"In Africa, the struggle for human rights shares a great deal of common ground with the struggle against corruption. In fighting to improve the lot of a majority of the world's population, one must recognise that the fight for social and economic rights is often intimately linked to the fight against the monopolisation of resources by 'networks of patronage'. Corruption perpetuates discrimination, prevents the full realisation of economic, social and cultural rights, and leads to the infringement of several civil and political rights. In a move that acknowledged the fact that corruption is a pervasive problem in Africa, the African Union (AU) adopted the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AU Convention or Convention) in July 2003. This Convention is yet to enter into force. Likewise, in Nigeria and South Africa, the governments are on renewed campaigns against corruption using anti-corruption legislative and institutional frameworks. These anti-corruption legislation mainly address corruption by criminaliszing it. This is mainly because the phenomenon of corruption is being approached from an economic or pollitical viewpoint. No doubt criminal anti-corruption legislation and institutions are necessary, but this dissertation seeks to evaluate them in terms of their relative or possible successes and challlenges, especially in cases of widespread societal corruption. The premise of this disseration is that from a preliminary assessment, it would seem that the law is losing ground in the battle against corruption. It thus posits that the effectiveness of the law in the fight against corruption will continue to diminish if it fails to addres the social and economic factors that cause the initial problematic behaviour. Presently, the law concentrates on merely proscribing and punishing corruption. It is not being used to address the social and economic conditions that perpetuate corruption, hence, its ineffectiveness especially in cases where the incidence of corruption is so high as to be classified as systemic. In these situations, mere legislative and institutional responses may not suffice as anti-corruption measures. The underlying catalysts for such a hihg degree of corruption - the social and economic injustices resulting in a cyclical reproduction of corruption - are usually not addressed by these responses. In addition, these responses tend to underrate the need to empower those who are at the receiving end of corruption. They thereby concentrate solely on the empowerment of institutional machineries in the fight against corruption. This is the premise upon which this dissertation is built: the need to transcend the tratidional responses to corruption in a manner which hopes that by empowering people using a human rights approach, the underlying causes of systemic corruption may be reduced. Then, perhaps, the society would have discovered a veritable anti-corruption tool. ... This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides the general introduction into the study. Chapter two then analyses the phenomenon of corruption and its impact on human rights in Africa. This analysis focuses on case studies and situations in Africa. Chapter three follows with an appraisal of the AU Convention and anti-corruption initiatives in Nigeria and South Africa. This appraisal begins with highlights of the normative framework of the Convention and goes on to assess the impact of such frameworks in the two countries under focus where they are already largely being implemented. Chapter four thereafter introduces a two-pronged human rights approach to combating corruption. This approach consists of a reinforcement of the guarantee of human rights, as well as the proposal for a freedom from corruption as human right. Chapter five consists of conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Angelo Matusse at the Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The problem of Czech society today is foremost the part of corruption that can be labeled as systemic, large scale or political corruption; and its causes, demonstrations, and therefore also possible solutions differ significantly from those for individual bribery. The public still holds very distorted opinions about the causes and therefore also possible solutions of large scale corruption. The most significant is the idea of political corruption as a personal ethical failure of an individual. The solution to this is their replacement. However, past experiences prove that political corruption is a systemic problem and replacement of individuals does not bring a substantial change. To understand how large scale political corruption functions, it is important to know the point of view of politicians who are its direct participants or encounter it. It is established that a significant motivational factor for corruption is an effort of politicians to keep their power and prestige, and with it the need of raising funds for re- election. Key words: corruption, political corruption, systemic corruption, power, status, prestige

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The problem of Czech society today is foremost the part of corruption that can be labeled as systemic, large scale or political corruption; and its causes, demonstrations, and therefore also possible solutions differ significantly from those for individual bribery. The public still holds very distorted opinions about the causes and therefore also possible solutions of large scale corruption. The most significant is the idea of political corruption as a personal ethical failure of an individual. The solution to this is their replacement. However, past experiences prove that political corruption is a systemic problem and replacement of individuals does not bring a substantial change. To understand how large scale political corruption functions, it is important to know the point of view of politicians who are its direct participants or encounter it. It is established that a significant motivational factor for corruption is an effort of politicians to keep their power and prestige, and with it the need of raising funds for re- election. Key words: corruption, political corruption, systemic corruption, power, status, prestige

No description available.

<p>Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a&nbsp / crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country&rsquo / s anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency.</p>

<p>Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a&nbsp / crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country&rsquo / s anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency.</p>

Magister Legum - LLM / Corruption is among the world's devastating social, economic and political problems. It is enormous to the extent that ''not one single country, anywhere in the world, is corruptionfree''. Its effects on the quality of life of billions of people around the world are widely acknowledged. Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary General, in his statement on the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), proclaimed that: Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to violations of human rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of life, and allows organised crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish. Corruption takes different forms depending on the time and the social, political and economic circumstances that create avenues for its occurrence. Consequently, scholars construe corruption from different viewpoints. On the one hand, post-colonialists and Marxists perceive corruption as a product of capitalist pursuit of profit and capital accumulation. On the other hand, liberal-rationalists and free-market economists define corruption by looking at its negative effects on development and economic sustainability. The argument is that corruption discourages foreign investment and allows public officials to siphon off resources for their private advantage, thereby defeating the public good. Despite the definitional and ideological differences found in literature, there is an agreement that corruption is a bad thing and should be fought vigorously.

Magister Legum - LLM / Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country's anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency. / South Africa

The subject of the thesis is the institutional framework of anti-corruption policy, in particular its anchorage in the form of specialized anti-corruption bodies, referred to as anti-corruption agencies. The aim is to address three main research questions: What specialized anti-corruption bodies exist in the world? How do specialized anti-corruption bodies operate in individual countries? What anti-corruption bodies do exist currently in the Czech Republic and what recommendations can be drawn from the foreign institutional arrangements? To answer them, the current state of research, recommendations and standards for the design and operation of specialized anti-corruption bodies is analysed first. The comparison of anti-corruption agencies in Lithuania, Latvia and Slovenia follows. On this basis, the current situation in the Czech Republic is assessed and recommendations are made. Partial aim of the thesis is to present international discussions and documents, the current state of reseach on this topic in the Czech language, as a comprehensive professional processing of this field is still missing.