In the last decade Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important and multiple corporations that have been exposed for unethical behavior have been harshly penalized by the market. This study aims at evaluating wealth effects of unethical corporate behavior by doing a case study, in which an in-depth analysis is conducted on four infamous corporate scandals; Wells Fargo, HSBC, Danske Bank, and Volkswagen. Share prices are compared to an approximation of what the prices could have been, had the scandals not been revealed, to give an indication on abnormal returns around the announcement of the corporate scandals. The approximation is based on the share’s previous correlation with market returns. Results of the study are then contrasted to and analyzed with regard to findings of previously conducted event studies on the wealth loss suffered due to exposed unethical behavior. It is found that the corporate scandals resulted in substantial direct wealth losses in terms of market cap value and shareholder wealth for two of our cases, Wells Fargo and Volkswagen. The value decrease that Danske Bank suffered was also substantial, but had a lag in discernible market reactions in comparison to Wells Fargo and Volkswagen. HSBC has in recent years been lagging behind our price approximation, but any direct negative effect from the scandal announcement cannot be observed.

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O presente estudo é uma investigação empírica de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo comparar as características das fraudes praticadas por meio de manipulação nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas Daslu, Kmart e Avestruz Master. Buscou-se verificar diferenças entre fraudes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, no que se refere às motivações e finalidades da ação fraudulenta, aos métodos de manipulação contábil utilizados e à governança corporativa adotada pelas empresas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia do estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando-se um protocolo, que contemplou os procedimentos e as regras gerais obedecidas na pesquisa, com a função de incrementar a confiabilidade do estudo e orientar o trabalho do pesquisador. A seleção dos casos estudados foi feita com base em pesquisas anteriores, que mencionaram fraudes praticadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, na última década. Os resultados indicam que as fraudes apresentaram diferenças na natureza e na autoria dos atos fraudulentos, com evidências da aplicação das teorias do triângulo da fraude (TTF) e dos escândalos corporativos (TEC). Considerando que as corporações brasileiras estudadas possuíam sistema de governança corporativa concentrado, similar ao de empresas europeias, as diferenças observadas nas fraudes investigadas podem ser explicadas pela teoria dos escândalos corporativos, defendida por Coffee Jr. (2005). / The present study is an empirical research of qualitative nature and aims to compare the characteristics of fraud committed by means of manipulation in the financial statements of Daslu, Kmart and Avestruz Master companies. It has been trying to check differences between fraud in Brazil and in United States with regard to the motivations and purposes of the fraudulent action, accounting handling methods used and to corporate governance adopted by companies. The work was developed, following the methodology of study of multiple cases, using a case study protocol, which included general rules and procedures observed in the survey, with the function of increasing the reliability of the study and guide the researcher work. The selection of studied cases was based on previous research that mentioned fraud practiced in Brazil and in United States in last decade. The results indicate that frauds have showed differences in fraud operation and in its author, with evidence of the application of fraud triangle (TTF) and the corporate scandals (TEC) theories. Whereas the corporations studied had corporate governance system similar to that of European companies, the observed differences in investigated frauds can be explained by the theory of corporate scandals (TEC) defended by Coffee Jr. (2005).

O presente estudo é uma investigação empírica de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo comparar as características das fraudes praticadas por meio de manipulação nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas Daslu, Kmart e Avestruz Master. Buscou-se verificar diferenças entre fraudes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, no que se refere às motivações e finalidades da ação fraudulenta, aos métodos de manipulação contábil utilizados e à governança corporativa adotada pelas empresas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia do estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando-se um protocolo, que contemplou os procedimentos e as regras gerais obedecidas na pesquisa, com a função de incrementar a confiabilidade do estudo e orientar o trabalho do pesquisador. A seleção dos casos estudados foi feita com base em pesquisas anteriores, que mencionaram fraudes praticadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, na última década. Os resultados indicam que as fraudes apresentaram diferenças na natureza e na autoria dos atos fraudulentos, com evidências da aplicação das teorias do triângulo da fraude (TTF) e dos escândalos corporativos (TEC). Considerando que as corporações brasileiras estudadas possuíam sistema de governança corporativa concentrado, similar ao de empresas europeias, as diferenças observadas nas fraudes investigadas podem ser explicadas pela teoria dos escândalos corporativos, defendida por Coffee Jr. (2005). / The present study is an empirical research of qualitative nature and aims to compare the characteristics of fraud committed by means of manipulation in the financial statements of Daslu, Kmart and Avestruz Master companies. It has been trying to check differences between fraud in Brazil and in United States with regard to the motivations and purposes of the fraudulent action, accounting handling methods used and to corporate governance adopted by companies. The work was developed, following the methodology of study of multiple cases, using a case study protocol, which included general rules and procedures observed in the survey, with the function of increasing the reliability of the study and guide the researcher work. The selection of studied cases was based on previous research that mentioned fraud practiced in Brazil and in United States in last decade. The results indicate that frauds have showed differences in fraud operation and in its author, with evidence of the application of fraud triangle (TTF) and the corporate scandals (TEC) theories. Whereas the corporations studied had corporate governance system similar to that of European companies, the observed differences in investigated frauds can be explained by the theory of corporate scandals (TEC) defended by Coffee Jr. (2005).

