The purpose of this study was to contextualise the Swaziland correctional services environment and inmate population, analysing how best to respond to the needs of the organisation and providing strategies that can have an impact on crime and recidivism. Offenders in Swaziland are incarcerated because alternatives to imprisonment or the resources necessary to make a visible impact on the inmate population are not provided. There is also very little scientific information available on the profiles of inmates to determine who really needs to be incarcerated, who could be incarcerated for a shorter time and who could be taken care of in the community. In addition to the above, Swaziland correctional services finds itself in a predicament where it has to provide concrete evidence that it is effective and adding value to the social and economic reconstruction of the country. This implies the frequent assessment of the organisation's performance to ensure the continuous delivery of cost-effective, innovative and high quality correctional services. In an attempt to understand the breadth of the problems faced by Swaziland correctional services, this thesis sets out to assess the environment in which Swaziland correctional services operates and to suggest mechanisms which can be used to rehabilitate and reduce the inmate population in order to add value and sustain the delivery of an effective correctional service. This study would seem to be of value not only to correctional practitioners, but also to the police and judiciary in that they will have a better understanding of dilemmas faced by Swaziland correctional services. This will assist the police and judiciary to take more informed decisions with regard to effective law enforcement, detention of awaiting-trials and sentencing practices. With Swaziland and other African countries embarking on a new route in corrections, the academic world can also play a major role in enlightening reform in legislation, policies and practices. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

This report is the culmination of literature study and semi-structured interviews which assisted in developing a Model for Implementation of Restorative Justice in the South African Correctional System. The study explores the use of Restorative Justice as part of rehabilitation in a prison setting. Literature focuses mainly on Restorative Justice as part of diversion, in cases of first offenders and less serious offences. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders has been gaining momentum, though. Diversity in terms of language, cultural and religious practice as well as social background, should be considered as it affects the decision to enter into a Restorative Justice process. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders is challenging and in the main a largely unsupported field. The study draws on experience from other countries, while at the same time advocate for uniquely South African practice. The involvement of the most important role players, namely victim, offender and the community is emphasized. Attitude and insufficient training seem to be some of the challenges for the implementation of Restorative Justice. Successes are reported in the few sites where Restorative Justice is implemented in the Correctional System, but a change of mindset, of being open to possibilities other than lock-up and punish in the entire Criminal Justice System is needed. Restorative Justice in the Correctional System seems to have been approached as yet another new programme, and not as a paradigm shift for the entire Criminal Justice System. Dealing with conflict in a restorative way should be at the front end of the chain, with young children whose behaviour can be directed, as changing behaviour of adults proves to be difficult. Repentance and forgiveness in different cultures and spiritual backgrounds are some of the issues that are grappled with, although forgiveness is nowhere indicated as a requirement for a successful Restorative Justice process. Voluntary participation is required from victims and offenders with support from communities. It remains a deeply spiritual and individual journey for those who choose to turn away from anger, fear and hatred, and start the process of personal healing and restoration. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders can assist in dealing with the aftermath of crime. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

The aim of this dissertation is to place the phenomenon of the overpopulation of South African prisons in perspective and to rectify the current situation in search of possible solutions. Since 1981, when this phenomenon reached unmanageable proportions, government has made numerous amnesties. This was only a short-term alleviation of the problem due to the high levels of recidivism. Correctional supervision as a sentence option was advocated by both the Lansdowne and Viljoen Commissions, enacted during 1986 and finally implemented during 1991. Initial expectations soon became blurred by factors such as insufficient development programmes and specialised personnel, enormous caseloads and the exclusion of supervision cases from development programmes. This study endeavours to analyse the current application of correctional supervision to determine the stumbling blocks and to create a foundation for new perspectives and possible solutions. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

Successful outdoor camp programs are being threatened by decreased funding and increased focus on the control of juvenile delinquents. To determine the success of outdoor camp programs for the juvenile delinquent, it is important to examine the recidivism rates of those who go through the programs compared to those who do not. By properly infusing outdoor camp programs with resiliency education, new programs can be created with even more success. This paper is a literature review of the present state of research in both fields. With the background information presented here, the goal is to become a 'springboard' for further research.

