This thesis provides a tool to determine the maximum capacity, of a given power grid, when connecting distributed photovoltaic parks including the optimal allocation of the parks taking the power grid configuration into account. This tool is based on a computational model that evaluates the hosting capacity of the given grid through power flow simulations. The tool also integrates a geographic information system that links suitable land areas to nearby substations that can host photovoltaic parks. The mathematical model was tested on different cases in the municipality of Herrljunga, Sweden, where it was determined to be possible to connect 47 photovoltaic parks of 1MWp to the power grid as well as the most appropriate substations to allocate them to without the need for grid reinforcements. Additionally, the concept of grid cost allocation is presented and briefly discussed while analysing the results in relation to national energy targets.

This master’s thesis is focused on analysis of the minute cost rate for CNC machines. It describes cost inputs and a way of including them in the minute cost rate. Further describes creating of mathematical model, minute rates for entire CNC machine and possibilities of using of the minute rate for optimalisation. It points out that no general calculation method is existing and that there are problems with creating certain minute rate and need of individal approach.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Electricity Distribution Industry is riddled with tariffs. Every utility in South Africa probably uses some method for allocating cost, whether it is theoretically founded or not. There are currently over 2000 different tariffs in South Africa and the need for rationalisation has been widely recognised and acknowledged. Many of these tariffs have not been the outflow of accepted methodologies but rather a function of individual utility policy and practices. There is however a dire need to standardise such methodologies in the future. A standardised methodology might be the only way to eventually rationalise the thousands of tariffs that exist in the electricity industry. Government has emphasised the importance of tariffs to be cost reflective in the future. The only possible way to reach this objective would be to determine clear and concise methods of allocating cost that can be utilised by the entire industry. This study project describes a standardised methodology for determining the cost to supply different customer categories in an electricity distributor. The methodology offers enough flexibility not to bind any party into laboursome, complex and time consuming costing activities. It does however require that the costs of a distributor are carefully investigated and all functions performed in the utility are isolated. This is referred to as ringfencing of costs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Elektrisiteitverspreidingsbedryf het veelvuldige tariewe. Elke utiliteit in Suid-Afrika gebruik waarskynlik 'n metode vir kostetoedeling, wat nie noodwendig teoreties gebaseer is nie. Huidiglik is daar meer as 2000 verskillende tariewe in Suid-Afrika en dit word alom besef en erken dat gronde vir rasionalisering bestaan. Baie van die tariewe het nie ontstaan uit die gebruik van aanvaarbare berekeningsmetodes nie, maar was eerder die gevolg van individuele beleid en praktyke van utiliteite. Daar is 'n dringende behoefte om hierdie berekeningsmetodes in die toekoms te standardiseer. 'n Standaard metode mag die enigste manier wees om uiteindelik die duisende tariewe wat in die elektrisiteitsbedryf bestaan te rasionaliseer. Die regering het die belangrikheid dat tariewe in die toekoms koste reflekterend moet wees benadruk. Die enigste moontlike manier om hierdie doelwit te bereik, is om helder en duidelike metodes vir koste toedeling te bepaal vir gebruik deur die hele bedryf. Hierdie verhandeling beskryf 'n standaard metodologie om die koste te bepaal om verskillende klantegroepe in 'n elektrisiteitsverspreider van krag te voorsien. Die metodologie bied voldoende plooibaarheid om geen party aan arbeidintensiewe, kompleks en tydrowende kostebepalings te verbind nie. Dit vereis egter dat die koste van 'n verspreider noukeurig ondersoek word en dat alle funksies wat verrig word uitgelig word. Hierna word verwys as afbakening van kostes.