Uppfattning om gott och ont, vad som är rätt och fel, kan kraftigt skilja sig mellan olika individer. Hur en människa uppfattar och hanterar begreppet etik är unikt för varje enskild individ i samhället. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur redovisare och revisorer ser på redovisningsetik och om de använder ett etiskt förhållningssätt och handlingssätt i sitt dagliga arbete. Vidare undersöker studien medias framställning av redovisningsrelaterade företagsskandaler, dess effekter och hur media påverkar involverade parter. Studien utgår från ett abduktivt forskningsperspektiv. Studien består av en medieanalys där fyra olika företagsskandaler analyseras utifrån sammanlagt tolv dagstidningsartiklar. Medieanalysen är komparativ eftersom en jämförelse mellan de olika artiklarna inom de fyra företagsskandalerna har skett i form av en innehållsanalys. Vidare innefattar studien även en innehållsanalys av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna består av yrkesaktiva redovisare och revisorer. Intervjuerna analyseras genom en kvalitativ ansats, där meningen i det som sägs är huvudfokus. En slutsats som studien drar är att etiska beslut är svåra att fatta, eftersom de ska följa lagar och förordningar samtidigt som de ska vara anpassade till individens, samhällets och företagets bästa. Vidare ser vi genom studien att medias framställning av företagsskandaler påverkar människors uppfattning av de inblandade företagen, branscherna och individerna i skandalen. Där de inblandade ofta står försvarslösa till den bild som media målar upp av dem. Av detta framkommer en slags dominoeffekt, där media påverkar samhällets bild av en individ, som i sin tur även påverkar samhällets bild av företaget som individen är kopplad till. Effekterna av medias framställning av företagsskandaler kan då bli kraftiga. Eftersom ett företag inte kan gå mot samhällets förväntningar. Om detta var fallet skulle de kunna förlora sitt “lov att verka” på marknaden. Ett förslag på vidare forskning är en jämförelse mellan hur en person ser på ett företag innan en skandal och efter att de har läst om skandalen. Ytterligare ett förslag på vidare forskning är att genomföra en studie med samma utformning men med ett större respondenter. Detta för att få en större bredd och därigenom också öka urvalet studien riktar in sig på. / Perception of what is deemed good and bad, what is right or wrong, can greatly differ between individuals. How a person perceives and manages the concept of ethics is unique to each individual in society. The purpose of the study is thus to investigate how accountants and auditors view accounting ethics and how they use an ethical approach in their daily work. Furthermore, the study examines the effects of media's presentation of accounting-related corporate scandals and how media affects the involved parties. The study is based on an abductive research method. The study consists of a media analysis of four corporate scandals that are analyzed based on a total of twelve news articles. The media analysis is conducted by a comparative content analysis where a comparison of the various articles within the four scandals is made. The study also includes a content analysis of four semi-structured interviews. The respondents who have been chosen for the interviews are professionally active accountants and auditors. These interviews are analyzed through a qualitative approach, where the meaning of the word is analyzed. A conclusion that the study draws is that ethical decisions are difficult to make, as they must comply with laws and regulations while at the same time being adapted to the individual's, society's and the company's best. Furthermore, through the study, we see that media portrayal of corporate scandals affects people's perceptions of companies, industries and individuals involved. Where those involved often stand defenseless to the image that the media portray. This results in a kind of domino effect, where the media affects society's image of an individual, which in turn also affect society's image of the company the individual are linked to. The effects of the media's presentation of corporate scandals can therefore be severe, since a company cannot go against society's expectations. If this were to be the case, they could lose their “license to operate” in the market. A proposal for further research is a comparison between preconceived opinions of individuals and the same peoples' thoughts after reviewing news articles about the corporate scandal. Another proposal for further research is to carry out a study of the same design with a larger number of accountants and auditors. The aim is to greater the width and thereby also increase the targeted selection of the study. Apart from this abstract this paper will be conducted in Swedish with the exception of a few quotes.

