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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
341

Interação da L-arginina com o exercício físico durante o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso: análise da depressão alastrante cortical em ratos jovens e adultos

MONTEIRO, Heloisa Mirelle Costa 31 January 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T22:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3022_1.pdf: 923230 bytes, checksum: e6aaeca86f3c9729d34fac2b95714e22 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O exercício físico e a suplementação de aminoácidos durante o desenvolvimento são fatores que podem promover mudanças em longo prazo na eletrofisiologia do cérebro. Esta dissertação originou o artigo intitulado como Differential effects of physical exercise and L-arginine on cortical spreading depression in developing rats, atualmente submetido para a publicação, e que está apresentado às páginas 25 - 45. O objetivo foi verificar o efeito da administração de L-arginina e do exercício físico durante o período crítico de desenvolvimento do cérebro sobre a depressão alastrante cortical (DAC). Ratos machos Wistar receberam por gavagem 300mg/kg/dia de L-arginina (grupo Ar, n = 40) ou 300mg/kg/dia de L-Histidina (grupo Histidina, n = 07) ou água destilada (veículo, grupo Ag, n = 40) durante 7-35 dias pós-natal. A partir do 15º ao 35º dia de vida, metade dos animais na condição supracitada realizaram exercício físico em esteira durante 20 minutos, em 5 seções semanais (grupos ArE e AgE). A outra metade foi colocada na esteira por igual período, no entanto com a mesma desligada (animais não exercitados, grupos ArnE e AgnE) para comparação. Quando os animais atingiram 35-45 dias (grupos jovens) ou 90- 120 dias de idade (adultos), a DAC foi registrada durante 4 horas em dois pontos corticais parietais do hemisfério direito. A velocidade de propagação (mm/min) foi calculada medindo-se o tempo gasto para uma onda de DAC atravessar a distância entre os eletrodos. Os ratos ArE tiveram aumento do peso corporal, mas não no peso do cérebro, na idade adulta em comparação com ArnE (P <0,05). Nas duas faixas de idades, jovens e adultos, a L-arginina aumentou, enquanto que o exercício diminuiu as velocidades de propagação da DAC. Os animais L-Histidina apresentaram valores de propagação de DAC (3.54+ 0.14mm/min) semelhantes aos animais AgnE . A média±d.p. das velocidades foram: nos grupos de jovens, 3,80±0,45 e 4,47±0,47, respectivamente, para ArE e ArnE, e 3,57±0,34 e 3,86±0,32, para AgE eAgnE; nos grupos de adultos, 3,85±0,38 e 4,59±0,36 para a ArE e ArnE, respectivamente, e 3,03±0,20 e 3,40±0,16 para a AgE eAgnE. Conclui-se que as ações da suplementação com L-arginina e o do exercício físico sobre a DAC são diferentes e que não interagem entre si na dose usada neste trabalho. Provavelmente, eles dependem de mudanças de plasticidade associada aos tratamentos durante o desenvolvimento cerebral
342

Nutrição, gênero e excitabilidade cerebral: potenciação da atividade elétrica, associada à depressão alastrante cortical, em ratos adultos

