This paper will provide an examination of a Youth Accountability Board currently operating in San Bernardino County, California.

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of perceptions crime victims have of the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This project focused on crime victims' perceptions of communication channels and service delivery at the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This research is based on a victim survey used for primary data collection.

This paper focused on many aspects of higher education, and how this complex topic is affeccting law enforcement today and will continue to affect it in the future. The role of police officers has changed over the preceding two hundred years from watchman to professional peacekeeper. Experts attribute this change to increases in societal awareness of crime, the implementation of civil service protection, and educational advances.

This project explored the question of whether or not the employment of off-duty police officers should be regulated. It includes two surveys, a statewide survey of agency regulations and a survey of Fontana Police Department personnel.

This study focuses on defining correctional education and correctional educators and identifying characteristics of correctional students. This study specifically focuses on the Tri-County Correctional Education Association. A Web site has been developed for this association in order to support and inform the correctional educators.

Neste trabalho utilizamos sistemas modelos no desenvolvimento, implementação e análise de funcionais orbitais da densidade, focando, em particular, nas correções de autointeração de Perdew-Zunger (PZSIC) e Lundin-Eriksson (LESIC). Aplicamos as correções de auto-interação ao funcional local (LDA) do modelo de Hubbard e de poços quânticos semicondutores, ambos unidimensionais, no caso estático e dependente do tempo, respectivamente. Para o modelo de Hubbard unidimensional, comparamos a LDA, LDA+PZSIC e LDA+LESIC, identificando o desempenho para energias e densidades do estado fundamental, com e sem impurezas locais, além do gap fundamental de energia. Em adição, averiguamos o desempenho diante de cargas fracionárias, estabelecendo conexões com o erro de delocalização da LDA. Mostramos a possibilidade da correta descrição das freqüências das oscilações de Friedel no modelo de Hubbard, além de investigar como a falha da LDA em reproduzir esse aspecto pode estar relacionada com os erros de auto-interação e delocalização. Investigamos ainda as diferentes possibilidades de implementação autoconsistente de qualquer funcional orbital da densidade, analisando a relação entre funcionais aproximados e suas implementações aproximadas. Nos poços quânticos, sob o enfoque dependente do tempo, analisamos a descontinuidade do potencial de troca e correlação ao variarmos o número de partículas, em dois processos distintos: a ionização eletrônica em um poço simples e dissociação de um poço duplo assimétrico. No último caso, avaliamos os efeitos da descontinuidade no número total de partículas em cada poço, revelando os mecanismos que resgatam a neutralidade elétrica durante processos de dissociação, com a correta carga final inteira. / In this work we use model systems to develop, implement and analyse orbital-dependent density functionals, focusing, specifically, on the self-interaction corrections (SICs) of Perdew and Zunger (PZSIC) and of Lundin and Eriksson (LESIC). These self-interaction corrections are applied to the local-density approximation (LDA) for the one-dimensional Hubbard model and for semiconductor quantum wells, in one-dimensional static and time-dependent situations. For the one-dimensional Hubbard model we compare LDA, LDA+PZSIC and LDA+LESIC, and investigate the performance of these approaches for ground-state energies, densities and energy gaps, with and without impurities in the system. We also consider the case of fractional charges, where a connection to the delocalization error of the LDA can be made. We show that in principle a correct description of the frequences of Friedel oscillations in the Hubbard model can be obtained from DFT, and investigate how the failure of the LDA in reproducing this is related to the selfinteraction and delocalization errors. Moreover, we investigate different procedures for the selfconsistent implementation of any orbital-dependent functional, and analyse the question of the interplay between an approximate functional and its approximate implementation. For quantum wells sytems we analyse, in a time-dependent framework, the discontinuity of the exchange-correlation potential under variation of the particle number in two different processes: the ionization of a simple quantum well and the dissociation of an asymmetric double well. In the latter case, we also consider the effect of changes in the particle number in each subwell, thus revealing the mechanism that restores electric neutrality during dissociation, with correct final charge.

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of leasing liabilities under standard IAS 17 and the new standard IFRS 16 Leases at Atlas Copco Services, s. r. o. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the theoretical basis of both standards. In the second part we will find the practical application of the lease accounting in the monitored company under the new IFRS 16 and its comparison with IAS 17. The third part summarizes both standards and recommends the selection of one of the standards.

