Perfect Participle in Contemporary French and its Equivalents in Czech The aim of the diploma thesis is a concrete corpus analysis of perfect participle in French and its functioning in absolute and adjectival constructions. The theoretical part defines perfect participle from the point of view of morphology, syntax and semantics and its part is also mapping Czech equivalents. The empirical part is based on analysis of concrete presence of participle constructions in parallel corpus InterCorp v10 with French - Czech alignment and with limitation of fictional and specialized texts. The focus is put mainly on frequency and on different types of use of this participle construction and on semantic interpretation in terms of secondary statement. Another part of the analysis deals with Czech equivalents which replace the past (compound) participle. Key words: participle, corpus analysis, French, Czech, InterCorp

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第20120号 / 教博第197号 / 新制||教||164(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 齊藤 智, 教授 楠見 孝, 教授 Emmanuel MANALO / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The ambiguous nature of idioms has been a persistent challenge for English language learners and researches alike. Problematic issues include identifying which idioms are most pertinent for study, and the question of how frequently idiom forms found in dictionaries and other canonized resources actually function as idioms in real language use. This study differentiates between idiom forms used idiomatically (idiom-principle) versus literally (open-choice principle), and provides quantitative data to assess this difference. The data was obtained through a corpus analysis of 1,000 randomly-selected idioms in 10,000 randomly-selected contexts (10 contexts per idiom), and revealed that the majority of idiom forms were indeed functioning idiomatically in the contexts analyzed, but there were also notable exceptions. The findings are used to support the general notion in the literature that idioms represent a single lexical choice for language users, and the researcher proposes several extensions of the findings for the teaching and researching of idioms.

La presente ricerca nasce con lo scopo di indagare la pertinenza del concetto di parola chiave in rapporto alla realizzazione delle dinamiche testuali. Questo concetto è presentato nella letteratura come uno strumento euristico, utilizzato per analizzare oggetti diversi, quali le culture, le società o i testi. Tuttavia emerge una certa discordanza nelle diverse caratterizzazioni delle parole chiave che impedisce di circoscrivere questa categoria di elementi linguistici e di definirne un metodo di individuazione. Dalla nostra indagine emerge che le funzioni delle parole chiave possono essere ricondotte alle metafore della chiave d'accesso , chiave d'interpretazione e chiave di volta . E' in particolare quest'ultima accezione quella più adeguata a descrivere la funzione svolta dalle parole chiave in rapporto alle dinamiche testuali. Esse si caratterizzano cioè per essere elementi linguistici che contribuiscono in maniera strategica a realizzare lo scopo comunicativo globale del testo, instaurando un legame particolarmente forte con il sapere condiviso tra mittente e destinatario. E' questo nesso che giustifica il loro ruolo centrale nella costruzione della strategia comunicativa del testo. Un'applicazione della definizione al testo argomentativo, nell'ultima parte della ricerca, precisa la funzione della parola chiave in relazione a una struttura testuale specifica. / The present research aims at analysing the concept of keyword in the context of textual analysis. In the literature keywords are mostly conceived of as tools useful to give insights into cultures, societies or texts. Nevertheless they are not univocally described and it is difficult to outline a precise method for their identification. In fact the methods proposed are highly subjective as keywords are mainly indicated as the results of previous interpretations conducted on the culture, society or text which is being analysed. In this research instead we are interested in the possibility of describing keywords as elements concurring in the construction of textual meaning. This presupposes the definition of the specific function played by keywords and a logical-semantic textual theory which allows analysing the structure of texts and the ways in which they realize their communicative goals. Congruity Theory is the theory which seemed to offer the most comprehensive methodology to analyse texts. Thanks to the theoretical tools offered by it, we define keywords as linguistic elements that play a strategic role in the realization of the text's global communicative aim. The last part of the research is devoted to the application of the definition to argumentative texts, showing in which ways keywords contribute in the realization of their persuasive goal. In relation to these texts the specific function of keywords appears to be that of giving arguments their persuasive power.

This thesis deals with the definition of numerals and its position in the system of words classes. First, briefly describes the history and current attitudes to general issue of parts- of- speech classification in the context of foreign and Czech linguistics. Subsequently, a different theoretical concepts Czech linguistics devoted to the issue of speech numerals from the mid-20th century to the present. Based on the contextual analysis of data from the database of the Czech National Corpus then verifies the current classification criteria of parts-of-speech classification. At the same time tests on a prototypical numerals new approach to the definition of numerals as separate species, based on the context units surveyed. Finally submits proposals that are based on statistically processed outputs of contextual analysis. Key words: numerals, classification of numerals, context analysis, Czech National Corpus, corpus analysis

In this study an outline is presented of the semantic network of the preposition up in American English in sentences extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), which was done to determine what the most common uses and meanings of the preposition are, as well as to determine if most of its possible meanings are concrete or abstract. The results show that there is a salient use and also prototypical meaning of up, and that these are major factors that impact the semantic network of the preposition. This study was designed to be a source of information for EFL students who struggle to understand how prepositions function in the English language, and also what the prepositions can actually represent in a sentence. Concomitantly, the goal is to give information about the preposition up in a way that will allow students to analyze other prepositions and perhaps even other word classes.