SILVA, Mariana Barros e 31 January 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:04:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9592_1.pdf: 1113092 bytes, checksum: bd38892a49b498f7dd9b355339ba81ad (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A depressão alastrante cortical (DAC) e a potenciação de longa duração (LTP) são fenômenos neurais relacionados com a excitabilidade do cérebro. Recentemente, descrevemos uma potenciação da atividade elétrica cortical espontânea (eletrocorticograma ECoG), in vivo, em ratos machos adultos que tinham sido submetidos à DAC (SOUZA et al, 2011; Exp. Brain Res. v. 214, p. 463 469). No entanto, não há informações disponíveis sobre esse efeito no cérebro feminino. Os hormônios ovarianos têm papel importante na excitabilidade cerebral, provocando um aumento significante na indução da DAC e da LTP. Condições favoráveis e desfavoráveis de lactação podem influenciar o desenvolvimento e parâmetros eletrofisiológicos cerebrais. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a influência do gênero (machos versus fêmeas) e de distintas condições de lactação (grandes ninhadas versus pequenas) sobre a potenciação da atividade elétrica do córtex cerebral dependente da DAC. Ratos Wistar adultos machos (M) e fêmeas (F) foram amamentados em ninhadas de 6 ou 12 filhotes (Grupos L6 e L12, com 10M e 13F em cada condição de lactação). Aos 90-120 dias de idade, foi registrado o ECoG em duas regiões parietais: anterior (a) e posterior (p), por um período contínuo de quatro horas. As duas primeiras horas do registro transcorreram sem que a DAC fosse deflagrada (Período Basal) e nas duas horas finais, a DAC foi deflagrada, a cada 20-30min, pela estimulação com KCl a 2% (Período DAC). Amostras dos registros em papel foram digitalizadas, em cada hora, e analisadas por meio de um algoritmo específico. As amplitudes do ECoG foram convertidas em unidades relativas e comparadas, no mesmo animal, antes e após a presença da DAC, como base para analisar a ocorrência da potenciação da atividade elétrica espontânea. Dois grupos controle de animais L6, de ambos os sexos, denominados DAC¯ e DAC+, foram acrescentados ao estudo: (10 machos e 7 fêmeas em cada grupo). Nos grupos DAC+ a DAC foi deflagrada nas 3 últimas horas de registro para verificar se um maior período de estimulação modificou o padrão das amplitudes do ECoG. Nos grupos DAC¯ as 4 horas do registro transcorreram sem deflagração da DAC para determinar se o tempo de registro e não a DAC influenciou as mudanças de amplitudes do ECoG. Em comparação com os valores basais, as amplitudes no período DAC aumentaram significantemente (p<0,05; Teste t pareado) no ponto a, nos grupos L6M, L6F, L12M e L12F, (aumentos de 19% a 38%), e no ponto p, apenas nos grupos L12 (aumentos de 22% e 50% para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente). Os grupos DAC+ apresentaram aumento significante nas amplitudes do ECoG no ponto a (aumentos de 27% e 34% para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente). Os grupos DAC¯, nos quais não se provocou a DAC, apresentaram amplitudes semelhantes durante as 4 horas do registro. Os resultados: (1) indicam que no rato a DAC potencia a atividade elétrica cortical in vivo , sugerindo efeito semelhante à LTP; (2) corroboram a existência de diferenças regionais no tecido cortical, quanto à potenciação; (3) sugerem que essa potenciação é modulada pela interação gênero / condição de lactação
343

Organisation of primary auditory cortex in the mouse : a topography of inputs and responses

Webb, Jonathan J. B. January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
344

Vliv hliníkové toxicity na dynamiku rostlinných kortikálních mikrotubulů / The influence of aluminum toxicity on the dynamics of plant cortical microtubules

Pohl, Jana January 2017 (has links)
Aluminium toxicity is the main factor limiting plant growth on acid soils. Aluminium inhibits root growth within few minutes after aluminium treatment. The mechanism and primary target of his action is still unknown. In this diploma thesis the effect of aluminium toxicity on dynamics of cortical microtubules WT and pldα1 plants was studied using the EB1a-GFP marker. Polymerization rate in both the transition and the elongation zone increased immediately after the aplication of aluminium. Nevertheless, microtubules in the transition zone are much more sensitive to aluminium, because the aluminium-induced increase in the polymerization rate was higher than in the elongation zone. Plants lacking PLDα1 showed higher dynamics on plus ends of cortical microtubules compared to WT during aluminium stress, which enabled them to react faster to stress stimuli. Mutants showed lower sensitivity to aluminium and 100 μM concentration of aluminium ions has beneficial effect on root growth in pldα1. These results suggest that PLDα1 influences microtubule dynamics. Microtubules in pldα1 plants were more dynamic and they polymerized faster in the response to aluminium, which was accompanied by decreased sensitivity to aluminium stress compared to WT. Changes in microtubule dynamics may play a role in aluminium...
345

Étude de l’imagerie amyloïde cérébrale et de l’élargissement des endosomes dans les cellules sanguines au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer / Analysis of brain PiB positive amyloid deposits and endosome enlargement in blood cells, in Alzheimer's disease