Thesis (MComm (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Universities manage their administrative and financial operations traditionally by means of cost centres in the form of faculties, departments and divisions. In these cost centres financial performance is purely measured by comparing actual expenses with drawn up budgets. During performance measurement only direct costs allocated to cost centres are taken into account. Often, indirect costs are not taken into account which leaves an erroneous impression about the real cost of a certain cost centre. However, it is of importance for education managers to take cost management into consideration as a primary tool to manage institutions of higher education. Accurate cost information is an indispensable management aid, especially in a changing and dynamic environment. During budget allocations mostly only direct costs are taken into account. This also happens when the financial performance of academic departments, faculties and other entities are measured. The utilisation of a full cost approach could add substantial value to current management information. The starting point of this study is by placing a perspective on problems arising from the utilisation of cost allocation techniques by means of a case study from which activity based costing and responsibility centre management can solve the problem. Throughout this study it was attempted to emphasise the relevance between activity based costing and responsibility centre management and the focus was on how both budget allocation models could be applied in an integrated context. During the allocation of income and indirect costs the question normally arises on which basis these components are to be allocated to faculties and departments at a university. Attention has been given to both these components to establish which method / basis is the most applicable for the allocation thereof. The aim was to generally keep cost drivers as simple as possible. The cost drivers used need to bear the approval of deans to ensure the credibility of the budget allocation model. However, cost drivers could well be investigated continually to consider their applicability against alternative cost drivers. The allocation of budget amounts to faculties stemming from the main budget of a university is normally a dilemma. Therefore, a budget allocation model has been developed taking the financial performance of faculties into consideration to determine the budget allocation of each individual faculty.

[pt] Com a implantação do novo modelo econômico nos sistemas de potência, a justa remuneração das empresas provedoras de serviços ancilares tem se tornado um assunto grande importância. O suporte de potência reativa, por se tratar também de um serviço ancilar, está inserido neste contexto. Desta forma, a factível identificação dos agentes beneficiários pelo suporte, bem como as proporções deste beneficiamento podem implicar em um mecanismo viável de remuneração para os custos de cada fonte provedora. Este trabalho apresenta um método de alocação de custos pelo suporte de potência reativa baseado nos princípios fundamentais da teoria de circuitos elétricos, buscando determinar a contribuição de potência reativa de cada fonte para cada barra de carga. Para isto, é sugerida uma modelagem de fontes de tensão, que permite levar em conta a natureza local da relação Q-V, proporcionando uma abordagem simples e clara do problema. Complementarmente é apresentado um método de alocação das perdas reativas em cada ramo de transmissão entre as fontes provedoras de potência reativa. Para validar o método proposto, são realizados testes em sistemas de potência de pequeno e médio porte, apresentado as parcelas de contribuição de cada fonte de potência reativa para cada carga, e adicionalmente para as perdas reativas em cada ramo de transmissão. Comparações são estabelecidas com um método existente, onde é constatado que o método proposto apresenta maior coerência com as propriedades elétricas dos sistemas de potência, destacando-se a verificação clara da natureza local do consumo de potência reativa. Em relação aos resultados da alocação de perdas reativas, verifica-se que o método serve como indicativo sobre o uso da rede de transmissão por parte de cada fonte de potência reativa. / [en] After implantation of power systems` new economic model, a fair remuneration strategy of ancillary services suppliers had became an important issue. Reactive power support is also an ancillary service, thus, it belongs to this context. Then, identification of service beneficiaries as well as the benefit proportions may take a feasible remuneration mechanism for each source. This work presents a reactive power support cost allocation method based on fundamental principles of circuit theory, where reactive power contribution from each source to each load is calculated. This method suggests a modeling of voltage sources, which takes into account the Q-V relationship, providing a simple and clear treatment of the problem. Additionally, a reactive loss allocation method to each branch is presented. To validate the proposed method, tests with small and medium size systems are realized. So, there are presented results of reactive power demand and transmission losses allocation into systems` sources. Comparisons with an existent method are established, when we can verify that the proposed method brings more coherence with the electrical properties of power systems and the local nature of reactive power consumption. In the other hand, results of reactive losses allocation can indicate the transmission network usage by each reactive power source.