Mentally ill juveniles who are incarcerated in correctional facilities receive minimal or no treatment services. The research in this thesis determines that mentally ill juvenile offenders receive inadequate treatment. It also determined that juvenile correctional officers as well as others in the criminal justice system are not trained properly to deal with mentally ill juveniles.

Le progrès technologique de nos sociétés est intimement lié aux matériaux. La physique de la matière condensée cherche à expliquer, décrire et prédire leurs propriétés à partir de lois fondamentales. Bien que l’on connaisse assez bien les axiomes qui régissent notre univers, la combinaison d’un grand nombre de petits systèmes compris individuellement mais interagissants ensemble mène à des propriétés émergentes qui peuvent être complexes et difficilement prévisibles. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la supraconductivité non-conventionnelle dans les matériaux corrélés, un phénomène émergent des fortes interactions électroniques qui possède un immense potentiel technologique. Pour ce faire, nous réalisons des simulations numériques sur un matériau bien spécifique: le ruthénate de strontium. Dans un premier temps, nous discutons des états normaux des matériaux corrélés devenant supraconducteurs. Alors que la théorie des bandes permet de décrire le continuum entre un isolant électrique et un métal, elle n’arrive pas à décrire les phénomènes émergeant des interactions à plusieurs électrons. Nous expliquons comment la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité permet d’obtenir la densité du niveau fondamental d’un système interagissant en le transformant vers un problème non-interagissant effectif. Elle peut également être employée pour les systèmes possédant un important couplage spin-orbite. Cependant, les fonctionnelles disponibles n’arrivent pas à bien incorporer les fortes corrélations électroniques. Une manière de corriger ce manque est d’employer la théorie du champ moyen dynamique. Cette dernière permet de capturer la dépendance en temps des interactions locales à un corps. Toutefois, la supraconductivité impliquant des paires d’électrons, il faut plutôt étudier des objets à deux corps afin de la caractériser. Nous discutons des critères nécessaires à la provocation de transitions supraconductrices, exprimés en termes de corrections du vertex. Également, nous présentons les paramètres d’ordre pour caractériser une phase supraconductrice. La seconde partie se concentre sur la supraconductivité. D’abord, nous faisons un survol son historique, depuis sa découverte en 1911 jusqu’à celle de l’état supraconducteur du ruthénate de strontium. Ensuite, nous décrivons la supraconductivité conventionnelle, une classe particulière pour laquelle l’état ordonné est attribué à l’interaction entre les électrons et les vibrations du réseau cristallin. Puis, nous introduisons un autre mécanisme d’appariement: l’échange de fluctuations de spin et de charge. Finalement, nous présentons l’état des connaissances collectives modernes en ce qui a trait au ruthénate de strontium. Nos articles proposent de nouvelles avenues impliquant le couplage spin-orbite et les corrélations impaires en fréquences. Nous terminons en introduisant différentes perspectives de recherche dans le domaine de la supraconductivité. / The technological progress of our societies is intimately linked with materials. Condensed matter physics tries to explain, describe and predict their properties from fundamental laws. Although we are quite familiar with the axioms that govern our universe, the combination of a large number of small systems understood individually but interacting together leads to emerging properties that can be complex and difficult to predict. In this thesis, we study unconventional superconductivity in correlated materials, a phenomenon emerging from strong electronic interactions that has immense technological potential. To do this, we carry out numerical simulations on a very specific material: strontium ruthenate. First, we discuss the normal states of correlated materials becoming superconducting. While band theory can describe the continuum between an electrical insulator and a metal, it cannot describe the phenomena emerging from interactions with several electrons. We explain how density functional theory makes it possible to obtain the density of the fundamental level of an interacting system by mapping it into an effective non-interacting problem. It can also be used for systems with a large spin-orbit coupling. However, the available functionals do not manage to incorporate strong electronic correlations well. One way to correct this deficiency is to employ dynamical mean field theory. The latter makes it possible to capture the time dependence of interactions at the one body level. However, since superconductivity involves pairs of electrons, it is rather necessary to study two body objects in order to characterize it. We discuss the criteria necessary for inducing superconducting transitions, expressed in terms of vertex corrections. Also, we present the order parameters to characterize a superconducting phase. The second part focuses on superconductivity. First, we review its history, from its discovery in 1911 to that of the superconducting state of strontium ruthenate. Next, we describe conventional superconductivity, a particular class for which the ordered state is attributed to the interaction between electrons and the vibrations of the crystal lattice. Then, we introduce another pairing mechanism: the exchange of spin and charge fluctuations. Finally, we present the state of modern collective knowledge about strontium ruthenate. Our articles propose new avenues involving spin-orbit coupling and odd frequency correlations. We end by introducing different research perspectives in the field of superconductivity.