Corlier, Fabian 24 September 2014 (has links)
Le diagnostic de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) s’appuie sur des critères clinico-biologiques combinant un déficit de la mémoire épisodique et un marqueur biologique (dosage dans le liquide céphalorachidien, imagerie nucléaire) indicateur des changements qui signent le début de la maladie. Un phénomène biologique précoce de la maladie est la production de dépôts du peptide amyloïde dont le principal site de production à partir de son précurseur, l’APP, est le compartiment endosomal. L’apparition dans le cerveau d’endosomes élargis précède celle des dépôts amyloïdes.Nous avons analysé deux marqueurs biologiques. D’abord la charge amyloïde cérébrale par fixation du ligand [PiB] en tomographie d’émission de positrons (TEP) dans le cerveau des malades atteints d’une atrophie corticale postérieure (ACP). Puis nous avons étudié les endosomes dans les cellules périphériques (leucocytes mononucléaires et fibroblastes) de patients MA, et dans des lignées lymphoblastoïdes (LCL) d’individus porteurs d’une trisomie 21 dont 45% développent une MA à l’âge de 60 ans (contre 3 % dans la population générale), principalement en raison de la présence d’une troisième copie du gène codant l’APP, localisé sur le chromosome 21. Nos travaux montrent des profils de marquage [PiB] similaires entre la MA et l’atrophie corticale postérieure (ACP) aussi bien en intensité qu’en topographie. L’étude des endosomes montre que les modifications du compartiment endosomal sont détectables en périphérie du système nerveux central et sont corrélées au marquage des dépôts amyloïdes cérébraux. Ces altérations pourraient constituer un outil de diagnostic à partir de prélèvements sanguins. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnostic is based on clinical and biological criteria, and is dependent on impairment of the episodic memory together with a marker of the underlying pathophysiologic process. One of the earliest events in AD pathology in the brain is formation of Amyloid deposits in the extracellular space. One of the main subcellular sites of amyloid-β (Aβ) production from amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is the endosomal compartment. Appearance of endosomal abnormalities precede the formation of amyloid deposits, in the brain areas affected by disease progression in AD. In the present work we first studied brain amyloid load in patients with posterior cortical atrophy using [11C]PiB ligand retention in positron emitting tomography (PET). In a second part we studied the endosomal compartment in peripheral cells (fibroblasts and mononuclear leucocytes, PBMC) from AD patients, and in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from Down’s syndrome (DS) individuals where a third copy of amyloid-precursor-protein-coding gene located on chromosome 21 is known to initiate early Alzheimer’s pathology in most DS individuals. Our work shows similar profiles in topography and intensity of [PiB] binding in AD and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), confirming underlying AD pathology in atypical focal presentations of AD. Analysis of endosomes yielded a significant increase in the frequency of cells with large endosomes in all analyzed cell types, and mean endosome volume correlated to [PiB] binding in PBMC. This result indicates that modifications of the endosomal compartment are seen in the periphery of central nervous system and may represent diagnostic tool from blood.
346

Cortical stiffness : a gatekeeper for spindle positioning in mouse oocytes / Tension corticale et positionnement du fuseau dans l’ovocyte de souris