PhD (Health Sciences ) / Department of Psychology / The rate of incarceration is historically high. Increasingly, research points to the negative effects of incarceration among offenders, particularly in adult facilities. Literature published since 2000 suggests that incarceration fails to meet the developmental and criminogenic needs of offenders and is limited in its ability to provide appropriate rehabilitation. Incarceration often results in negative behavioural and mental health consequences such as suicidal thoughts and attempts. Suicide is often the single most common cause of death in correctional settings. The psychological impact of incarceration and its implications for post-prison, free world adjustments are substantial. The severe behavioural problems of offenders are a result of complex and interactive individual and environmental factors which elicit and maintain offending behaviour. The study sought to develop a model to facilitate effective psychological services among offenders in long-term incarceration correctional services. The study consisted of two phases, namely the empirical phase and conceptualisation phase. In phase one, which was the empirical phase, a qualitative approach was employed. The study utilised phenomenological, explorative, and contextual designs. The study population comprised of male offenders who were serving their long-term incarceration in the Vhembe District at Limpopo Province. Thirty offenders and one clinical psychologist were purposively selected. Data were collected from participants using semi-structured interviews. In-depth information about their experiences physical and mental risks of being incarcerated, as well as the coping mechanisms they used during incarceration was collected. Unstructured interviews were used to collect information about psychological services that are being rendered at correctional centres and their effectives from the only psychologist who participated in the study. Field notes as well as observations were also used methods of data collection. Data analysis was done using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Thematic data analysis. Relevant ethical principles were adhered to. Informed consent was sought from participants prior to the commencement of the study. The study further maintained the aspect of confidentiality and privacy since it was dealing with human subjects and sensitive issues. Issues of trustworthiness; credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability were ensured. The study findings revealed that most of the offenders were not very happy with the kind of mental health services they received from the correctional centres. They reported that correctional centres had a potential to make one totally insane. However, for one to make sense of what is happening at the correctional centres, one would need to receive mental vi health services. Furthermore, the study also discovered that one of the correctional centres is not providing offenders with mental health services and this makes it difficult for offenders to cope with their long-term incarceration since rehabilitation is not taking place. Findings also showed that offenders in one of the two centres were at a greater risk of contracting communicable diseases at the correctional centre due to overcrowding, poor health care system and poor hygiene. Concept analysis was done using Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach, (1968) guidelines. The framework adopted six guidelines that were used in theory development. A model was developed using the Walker and Avant (1995) framework to enhance the effectiveness of facilitation of psychological services at Thohoyandou correctional services and Kutama-Sinthumule Maximum correctional centre. The researcher recommends that mental health policies should be implemented to enhance and scale up mental health services in both correctional centres. / NRF