Titel: Miljökontroverser och dess påverkan på företags marknadsvärde   Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Carl Tangfelt och Olivia Wikberg   Handledare: Jan Svanberg   Datum: 2021 - juni     Syfte: I dagens samhälle debatteras hållbarhet och klimat i stor utsträckning. Detta påverkar också företagen. Allt större krav från omvärlden att som företag verka hållbart föreligger, samtidigt som förekomsten av företagsskandaler successivt ökar. Hur företag bör förebygga och agera vid företagsskandaler kopplade till hållbarhet är därför en essentiell fråga. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om miljökontroverser påverkar företags marknadsvärde genom att svara på om företagens marknadsvärde påverkas negativt. Studien undersöker också om företagens synlighet har en inverkan på en eventuell effekt mellan marknadsvärde och miljökontroverser.    Metod: Studiens metod bygger på en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en hypotetisk-deduktiv forskningsansats. Studien karaktäriseras av en kvantitativ metod med en longitudinell design då studiens data sträcker sig mellan åren 2010–2020. Sekundärdata är insamlad från databasen Refinitiv Eikon och omfattar 133 publika företag. Data har därefter behandlats i SPSS.   Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar ett överraskande signifikant positivt samband mellan miljökontroverser och företags marknadsvärde. Resultatet tyder också på att detta samband påverkas av graden synlighet i företaget. Resultaten indikerar i och med detta att all publicitet är god publicitet gällande miljökontroverser sett ur ett marknadsvärdesperspektiv.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till att fylla ett forskningsgap inom området företagskontroverser och dess finansiella påverkan på företag då marknadsvärde i förhållande till miljöskandaler inte tidigare studerats. Studien bidrar också till en ökad kunskap om hur företags förebyggande hållbarhetsarbete påverkar den finansiella prestationen och således medför insikter till företagare i det fortsatta hållbarhetsarbetet. Slutligen bidrar studien praktiskt till intressenter som har ett intresse kring företags hållbarhetsprestationer och dess finansiella påverkan på företaget.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Intressanta riktlinjer för fortsatt forskning i ämnet utgörs av de sociala- och styrningsmässiga ESG-dimensionerna. Framtida forskning skulle också kunna ta mer hänsyn till endogenitet samt studera den miljömässiga prestationen i förhållande till miljökontroverser och marknadsvärde.   Nyckelord: CSR, ESG-betyg, Miljökontroverser, CSP-poäng, företagsskandaler, marknadsvärde, synlighet. / Title: Environmental controversies and their impact on companies' market value   Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Carl Tangfelt och Olivia Wikberg   Supervisor: Jan Svanberg   Date: 2021 – June     Aim: In today's society, sustainability and climate are widely debated. This also affects companies. There are increasing demands from the outside world to operate in a sustainable way as a company, at the same time as the incidence of corporate scandals is gradually increasing. How companies should prevent and act in corporate scandals linked to sustainability is therefore an essential issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether environmental controversies affect companies' market value by answering whether companies' market value is negatively affected. The study also examines whether companies' visibility has an impact on a possible effect between market value and environmental controversies.   Method: The study method is based on a positivistic research philosophy with a hypothetical-deductive research approach. The study is characterized by a quantitative method with a longitudinal design as the study data extend between the years 2010–2020. Secondary data is collected from the Refinitiv Eikon database and comprises 133 public companies. Data were then processed in SPSS.   Result & Conclusions: The results of the study show a surprisingly significant positive relationship between environmental controversies and companies' market value. The results also indicate that this relationship is affected by the degree of visibility the company has. The results thus indicate that all publicity is good publicity regarding environmental controversies from a market value perspective.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to fill a research gap in the area of corporate controversies and its financial impact on companies since market value in relation to environmental scandals has not been studied before. The study also contributes to an increased knowledge of how companies' preventive sustainability work affects financial performance and thus brings insights to entrepreneurs in the continued sustainability work. Finally, the study contributes practically to stakeholders who have an interest in companies' sustainability performance and its financial impact on the company.   Suggestions for future research: Interesting guidelines for further research in the subject consist of the social and governance ESG dimensions. Future research could also consider more endogenicity and study the environmental performance in relation to environmental controversies and market value.   Key words: CSR, ESG-score, Environmental controversies, CSP-score, corporate scandals, market value, visibility