Orientador: Saide Jorge Calil / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_LeonardoNovaesdo_M.pdf: 728894 bytes, checksum: a634cf10f92a568a1d7fcacc8a4c1797 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Embora pouco seja conhecido sobre a contribuição de equipamentos médicos no custo de atenção à saúde, eles têm sido apontados como grandes responsáveis pelo aumento nas despesas do setor de saúde. Este trabalho apresenta um método para analisar o modo como os equipamentos médico-hospitalares (EMH) consomem recursos durante os procedimentos médicos e para estimar os custos desses recursos. Focalizando o procedimento médico, o método combina o sistema de custeio baseado em atividades direcionado por tempo (Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, TDABC) e técnicas de cálculo do custo do ciclo de vida (Life-Cycle Cost) para avaliar o papel dos equipamentos médicos no processo de assistência à saúde. O método é composto de duas fases: (1) mapeamento da estrutura de consumo de recursos e (2) identificação e alocação dos custos dos recursos ao procedimento. O método só avalia os custos diretamente relacionados aos equipamentos (como acessórios, itens descartáveis e manutenção). Os resultados mostraram que a contribuição dos equipamentos no custo de um procedimento médico depende do modo que ele é usado em cada procedimento e das práticas específicas do hospital. / Abstract: Although little is known about the contribution of medical equipment to the cost of providing health care, they have been pointed out as major cause of the increase in the health sector expenditures. This study presents a method to analyze the way medical equipment consumes resources during medical procedures and to estimate the costs of these resources. Focusing the medical procedure, the method combines Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) and Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) techniques to evaluate the role of medical equipment in the process of delivering health care. The method is composed of two phases: (1) mapping of the resource consumption structure and (2) identification and allocation of resource costs to procedures. The method only evaluates the costs directly related to the equipment (such as accessories, disposables and maintenance). The results showed that the contribution of equipment to the cost of a medical procedure depends on the way it is used in each procedure and on the hospital's specific practices. / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The dissertation thesis aims to establish a complex theoretical basis for a measurement of customer's profitability which can be easily used in the practice. The main reason for that is the absence of such publication in the current academic sphere. A combination of management accounting and knowledge of banking enables to achieve the aim. The thesis itself is closely linked to the banking practice. There are derived customer's profitability indicators as modifications of the popular RAROC in which a customer margin is used instead of net profit. There is designed a simplified way of operational cost allocation. Questionnaires and interviews with senior representatives of seven Czech banks helped to identify the most significant labor-intensity factors of corporate customers. The description of principal features of risk costs and derivation of formulas for profitability variances are also the part of the thesis. The theoretical part is followed by the practical one where a contemporary banking practice of corporate customer's profitability measurement on the Czech market is explored. It identified three weak points -- cost allocation, profitability variances and one-year horizon of a calculation. At the end, the theoretical basis is applied on an existing customer portfolio and the result is compared with a currently used customer's profitability measurement.

Kiekvienai gamybinę veiklą vykdančiai ar paslaugas teikiančiai įmonei tikslus gaminamos produkcijos ar paslaugų savikainos įvertinimas pinigine reikšme yra itin svarbus klausimas. Savikainos skaičiavimų metodų ir būdų yra labai daug, jų parinkimą įmonei lemia taikomos gamybos pobūdis ir jos organizavimas, įmonės vykdoma veikla, aplinka ir kiti veiksniai. Norint teisingai apskaičiuoti produktų savikainą, visas įmonės patiriamas išlaidas pirmiausia reikia tinkamai identifikuoti, tiesiogines priskirti konkretiems gaminimas, o netiesiogines išlaidas racionaliai paskirstyti tarp numatytų objektų, kurių savikainą reikia apskaičiuoti. Tačiau pagal gamybos pobūdį parinktas savikainos kalkuliavimo metodas dažniausiai nėra pats tinkamiausias netiesioginėms išlaidoms apskaityti ir paskirstyti. Tuo tarpu autoriai tyrę ABC sistemą, savo straipsniuose pažymi, kad šiuo metu su netiesioginių išlaidų paskirstymo užduotimi geriausiai susidoroja būtent ABC metodas. Norint pasinaudoti pagal gamybos pobūdį parinkto metodo (šiuo atveju procesinio fazinio metodo) ir ABC sistemos privalumais susiduriama su problema: mokslinėje literatūroje procesinis ir ABC produkcijos kalkuliavimo metodai pateikiami atskirai, neanalizuojama galimybė šiuos metodus sujungti į vieną savikainos kalkuliavimo modelį. Darbo objektas – procesinio fazinio ir ABC savikainos kalkuliavimo metodų ypatybės bei privalumai. Darbo tikslas – sukurti savikainos skaičiavimo modelį, kuris leistų tiksliai ir efektyviai apskaičiuoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Exact value of production or service costs is important issue for all manufacturing or service companies. There are many methods and approaches of costing. The mode of production, the organization of production, company activities, environment and other factors influence method to use for production costing. In order to get correct calculation of production costs, all costs incurred by company firstly must be properly indentified, direct costs should be assigned, overhead allocated to objects which cost must be calculated. However, method of calculation chosen by nature of the production is not most appropriate for accounting and allocating indirect costs. Meanwhile the authors, who analyzed the ABC system, points out that ABC method the indirect cost allocation task handle most notably. In order to use benefits of ABC method and method chosen by nature of production (in this case process phase costing method) encountered a problem: process costing and ABC methods are presented separately into science or professional literature, no one does not examine the possibility to use these two methods in single production costs calculation model. The object – features and benefits of process phase costing and ABC methods. The aim – to design a costing model which can accurately and effectively calculate the direct cost of products, rationally allocate cost of company activities to production. The objectives: • To analyze the nuances of choice cost calculation method by company... [to full text]