With the constantly increasing precision of experimental data acquired at the current collider experiments Tevatron and LHC the theoretical uncertainty on the prediction of multiparticle final states has to decrease accordingly in order to have meaningful tests of the underlying theories such as the Standard Model. A pure leading order calculation, defined in the perturbative expansion of said theory in the interaction constant, represents the classical limit to such a quantum field theory and was already found to be insufficient at past collider experiments, e.g. LEP or Hera. Such a leading order calculation can be systematically improved in various limits. If the typical scales of a process are large and the respective coupling constants are small, the inclusion of fixed-order higher-order corrections then yields quickly converging predictions with much reduced uncertainties. In certain regions of the phase space, still well within the perturbative regime of the underlying theory, a clear hierarchy of the inherent scales, however, leads to large logarithms occurring at every order in perturbation theory. In many cases these logarithms are universal and can be resummed to all orders leading to precise predictions in these limits. Multiparticle final states now exhibit both small and large scales, necessitating a description using both resummed and fixed-order results. This thesis presents the consistent combination of two such resummation schemes with fixed-order results. The main objective therefor is to identify and properly treat terms that are present in both formulations in a process and observable independent manner. In the first part the resummation scheme introduced by Yennie, Frautschi and Suura (YFS), resumming large logarithms associated with the emission of soft photons in massive Qed, is combined with fixed-order next-to-leading matrix elements. The implementation of a universal algorithm is detailed and results are studied for various precision observables in e.g. Drell-Yan production or semileptonic B meson decays. The results obtained for radiative tau and muon decays are also compared to experimental data. In the second part the resummation scheme introduced by Dokshitzer, Gribov, Lipatov, Altarelli and Parisi (DGLAP), resumming large logarithms associated with the emission of collinear partons applicable to both Qcd and Qed, is combined with fixed-order next-to-leading matrix elements. While the focus rests on its application to Qcd corrections, this combination is discussed in detail and the implementation is presented. The resulting predictions are evaluated and compared to experimental data for a multitude of processes in four different collider environments. This formulation has been further extended to accommodate real emission corrections to beyond next-to-leading order radiation otherwise described only by the DGLAP resummation. Its results are also carefully evaluated and compared to a wide range of experimental data.:1. Introduction 1.1 Event generators 1.2 The event generator Sherpa 1.3 Outline of this thesis Part I YFS resummation & fixed order calculations 2 Yennie-Frautschi-Suura resummation 2.1 Resummation of virtual photon corrections 2.2 Resummation of real emission corrections 2.3 The Yennie-Frautschi-Suura form factor 3 A process independent implementation in Sherpa 3.1 The Algorithm 3.1.1 The master formula 3.1.2 Phase space transformation 3.1.3 Mapping of momenta 3.1.4 Event generation 3.2 Higher Order Corrections 3.2.1 Approximations for real emission matrix elements 3.2.2 Real emission corrections 3.2.3 Virtual emission corrections 4 The Z lineshape and radiative lepton decay corrections 4.1 The Z lineshape 4.1.1 Radiation pattern 4.1.2 Numerical stability 4.2 Radiative lepton decays 4.3 Summary and conclusions 5 Electroweak corrections to semileptonic B decays 5.1 Tree-level decay 5.2 Next-to-leading order corrections 5.2.1 Matching of different energy regimes 5.2.2 Short-distance next-to-leading order corrections 5.2.3 Long-distance next-to-leading order corrections 5.2.4 Structure dependent terms 5.2.5 Soft-resummation and inclusive exponentiation 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 BLOR 5.3.2 Sherpa/Photons 5.3.3 PHOTOS 5.4 Results 5.4.1 Next-to-leading order corrections to decay rates 5.4.2 Next-to-leading order corrections to differential rates 5.4.3 Influence of explicit short-distance terms 5.5 Summary and conclusions Part II DGLAP resummation & fixed order calculations 6 DGLAP resummation & approximate higher order corrections 6.1 Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi resummation 6.1.1 The naive parton model 6.1.2 QCD corrections to the parton model 6.1.3 Factorisation and the collinear counterterm 6.1.4 The DGLAP equations 6.2 Parton evolution 6.2.1 Approximate real emission cross sections 6.2.2 Parton evolution 6.2.3 Scale choices for the running coupling 6.3 Soft emission corrections 7 The reinterpretation and automisation of the POWHEG method 7.1 Decomposition of the real-emission cross sections 7.2 Construction of a parton shower 7.3 Matrix element corrections to parton showers 7.4 The reformulation of the POWHEG method 7.4.1 Approximate NLO cross sections 7.4.2 The POWHEG method and its accuracy 7.5 The single-singularity projectors 7.6 Theoretical ambiguities 7.7 MC@NLO 7.8 Realisation of the POWHEG method in the Sherpa Monte Carlo 7.8.1 Matrix elements and subtraction terms 7.8.2 The parton shower 7.8.3 Implementation & techniques 7.8.4 Automatic identification of Born zeros 7.9 Results for processes with trivial colour structures 7.9.1 Process listing 7.9.2 Tests of internal consistency 7.9.3 Comparison with tree-level matrix-element parton-shower merging 7.9.4 Comparison with experimental data 7.9.5 Comparison with existing POWHEG 7.10 Results for processes with non-trivial colour structures 7.10.1 Comparison with experimental data 7.11 Summary and conclusions 8 MENLOPS 8.1 Improving parton showers with higher-order matrix elements 8.1.1 The POWHEG approach 8.1.2 The ME+PS approach 8.2 Merging POWHEG and ME+PS - The MENLOPS 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Merging Systematics 8.3.2 ee -> jets 8.3.3 Deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering 8.3.4 Drell-Yan lepton-pair production 8.3.5 W+jets Production 8.3.6 Higgs boson production 8.3.7 W-pair+jets production 8.4 Summary and conclusions Summary Appendix A Details on the YFS resummation implementation A.1 The YFS-Form-Factor A.1.1 Special cases A.2 A.2.1 Avarage photon multiplicity A.2.2 Photon energy A.2.3 Photon angles A.2.4 Photons from multipoles A.3 Massive dipole splitting functions A.3.1 Final State Emitter, Final State Spectator A.3.2 Final State Emitter, Initial State Spectator A.3.3 Initial State Emitter, Final State Spectator B Formfactors and higher order matrix elements for semileptonic B decays B.1 Form factor models of exclusive semileptonic B meson decays B.1.1 Form factors for B -> D l nu B.1.2 Form factors for B -> pi l nu B.1.3 Form factors for B -> D0* l nu B.2 NLO matrix elements B.2.1 Real emission matrix elements B.2.2 Virtual emission matrix elements B.3 Scalar Integrals B.3.1 General definitions B.3.2 Tadpole integrals B.3.3 Bubble integrals B.3.4 Triangle integrals C Explicit form of the leading order Altarelli-Parisi splitting functions C.1 Collinear limit of real emission matrix elements C.1.1 q -> gq splittings C.1.2 q -> qg splittings C.1.3 g -> qq splittings C.1.4 g -> gg splittings Bibliography

