Gold nanoparticules (GNPs) are of great interest for several applications in nanomedicine ; espacially in imaging and sensing, drug delivery or photothermal therapy because of their unique physical and chemical properties. For all theses applications, a better understanding of the interaction of GNPs with biomolecules and their uptake into cells is of great importance. Thus the main objective of this thesis was to study the toxicity of GNPs in biological media based on their sizes, shapes and surface chemistries. Cytotoxicity studies on human cells were done in vitro in presence of six GNP samples having spherical and flower shapes. We compared the cytotoxic effects and showed that it was largely higher for flower-shaped GNPs than spherical ones. Further we built-up the optical assembly and the set-up of the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Followed by the set-up, the sensitivity, the resolution and other parameters were determined during the characterization of the FCS sytem. Then FCS was used to characterize fluorescent molecule-conjugated GNP, wich were fabricated in the interest of biomedical applications. In the next step, we characterized the diffusion behavior of MitoTracker dye labeled mitochondria by FCS in order to be able to compare in future the mitochondrial diffusion after incubating with GNPs, wich is described as the perspectives. / Les nanoparticules d'or (NPO) sont d'un grand intérêt pour de nombreuses applications en nanomédecine (en particulier pour l'imagerie, la détection de pathologies, la délivrance de médicaments ou la thérapie photothermique) en raison de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Pour toutes ces applications, une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction des NPO avec les biomolécules et leur absorption dans les cellules est d'une importance primoridale. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'étudier la toxicité des NPO dans les milieux biologiques en fonction de leurs tailles, leurs formes et leurs chimies de surface. Des études de cytotoxicité sur des cellules humaines ont été réalisées in vitro, en présence de six types différents de NPO de forme sphérique et de nano-fleur. Nous avons comparé les effets cytotoxiques et montré qu'ils étaient largement supérieurs pour les NPO en forme de nano-fleur par rapport au NPO sphériques. En outre, nous avons mis en place un système de corrélation de spectroscopie de fluorescence (CSF). La sensibilité, la résolution et les principaux paramètres du système ont été déterminés lors de sa caractérisation. La CSF a ensuite été utilisée pour caractériser des NPO fluorescentes fabriquées pour des applications biomédicales. Nous avons également caractérisé la diffusion de Mitotracker, un marqueur des mitochondries par CSF afin d'être en mesure de comparer la diffusion mitochondriale après incubation de NPO.

