton-detected solid-state NMR at 100 kHz has recently emerged as a tool for analyzing proteins with the need of less sample amount. We have applied this strategy to the analysis of the Cp149 capsids, in order to obtain sequential assignments of the amide proton resonances. For this, deuteration of the protein in bacteria was used as well, needing adaptation of sample preparation protocols. Proton detection can be successfully combined with cell-free protein synthesis, which gives low yields compared to bacterial expression. This approach is of potential interest to analyze capsid assembly modulation induced by the presence of drugs. While we have started in the framework of this thesis to analyze the capsid in presence of different capsid assembly modulators by carbon-13 detected NMR on E. coli and reassembled capsids (preliminary results not reported here), proton detection opens the way to an analysis of the impact of capsid modulation directly on the exit of the core proteins from the ribosome, on assembly. We showed that cell-free expression combined with proton-detection solid-state NMR can be used to analyze capsid chemical shifts, and thus in future work the conformational modulations

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