Chaigne, Agathe 04 July 2014 (has links)
Les divisions méiotiques sont très asymétriques en taille et génèrent une très grosse cellule, l'ovocyte, et deux petites cellules, les globules polaires. Cette asymétrie est permise par la migration du fuseau lors de la première division jusqu'au cortex le plus proche. Cette migration ne dépend pas des microbutules mais de la Myosin-II et d'un réseau de filaments d'actine nucléé par la coopération des nucléateurs de filaments droits Formin-2 et Spire1/2. Des observations préliminaires effectuées au laboratoire ont décrit un épaississement du cortex d'actine pendant la migration du fuseau, mais pourtant il avait été montré que la tension corticale, un paramètre décrivant la rigidité de l'ovocyte, diminue pendant la migration du fuseau. J'ai montré que cet épaississement est indispensable à la migration du fuseau et est nucléé par le nucléateur de filaments branchés Arp2/3, sous le contrôle de la voie Mos/MAPK. De plus, il provoque la diminution de la tension corticale en délocalisant la Myosin-II, ce qui est indispensable à la migration du fuseau. Finalement, j'ai montré que le chute de tension est un mécanisme d'amplification du déséquilibre des forces présent initialement (grâce au léger décentrage du noyau) qui déclenche la migration du fuseau. / Meiotic divisions are highly asymmetric divisions in size, generating a big cell, the oocyte, and two tiny cells, the polar bodies. This asymmetry is ensured by the migration of the first meiotic spindle to the closest cortex. This migration does not depend on microtubules but on Myosin-II and an F-actin meshwork nucleated by cooperation of straight filament nucleators Formin-2 and Spire1/2. Preliminary studies in the lab described a thickening of the F-actin cortex during spindle migration, but paradoxically cortical tension, a physical parameter describing the stiffness of the cell, drops during spindle migration. I have shown that this thickening is required for spindle migration and nucleated by the branched actin nucleator Arp2/3, under the control of the Mos/MAPK pathway. Furthermore, it promotes the decrease in cortical tension by triggering the delocalization of Myosin-II from the oocyte cortex, which is crucial for spindle migration. Finally, I have shown that the drop in cortical tension is an amplificatory mechanism to the initial unbalance of forces (due to a slight off-centered position of the nucleus) triggering the motion of the spindle.
347

Effects of dental loss and senescence on aspects of adult mandibular morphology in South Africans

Oettle, Anna Catherina January 2015 (has links)
Changes occur to the mandible with dental loss and senescence. However, the influence that these changes have on sex and ancestry estimations remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of dental loss and senescence on changes in mandibular morphology. The outcome has implications for both forensic anthropology and restorative dentistry. The study sample consisted of 717 mandibles consisting of both male and female South Africans of African (SAA) and European ancestry (SAE). To minimise the effects of variation in dentition amongst sex-ancestry groups, the sample included individuals with a spectrum of tooth loss patterns, namely efficient and inefficient occlusions as well as no occlusions. Dentition was considered efficient when the remaining teeth in occlusion were evenly distributed between the sides. Linear measurements as well as geometric morphometric shape analyses were performed. Shape analyses of the complete mandible were performed on models from digitised landmarks by using a MicroScribe G2. Detailed shape analyses of the ramus and chin area as well as measurements of the cortical thickness at specific sites were executed on images generated by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A comprehensive assessment of changes in shape, size and cortical thickness of the mandible with age and dental loss were made. Shape and size differences of the mandible were evaluated for discriminant abilities between sex and ancestry groups. Although most dimensions decreased with tooth loss, the greatest impact was noted in the loss of alveolar bone. The mandibular angle increased minimally in size when a few teeth were lost, but recovered to some extent with further tooth loss. The cortical thicknesses at the mental foramen lingually as well as in the midline in females, were relatively spared with tooth loss. Male individuals of SAA were often the most resilient to tooth loss. In general external linear dimensions were maintained with age despite tooth loss. Conversely, measurements of cortical bone thickness decreased slightly, but could have been influenced by dental loss. The shape of the chin and gonial area was more affected by aging in SAE. The sex and ancestry discriminant ability of the linear dimensions when considered collectively approximated 90%, in general improving further when tooth loss was taken into account. All linear measurements were smaller in females and in general tooth loss accentuated sex differences. SAA exhibited greater dimensions, apart from maximum ramus height, bigonial breadth and cortical thickness at the gonion. The mental tubercles were more prominent than the pogonion in SAE (square chin) and vice versa in individuals of SAA (pointed chin). The gonial area in individuals of African ancestry was broad and more convex and the gonial eversion more prominent with a more upright ramus. Discriminant qualities of the gonial shape for sex in individuals of African ancestry reached 90% within dentition groups. Ramus flexure and chin shape were not found to be useful in sex estimation. In conclusion, this research elucidated the effects of tooth loss and senescence on the morphology of the mandible for the forensic anthropological setting. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Anatomy / PhD / Unrestricted
348

Condições de lactação, exercício físico e envelhecimento na prole do rato albino: suas repercussões sobre parâmetros eletrofisiológicos cerebrais e comportamentais