Orientador: Celio Pasquini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T07:12:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_ClaudeteFernandes_D.pdf: 2102754 bytes, checksum: 94aabfeb5b023dd70dc648a8f2343f52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A espectroscopia de correlação bidimensional (2D) foi utilizada neste trabalho como ferramenta de seleção de variáveis espectrais na região do infravermelho próximo (NIR) para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros de qualidade de gasolinas: teor de etanol, MON e RON. Para tanto, foi sugerido um sistema de perturbação de concentração em fluxo. Tal sistema apresenta algumas vantagens em relação aos sistemas de perturbação em batelada: os experimentos são realizados em sistema fechado; uma maior velocidade na aplicação da perturbação é obtida, além de se trabalhar em micro-escala. Em outra etapa do trabalho, sugeriu-se a construção de um espectropolarímetro baseado em Filtro Óptico Acústico Sintonizável (AOTF) que opera na região do Infravermelho próximo (800 ¿ 1600 nm). A medida de rotação óptica no instrumento proposto é feita utilizando-se a razão entre os dois feixes difratados pelo AOTF (espectro de rotação óptica), a qual é proporcional ao ângulo de rotação da luz polarizada imposto pela amostra. O instrumento foi empregado na obtenção de espectros de rotação óptica na região NIR de sacarose, glicose, frutose e cânfora. Esses espectros são proporcionais às concentrações das espécies estudadas e curvas analíticas com bons coeficientes de correlação foram obtidas / Abstract: The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was used in this work as a tool for spectral variable selection in the near-infrared (NIR) region aiming the determination of the following quality parameters of gasoline: ethanol content, MON (Motor Octane Number) and RON (Research Octane Number). To achieve this objective, it was developed a flow system to automated the perturbation by concentration. This system presents some advantages in relation to batch systems employed to the same purpose: the experiments are accomplished in a closed system; a greater velocity in the application perturbation can be obtained and the experiments are made in micro-scale. In another part, this work presents the construction of a spectropolarimeter based on the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF), which works on the near-infrared region (800 ¿ 1600 nm). The measure of optical rotation on the instrument is made using the ratio between two diffracted beams by the AOTF (optical rotation spectrum), which is proportional to the rotation angle of the polarized light imposed by the sample. The instrument was applied in the investigation of NIR optical rotation spectra of sucrose, glucose, fructose and camphor. These spectra are proportional to the concentration of species studied and analytical curves with good correlation coefficients were obtained. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Relata a utilizaÃÃo da espectroscopia FT-Raman combinada com CorrelaÃÃo 2D Generalizada como mÃtodo alternativo para a realizaÃÃo do controle de qualidade de Gasolinas automotivas diretamente nos postos de combustÃvel. Apresenta os procedimentos para identificar a adulteraÃÃo da Gasolina automotiva pela adiÃÃo irregular de Etanol, Metanol e compostos aromÃticos e parafÃnicos, atravÃs da anÃlise dos espectros Raman obtidos para os diferentes adulterantes separadamente, misturados à Gasolina A e misturados à Gasolina A e ao Etanol. Descreve os procedimentos de prÃ-tratamento sobre os espectros Raman, a aplicaÃÃo do mÃtodo de CorrelaÃÃo 2D Generalizada aos sistemas estudados e a determinaÃÃo das curvas de calibraÃÃo que relacionam as intensidades integradas das bandas Raman com o teor de adulterante na Gasolina. Apresenta a praticidade de aplicaÃÃo do mÃtodo, que possibilita verificar a adulteraÃÃo da Gasolina automotiva atravÃs da comparaÃÃo entre o espectro Raman da amostra cuja conformidade se deseja verificar com o espectro da amostra padrÃo. Enfatiza a flexibilidade e a viabilidade de se ter um padrÃo especÃfico para cada distribuidora, ou atà mesmo para cada nova produÃÃo de Gasolina da refinaria. / It is reported the use of Generalized Two-Dimensional FT-Raman Correlation Spectroscopy (2DCOS-FT-Raman) method to monitor the quality of automotive gasoline in the gas stations. It is presented a procedure to identify the adulteration of automotive gasoline by the illicit addition of ethanol, methanol, aromatic and paraphinic compounds through the analysis of the Raman spectra obtained for different compositions of adulterants added to gasoline âAâ type and to gasoline âAâ type plus ethanol samples. It is discussed the data preconditioning step, the application of 2DCOS method, and the calibration curves that correlates the integrated intensities of the Raman bands of a given adulterant with its percentage in a given gasoline sample. It shown the protocol for using the 2DCOS-FT-Raman method to verify the adulteration in a given gasoline sample compared with a specific standard. This work emphasizes the flexibility and viability of using this method to have a specific standard for each gasoline distribution firm and also for each new gasoline derived from the refinery.