Media is something the public comes in contact with on a daily basis. Through numerous platforms, their overall goal is to spread information, messages, and pique interest. The power that the media has also means that they have a great influence on the public's perceptions and opinions about what is right and wrong. At the same time, social media has also become an increasingly common approach to spread information in a faster way than before.   This study aims to investigate how corporate scandals are portrayed by the media. Furthermore, this study aims to examine how the media's reporting of corporate scandals has changed over the years. The study has adopted a social constructivist research approach as the study touches on what is considered right and wrong from an ethical perspective. The study is a document study that examines three different corporate scandals based on 105 Swedish articles. Each corporate scandal has 35 articles designed in three tables. The 105 Swedish articles are news articles from various morning- and evening newspapers.  A conclusion drawn in the study is that only one of the articles refers to social media and that social media thus has a low impact on the media reporting of these scandals. This is partly due to the fact that two of the scandals investigated took place during a period where social media was not as developed as it is today, but the third is important to point out the reason why social media influence exists at the time of the scandal. Furthermore, it is also concluded that it is primarily the company management who were portrayed as the culprits by the media, and that the focus shifted from the organization in question. The absence of social media means that only traditional media sources controls the story of the corporate scandals.This is clearly shown among the articles as they focus on blaming the individuals behind the scandals in order to apply the idea of the guilty towards the innocent which piques a greater interest and thus generates more income  A proposal for further research includes examining articles internationally in order to determine how they may differ from Swedish media and also to be able to shed light on the factors behind the differences.  This study is written in swedish / Media är något allmänheten kommer i kontakt med dagligen. Via olika plattformar är deras övergripande mål primärt att sprida information, budskap, och väcka intresse. Denna makt som media behärskar innebär även att de har en stor påverkan på allmänhetens uppfattningar och åsikter kring vad som är rätt och fel. Samtidigt har även sociala medier blivit ett alltmer vanligare tillvägagångssätt för att sprida information på ett snabbare sätt än tidigare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika företagsskandaler framställs i media. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka hur medias rapportering av företagsskandaler förändrats genom åren. Studien har antagit en socialkonstruktivistiskt forskningsansats då studien berör vad som anses rätt och fel ur ett etiskt perspektiv. Studien är en dokumentstudie som undersöker tre olika företagsskandaler utifrån 105 svenska artiklar. Varje företagsskandal har 35 artiklar utformade i varsin tabell. De 105 svenska artiklarna är nyhetsartiklar från diverse morgon – och kvällstidningar.   En slutsats som dras i studien är sociala medier och dess påverkan på medias framställning av skandaler är svag eftersom endast en av de berörda artiklarna refererar till sociala medier.  Detta beror delvis på att två av de undersökta företagsskandalerna skedde under en period där sociala medier inte var lika utvecklat i den grad som den är idag, men den tredje är viktig att poängtera av den orsaken att sociala mediers påverkan existerade vid skandalens tidpunkt. Vidare dras även slutsatsen att det primärt är företagsledningen som framställs som de skyldiga av media, och att fokuset försvann från organisationen i fråga. Sociala mediers frånvaro bland rapporteringen innebär att enbart traditionell media styr narrativet av företagsskandalerna. Detta visas tydligt bland artiklarna då de fokuserar på att skuldbelägga individerna bakom skandalerna för att kunna applicera idén om de skyldiga gentemot de oskyldiga som väcker ett större intresse och därmed genererar fler intäkter.   Ett förslag på vidare forskning inkluderar att undersöka artiklar internationellt för att kunna avgöra skillnader gentemot svensk media och även kunna belysa de faktorer som ligger bakom skillnaderna.  Studien är skriven på svenska

South Africa has institutionalised the application of combined assurance’s Three Lines of Defence Model (TLDM) through the 3rd and 4th editions of the King Code. Albeit, failure of the TLDM has been documented in recent corporate governance scandals in South Africa. These failures point to the inadequacy of the model in its theoretical underpinnings that place more emphasis on compliance than moral development (acts vs virtue ethics). In this research study, the adequacy of the TLDM was assessed, as well as its effectiveness in dealing with Agency. It was further sought to establish whether competitive advantage could be created through TLDM implementation in South African organisations and to quantify in relative terms, the scope for competitive advantage creation through TLDM application. A mixed research methodology (convergent design) was used to gather quantitative and qualitative insights from governance practitioners in South Africa (concurrently over a cross-sectional time frame). 204 survey respondents and 11 interviewees participated in the study. A statistically valid model for creation of competitive advantage was developed from the quantitative findings while a framework for competitive advantage was developed from the qualitative findings. The findings of the study confirm the inadequacy of the TLDM that it lies in poor implementation by South African organisations than in the model’s theoretical underpinnings. It was concluded that competitive advantage can be created though TLDM implementation in South African organisations, and the scope for creation of competitive advantage is relatively significant. The implementation of TLDM with compliance fixation mediates the creation for competitive advantage through TLDM, while moral development focus in TLDM implementation moderates the relationship between TLDM Adequacy in ethics underpinnings and competitive advantage creation. While the inadequacy of the TLDM was established through this study, the support for the TLDM was still overwhelming, although support for additional levels as contemplated in the Five Levels of Assurance Model (FLAM) was considerable. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L. (Strategy and Governance)