The purpose of this case history was to view the development of the Saskatchewan Adult Attendance Centre Project through the perspective of currently accepted, but selected, adult education philosophy, principles, and techniques. The Project was a mandatory adult education component of Probation Services, a program for adult offenders operated by Saskatchewan Corrections. The story of the evolution from 1979 to 1984 of the two Adult Attendance Centres of the Project, based in the cities of Regina and Saskatoon, was presented in the context of an historical overview of the education of adults in the Corrections systems of Britain, the United States, and Canada. The Attendance Centres were not set up as adult education institutions. They were intended to be cost effective alternatives to incarceration. The study maintained that sentencing that included attendance at the Centres was more cost effective for the provincial government than incarceration or traditional probation. It argued that the kind of education presented to adult probationers in the Centre programs often strayed from currently accepted adult education philosophy, principles, and techniques. None the less, significant potential existed in the Centres for the creation of more meaningful adult education opportunities for persons on probation.

The purpose of this case history was to view the development of the Saskatchewan Adult Attendance Centre Project through the perspective of currently accepted, but selected, adult education philosophy, principles, and techniques. The Project was a mandatory adult education component of Probation Services, a program for adult offenders operated by Saskatchewan Corrections. The story of the evolution from 1979 to 1984 of the two Adult Attendance Centres of the Project, based in the cities of Regina and Saskatoon, was presented in the context of an historical overview of the education of adults in the Corrections systems of Britain, the United States, and Canada. The Attendance Centres were not set up as adult education institutions. They were intended to be cost effective alternatives to incarceration. The study maintained that sentencing that included attendance at the Centres was more cost effective for the provincial government than incarceration or traditional probation. It argued that the kind of education presented to adult probationers in the Centre programs often strayed from currently accepted adult education philosophy, principles, and techniques. None the less, significant potential existed in the Centres for the creation of more meaningful adult education opportunities for persons on probation.

The World Prison Brief Walmsley (2001:2) reveals that there are 8,7 million people held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees or having been convicted and sentenced. Although the rising prison population in South Africa is of great concern, it is certainly not just a South African problem, but an international phenomenon. Prison overcrowding and the resultant financial and human rights problems related to this phenomenon, remain one of the paramount concerns of both developed and developing countries. Overcrowding of prisons negates the rehabilitation of offenders, undermines human dignity in correctional facilities and renders the safety and security of offenders and the community vulnerable. Another problem facing the Department of Correctional Services is the control of communicable diseases and viruses, particularly HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis. The problem of overcrowding facilitates the easy spread of communicable diseases among inmates. Imprisonment as a sanction remains a reality. Providing alternatives to imprisonment, for example, community based-sanctions, does however ensure that a significant number of offenders can be dealt with in a more balanced manner. Alternative sanctions to incarceration can be more successful, less costly to the state, have fewer negative implications and will lighten the load for the criminal justice system, hence reducing overcrowding. In order to reduce the overcrowding in prisons there has to be a reduction in the number of both awaiting-trial and sentenced prisoners. Reducing the inflow of offenders from the courts to the prisons and trying to get minor offenders in prison to be released should accomplish this. Courts and magistrates must break away from centuries of reliance on imprisonment as punishment. If more people show interest in the human rights of incarcerated prisoners, then further effort will be placed on resolving the overpopulation problem facing the Department of Correctional Services. / Criminology / (D. Litt et Phil.(Penology))

The Department of Correctional Services sees the need for intensive preparation of inmates for reintegration into the community after release. Presently the Department of Correctional Services conducts pre-release preparation programmes in larger institutions. The inmates are, however, detained in institutions where the influence from other inmates is not conducive to the effective preparation of inmates for adjustment in free society after release or placement on parole. The use of halfway houses can combat the latter problems and play an important role in providing educational and training programmes. Specialised services such as social work; religious work, counselling, psychological treatment and psychiatry receive attention. Inmates who are merely released from prison without effective preparation are likely to resort to recidivism / Penology / M.A. (Penology)