[pt] O objetivo desta monografia é investigar a aplicação de distintas metodologias de alocação de energia firme de usinas hidrelétricas através da teoria dos jogos de coalizão. Mostra-se que não existe uma maneira ótima, única, de se fazer esta repartição, mas existem critérios para verificar se uma metodologia de repartição específica apresenta algum aspecto inadequado. Um desses critérios é a justiça. Mostra-se que este critério equivale a pertencer ao chamado núcleo de um jogo cooperativo. O cálculo da energia firme será formulado como um problema de otimização linear e serão investigadas vantagens e desvantagens de distintos métodos de alocação (a benefícios marginais, geração média no período crítico, última adição e nucleolus). Em seguida será desenvolvida uma aplicação do esquema Aumann-Shapley (AS) à repartição da energia firme de usinas hidrelétricas. Demonstra-se que além de robusto em relação aos tamanhos dos recursos e eficiente computacionalmente, este método fornece para o problema do firme uma alocação pertencente ao núcleo e, portanto, atende à condição de justiça. A aplicação do esquema AS será apresentada para o Sistema Brasileiro e serão comparados os resultados obtidos por este método com outros esquemas de alocação adotados no Sistema Hidrelétrico Brasileiro. / [en] The objective of this work is to investigate the application of different methodologies of allocation of firm energy rights among hydro plants using a gametheoretic framework. It is shown that there is not an optimal and unique approach to make this allocation but there are criteria to verify if a given approach presents any inadequate aspect. One of these criteria is the justice, or fairness. It is shown that this criterion is equivalent to the condition of the core of a cooperative game. The calculation of the firm energy will be formulated as a linear program and advantages/disadvantages of different allocation methods (marginal allocation, average production on the dry period, incremental allocation and nucleolus) will be investigated. Next, an application of the Aumann-Shapley (AS) scheme to the problem of allocation of firm energy rights will be developed. It is shown that, besides being robust and computationally efficient, this scheme provides an allocation that belongs to the core of the game and therefore meets the condition of justice. The AS scheme will be applied to the Brazilian system (composed of about 100 hydro plants) and the results obtained will be compared with the allocation schemes currently adopted in the Brazilian system.

This thesis is focused on ICT costs monitoring and controlling among enterprises, whose purpose is to maximize their market value and to achieve a profit by selling products or offering services and simultaneously these enterprises neither do operate in ICT industry nor banking and similar industries. Purpose of this thesis is to help responsible users with better understanding of causes where and why enterprise ICT cost origin. For this purpose there is formed a pattern for ICT costs monitoring and controlling. This pattern comes into use in enterprises in cases when it is necessary to discover true costs of ICT. The pattern is further convenient for costs controlling and budgeting and it could serve as a basis for ICT cost-effectiveness evaluation. Additional asset of this thesis would be an introduction of cost allocation methods, a software costs categorization in view of an acquiring form, and a description of appropriate budgeting methods.