OLIVEIRA, Manuella Batista de 31 January 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:04:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9412_1.pdf: 1999522 bytes, checksum: eec9c30f21feca597731b081c3e9d5cf (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Numerosas evidências têm descrito a influência do exercício físico e do estado nutricional sobre aspectos estruturais e funcionais do sistema nervoso durante o envelhecimento. Este trabalho investigou no rato albino como o exercício físico, as condições de lactação e a senescência modulam aspectos eletrofisiológicos e comportamentais do funcionamento cerebral. Ratos machos albinos Wistar foram amamentados em ninhadas com 12 (L12) ou 6 (L6) lactentes, constituindo dois grupos com condições diferentes de lactação. Esses grupos foram divididos em sedentários e exercitados em fases diferentes da vida (jovens, adultos e idosos). A propagação do fenômeno da depressão alastrante cortical (DAC) foi registrada em dois pontos da superfície do cérebro, em diferentes fases da vida, ou seja, no período pós-desmame (45-60 dias de vida nos grupos exercitados na lactação), na fase adulta (120-130 dias) e na senescência (600 a 700 dias). A condição desfavorável de lactação (L12) aumentou, e os fatores envelhecimento e exercício físico diminuíram a velocidade de propagação da DAC, com interação entre os fatores apenas nos grupos idosos. Nestes, o período no qual o exercício físico foi realizado influenciou significativamente a DAC. O estilo de vida sedentário prejudicou a memória espacial de ratos idosos e adultos independentemente das condições de lactação e o exercício reduziu estes efeitos em animais idosos de ninhadas pequenas, mas não daqueles criados em ninhadas grandes. Por outro lado, apenas animais idosos sedentários de ninhadas grandes e pequenas apresentaram memória de reconhecimento de objetos prejudicada e o exercício reduziu este efeito, independente das condições de lactação. Os resultados auxiliam na compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes à influência do exercício físico e do envelhecimento sobre funções cerebrais, associados ou não a distintas condições de lactação, durante o desenvolvimento do cérebro
349

The impact of frequency compression on cortical evoked potentials and perception

Kirby, Benjamin James 01 January 2014 (has links)
Nonlinear frequency compression is a signal processing technique used to increase the audibility of high frequency speech sounds for hearing aid users with sloping, high frequency hearing loss. However, excessive compression ratios may reduce spectral contrast between sounds and negatively impact speech perception. This is of particular concern in infants and young children, who may not be able to provide feedback about frequency compression settings. This study explores use of an objective cortical auditory evoked potential that is sensitive to changes in spectral contrast, the auditory change complex (ACC), in the verification of frequency compression parameters. We recorded ACC responses in adult listeners to a spectral ripple contrast stimulus processed with a range of frequency compression ratios (1:1 to 4:1). Vowel identification, consonant identification, speech recognition in noise (QuickSIN), and behavioral ripple discrimination thresholds were also measured under identical frequency compression conditions. In Experiment 1, these measures were completed in ten adult normal hearing individuals to determine the effects of this type of signal processing in individuals with optimal hearing. In Experiment 2, these same measures were repeated in ten adults with sloping, high frequency hearing loss, which is the clinical population for whom this signal processing technique was intended. No significant relationship of compression ratio and vowel identification was found in the normal hearing listeners, though a significant negative effect of increasing frequency compression ratio was observed in the hearing impaired group. Significant effects of compression ratio on ACC amplitude, consonant identification, ripple discrimination threshold, and speech perception in noise were found for both the normal hearing and hearing impaired groups. These results indicate that the ACC response, like speech and non-speech perceptual measures, is sensitive to frequency compression ratio. Further investigation of this technique with hearing impaired individuals is needed to determine optimal stimulus and recording parameters for the ACC in both adults and children.
350

Connectivity Gradient in the Human Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus: Intraoperative Cortico-Cortical Evoked Potential Study / ヒト左下前頭回における結合性勾配について―術中皮質刺激皮質誘発電位による研究

Nakae, Takuro 27 July 2020 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22693号 / 医博第4637号 / 新制||医||1045(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 高橋 淳, 教授 林 康紀, 教授 伊佐 正 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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