Les récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate (mGluR), qui appartiennent à la classe C des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG), sont bien connus pour leurs rôles importants dans les troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques. La compréhension de leur mécanisme d’activation est essentielle pour la mise au point de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. Récemment, le nombre de structures de RCPG cristallisées a augmenté de façon exponentielle grâce à l'application des méthodes de stabilisation de la protéine. Cependant, certaines ambiguïtés et incohérences ont été révélées au cours des études cristallographiques. En outre, des études en molécules uniques, y compris par transfert d'énergie d’excitation électronique de Förster (smFRET), ont montré la nature très dynamique des RCPG en général, et du domaine d’activation de mGluR en particulier. Ici, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d'activation des mGluR entiers en utilisant des techniques de FRET d’ensemble et sur molécules uniques. Les techniques de HTRF ont permis l’optimisation de la préparation des échantillons. Un protocole a été mis au point, permettant d'extraire les mGlu2 entiers dans du détergent, à partir de cellules HEK293T, sans affecter de manière importante la pharmacologie et de la stabilité des récepteurs. Les expériences de FRET en molécules uniques ont été effectuées avec la technique MFD-PIE. Une analyse poussée de ces données, par mesure de l'efficacité de FRET ratiométrique, de durée de vie des fluorophores dans l’état excité, et d’analyse en corrélation (FCS), ont permis de montrer un changement conformationel rapide (sub-milliseconde) des récepteurs mGlu2 entiers. Par ailleurs, le rôle de stabilisation du domaine transmembranaire en faveur de l’état actif a été prouvé. / Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which belong to class C of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), are well-known for their important roles in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Understanding of receptor activation is essential to decipher the receptor functioning, and thus orientate drugs design for targeted therapeutics. Recently, the number of GPCR crystal structures has increased exponentially thanks to the application of protein stabilization methods. However, these crystallography studies have revealed certain ambiguities and discrepancies, and these approaches do not take into account the dynamic nature of GPCR activation. Indeed, single-molecule studies, including single-molecule FRET (smFRET), have revealed the highly dynamic nature of GPCR in general, and fast conformational changes of mGluR domains in particular. Here, we study the activation mechanism of the full-length mGluR by FRET techniques at ensemble and single-molecule level. Homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) was applied for optimizing the sample preparation. An appropriate protocol was established, allowing to extract mGlu2 full-length in detergent from the HEK293T cells without significantly affecting its pharmacology and stability. smFRET experiments were performed using the combination of multiparameter fluorescence detection (MFD) with pulsed interleaved excitation (PIE). Advanced data analysis such as ratiometric FRET efficiency, lifetime-based FRET measurement, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) revealed that the fast dynamic oscillation in sub-millisecond timescale of the full-length mGlu2, and prove the stabilization role of the transmembrane domain of the full-length receptor in favor of the active state.

L’effet photothermique permet de détecter efficacement des nanoparticules d’or avec un microscope en champ lointain grâce à leur forte absorption de la lumière. L’absence de problème photophysique fait des nanoparticules d’or une alternative au marquage de biomolécules par des sondes fluorescentes. La méthode PhACS (Photothermal Absorption Correlation Spectroscopy) utilise les fluctuations de signal photothermique dues au passage de nanoparticules dans le volume de détection pour étudier leur diffusion. Cette méthode permet également la mesure précise de diamètres hydrodynamiques de nanoparticules fonctionnalisées. La méthode SNaPT (Single Nano-Particle Tracking) réalise le suivi bidimensionnel de nanoparticules individuelles grâce à une localisation effectuée par triangulation. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode pour étudier la diffusion des intégrines alphaV-beta3 marquées par des nanoparticules d’or de 5 nm dans les adhérences focales, points d’ancrage entre le cytosquelette de la cellule et la matrice extracellulaire. Nous observons que ces intégrines ont tendance à former des agrégats qui alternent entre un mouvement diffusif et un mouvement confiné. Ce résultat appelle maintenant à un nouveau modèle où nous aurions une redistribution continue des intégrines au sein des adhérences focales. / Gold nanoparticles may be detected with optical far-field microscopy by use of the photothermal effect due to their strong light absorbance. With no photophysic issues, gold nanoparticles are an alternative to fluorescent probes for use in biological systems. The PhACS method (Photothermal Absorption Correlation Spectroscopy) is used to study diffusion by measuring the autocorrelation of photothermal signal fluctuations due to nanoparticles passing through the detection volume. This method is sensitive enough to mesure the precise hydrodynamic diameter of functionalised nanoparticles. The SnaPT method (Single Nano-Particle Tracking) can track 2-dimensional motion of individual nanoparticles by pinpointing the localization with a triangulation method. The SNaPT method was used to study motion of alphaV-beta3 integrins that were bound to a 5 nm gold nanoparticle inside focal adhesion, where the cell cytoskeleton is linked to the extracullular matrix. The integrin was found to organize into clusters oscillating between the bound and diffuse states. These observations require new working models where integrins would be constantly redistributed.