The portrayal of Muslims in British mainstream media, particularly newspapers, is a subject of significant academic interest. Previous studies find that British newspapers frequently represent Muslims as a distinct and homogenous group, associating them with terrorist groups and framing them as a cultural threat. Orientalist representations have been observed, depicting Muslims as inherently problematic. Nevertheless, Muslims' own self-representation remains understudied and underexamined. This research analyses the discourse of the Muslim News, the oldest, most enduring English-language newspaper catering to Muslims in the United Kingdom. Using Corpus Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, this thesis explores the similarities and differences in the discourses of the Muslim News and British mainstream newspapers from 1998 to 2009. The findings reveal that, while reproducing some narratives observed in mainstream press, the Muslim News (the MN) is introducing new representations that 'pitch' alternative stories about Muslims in the media. While sustaining certain representations, such as the collectivisation of Muslims, the MN challenges mainstream discourse. It highlights Islamophobic attacks that Muslims are subject to, including their negative portrayal in mainstream press, and suggests that these hegemonic representations are part of a 'Muslim penalty'. Furthermore, the MN counters mainstream news by taking Muslims outside the frames of representation that associate them with terrorism, conflict and violence. Sports coverage consistently emerges in the MN as an important space to re-negotiate and reframe mainstream media discourses on Muslims. Sports stories maintain newsworthiness while enabling the MN to diverge from the negative coverage of Muslims in mainstream press and celebrate Muslim champions. Comparing such representations in a newspaper by and for Muslims to those produced by mainstream press further exposes contemporary Orientalist discourses and should be a subject of further study.

The object of this study is to analyse the lexemes and phraseological units that constitute the semantic fields employed in naming four abstract domains, greed, thrift, generosity, and extra­vagance that make up the ethical concept <Attitude to Ownership> in German. On the assump­tion that ideas are accessible to us through the lexicalised items of a language, recent theories in the field of semantic analysis and conceptualisation were applied to the source material. In each domain key words were identified and their definitions in modern and historical dictionaries were analysed. Various dimensions of meaning, which proved to be inherent in the lexical items, emerged from this analysis. The oppositions a/o (action directed to others vs. to oneself), right/wrong (virtues vs. vices) and too much/ too little vs. the ideal mean were established as central. To achieve a more precise description of meaning tentative explications of cognitive levels were proposed. By means of these the underlying ideas, as they were reflected in the lexical units, could be described. The analysis showed greater variation and expressivity in words, idioms, and proverbs referring to the two vices compared to the virtues. Furthermore, a diachronic study produced evidence of semantic and conceptual changes. On the basis of such observations conclusions could be drawn about changes in the ethical system. The data derived from a contrastive corpus analysis of the German and Swedish key words showed numerous similarities as well as some conspicuous differences in the conceptualisation and valuation of attitudes pertaining to the four abstract domains. Moreover, the key words denoting the two virtues showed a clear domination in frequency, indicating that these are more central conceptual categories in today's society than the vices. An ongoing shift in meaning could be established for the key words naming the latter. Applying modern theories of metaphor and metonymy the experiential basis of meaning and thought was explored, showing that the structures forming the ethical concepts studied in this work are grounded in experiences of a physical and socio- cultural nature. The metaphorical concept ILLNESS emerged as a common source domain for the two vices, while the PATH- concept was shown to form the basis of metaphors expressing the o-virtue but not the a-virtue. Among the numerous métonymie concepts HAND proved to be a characteristic of all four domains. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this essay is to examine metaphors in cancer contexts, and in particular war and military metaphors. A four step approach was performed for the examination. The use over time has been studied for metaphorical linguistic expressions including the words fight and battle in the Corpus of Contemporary American English in the categories Academic Journals, Magazines and Newspapers. A general corpus search for the word cancer in the same categories has been made to investigate what kinds of metaphorical linguistic expressions could be found. The goal was to examine possible development of the use of other expressions than the dominant martial ones for the period 2005 - 2011. The findings were also investigated to see which thematic role for the word cancer was the most frequent in the categories. To complement the corpus findings, an inquiry was sent out to explore how writers of research articles reason when they use expressions such as fight against cancer or battle with cancer in their texts. The corpus findings show that the martial metaphorical linguistic expressions are more often used within the categories Newspapers and Magazines. In the category Academic journals the occurrences are fewer. The most common metaphor alternatives were within the area of sports. The study of semantic roles shows that the word cancer appears most often in the role of patient. The agent role occurred slightly more often in the newspaper category than in the other text categories investigated. The result of the inquiry suggests that some researchers use martial metaphors out of routine. The four step approach of the study reveals a complex image of the use of metaphors in cancer contexts. Detection of trends for the use of metaphorical linguistic expressions possibly demands a longer time interval than the studied period.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the variation in genitive and dative government. The subject of analysis are the following thirteen prepositions: (an)statt, innerhalb, längs, mangels, mittels, trotz, während, wegen, zugunsten/zu Gunsten; binnen, dank, laut, zufolge. The aim of the thesis is to capture the use of the mentioned prepositions as detailed as possible. The focus is on the question and the attempt to determine in which cases within the variation in prepositional case government in the written language one or the other case is preferred and whether certain tendencies or systematics common to all thirteen prepositions can be followed. The prepositions are analysed by means of nine selected sources (both dictionaries and grammar books) and German reference corpus.