Corrections has always been conventionally known as an occupational discipline and not a profession. The organization of corrections has been spoken of as a penitentiary, bearing in mind that the models of the buildings were meant for punishment; with correctional officers recognized as guards. The role of the guards was that of the keeper of the keys and their duty was mainly custodial in nature. The occupation was mainly attractive to white males with a record of unemployment and not much education. The occupation was stable, and did not require for any extra skill. Certain researchers believe that the selection methods for prison warders were extremely relaxed with a small amount of empirical validity. There was also thinking that a correctional officer needed a 20/20 vision and an IQ of an imbecile. Conversely, it has been perceived that a correctional officer can be the most significant individual in the offender’s life, having an influence in refining or declining the success of the different treatment programs that an offender undergoes (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 3). Corrections is a human service occupation. Therefore, human service workers need to have knowledge of human behaviour and be able to assess their perspectives on any behaviour wisely and thus formulate reliable estimations. This will give them the opportunity to enjoy suitable decision making powers and formulate a trend on professional behaviour. Their knowledge of human behaviour will also strengthen the capability to foresee behaviour and give special knowledge to prevent any hesitancy(Williamson, 1990, p. 43). The role of the correctional officers (security staff) has intensely changed over the past few decades.The correctional officer is in today's corrections, expected to balance security and still be responsible for changing the behaviour of offenders constructively (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 11). In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the distinctive and contradictory role of the correctional officer, it is very important to appreciate the changes that have transpired in penal philosophy all through the centuries. Throughout the research, the researcher will make an effort to capture the heritage of corrections and the evolving systems of punishment of Europe, the United States of America and South Africa and look at the applications of the rehabilitation concept and how the Correctional Officer has been utilised as a skilled and knowledgeable professional in the whole process. The aim of the research being to determine the effect that correctional and professional officers have on rehabilitation of offenders and determine the process by which the Correctional environment can be transformed to a true profession of highest integrity and competence. Objectives for the study will be: • To analyse the history and development of Corrections internationally and its philosophical background • To examine the impact of the history of rehabilitation in the South African Corrections system, from the development of the first prisons in 1652 to the demilitarisation of prisons system in the 1990s, right through to the actualisation of the South African White Paper on Corrections, 2005 • To critically examine the professional status of the Corrections occupation against other existing professions. The issues on education, training, credentialing, autonomy, code of ethics and special expertise are some of the aspects that will be looked at as the primary criterion for professions • To explain the conception of rehabilitation and its development and application both internationally and nationally • To critically look at the importance of Corrections system while highlighting the mandated role of the Correctional officer and the duality of the role of balancing security and rehabilitation. The study will contribute on the basis of knowledge in particular regard to Education and Training of Correctional Officers. A model will be developed for South African Correctional Services Systems and predominant focus will be on the performance and education and training of Correctional Officers in South Africa. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)