No description available.

The aim of the doctoral thesis was to study advanced fluorescence techniques and its use in colloids or hyaluronan-surfactant systems and hydrogels based on hyaluronan, respectively. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence were used to study excited state proton transfer fluroescen probes in hyaluronan-surfactant systems to asses the influence of hyaluronan hydration to its interactions with oppositely charged surfactants. Firstly, different excited state proton transfer fluorescence probes were discussed to choose the most suitable candidate for next research. The influence of hyaluronan on inner environment of micells was determined based on the sensitivity of excited state proton transfer of chosen fluorescence probe 1-naphtol and, based on above mentioned experiments, the structure of hyaluronan hydration shell was discussed. The next part of doctoral thesis was focused on fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy and on the development of method of nanorheology. Measured correlation functions were transformed to mean square displacement with developed MATLAB script. Firstly, the fluorescence method was compared with well described methods such as videomicrorheology and dynamic light scattering to asses the reliability of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in microrheology. Secondly, nanorheology method was developed and its use in passive nanorheology of hyaluronan hydrogels was discussed. Based on mentioned experiments, the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy microrheology and nanorheology methods were optimized to use the methods in hydrogel research.

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of inverse fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, especially with the regard for the usage of different fluorescent probes and different sized analysed particles. At first, the proper concentration of fluorescent probes was determined. In this concentration is the probe considered as a medium surrounding the analysed particles. Based on this concentration, which was determined as 400 M, several sets of samples were prepared. This samples contained different concentration of polystyrene particles of 100 and 500 nm diameter and multilamellar liposomes. Then, the FCS curves of samples with different fluorescent probes were measured. Fluorescein, rhodamine 6G and Atto 488 were used as fluorescent probes. As a result from experiments, it was found, that particles with 100 nm diameter cannot be analysed with none of the fluorescent probes. Inverse FCS method can be applied to systems, that contains particles with 500 nm diameter and fluorescein. Systems with rhodamine 6G have the same behaviour as typical FCS measurement. It is caused by dimerization of this probe and it cannot be used for 500 nm particles. Liposome samples can be established with iFCS method, but the results are biased by random distribution of liposomes size.

This diploma thesis is focused on preparation and characterization of supported lipid bilayers as simplified models of cell membranes. The bilayers were prepared from source system of lecithin liposomes in phosphate buffer using the vesicle fusion method on a cover glass sufrace hydrophilized by plasma. Three fluorescent probes – Nile red, Oregon Green DHPE and DiO – were utilized to characterize diffusion within the bilayer using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. For this purpose Z-scan FCS, which is a method developed specially for planar samples, was used. After the process of preparation and characterization of supported lipid bilayer was optimalized, interaction between this artificial membrane and solution of hyaluronic acid in phosphate buffer was studied. It was found out, that addition of this biopolymer causes slowing the diffusion of the fluorescent probe within the bilayer.

This diploma thesis is focused on the determintaion of viscoelastic properties of agarose hydrogels containing different polyelectrolytes by microrheological and macrorheological techniques. From microrheological techniques the dynamic light scattering was used. Firstly, the influence of different polyelectrolyte volume was studied. Then the effect of variously charged polyelectrolyte and ionic strenght on microrheological properties of agarose hydrogels were determined. Classic rheology was used to compare the results obtained using the DLS microrheology method. Finally, the results from macro- and microrheology were correlated with each other.