The full cost of climate change is not accounted for in today’s financial reporting. Today’s sustainability reporting mainly consists of disclosures which do not affect any financial statement. If externalities were accounted for it would help stakeholders become aware of companies’ true sustainability. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and describe ways for companies to account for their climate impact, in general and by incorporating externalities into the financial statements. A qualitative method is used in the form of a descriptive case study with a Swedish perspective. The study is based on interviews with accountants and company representatives who work actively with sustainability reporting issues. The main finding of the study is that the best way to account for negative externalities is to use full cost accounting. However, it is difficult to use in practice since monetising externalities is difficult. The currently most used frameworks (the GRI guidelines and the GHG Protocol) account for externalities to some extent, but have no connection to financial reporting. An evolving framework within integrated reporting has the potential to increase the connection between the current disclosures in sustainability reports and financial reporting. So far the best solution to account for externalities is to separately account for taxes, fees and cap-and-trade since externalities are internalised in these costs. The effects of accounting for negative externalities will differ depending on the degree of climate impact the company has. It will also depend on how far down the value-chain emissions are accounted for. It will nevertheless be an incentive to reduce climate impact and act as a management tool. / Den fulla kostnaden av klimatförändringar redovisas inte i dagens finansiella redovisning. Dagens hållbarhetsredovisning består mestadels av upplysningar som inte påverkar några finansiella rapporter. Om externaliteter redovisades skulle det hjälpa intressenter att bli medvetna om företags verkliga hållbarhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera och beskriva sätt för företag att redovisa sin klimatpåverkan. Både generellt och i de finansiella rapporterna. En kvalitativ metod används i form av en beskrivande fallstudie med svenskt perspektiv. Studien är baserad på intervjuer med redovisningskonsulter och företagsrepresentanter som arbetar aktivt med frågor som rör hållbarhetsredovisning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen av studien är att det bästa sättet att redovisa negativa externaliteter är att använda full cost accounting. Dock är det svårt att använda i praktiken eftersom det är svårt att monetärisera externaliteter. De för närvarande mest använda ramverken (GRIs riktlinjer och GHG Protocol) inkluderar till viss del externaliteter, men har ingen koppling till finansiella rapporter. Ett ramverk inom integrerad rapportering är under utveckling och det kan potentiellt öka kopplingen mellan upplysningarna i hållbarhetsredovisningar och finansiell rapportering. Den hittills bästa lösningen för att redovisa externaliteter är att separat redovisa miljöskatter, avgifter och handel med utsläppsrätter eftersom externaliteter internaliseras i dessa kostnader. Effekterna av att redovisa negativa externaliteter kommer att bero på företagets grad av klimatpåverkan. Det kommer också att bero på hur långt ner i värdekedjan utsläpp redovisas. Det kommer oavsett att bli ett incitament för att minska klimatpåverkan och fungera som ett verktyg för förvaltning och styrning av företaget.

Tyrimo objektas - išlaidų apskaitos sistemos Tyrimo tikslas - palyginti ribinę, absorbcinę ir ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemas ir pagrįsti netiesioginių išlaidų paskirstymui naudingiausią išlaidų apskaitos sistemą. Uždaviniai: išstudijuoti teorinius valdymo apskaitos sistemų pagrindus; nustatyti ribinės, absorbcinės ir ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemų skirtumus, privalumus bei trūkumus; pagrįsti ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemos taikymo tikslingumą, skirstant netiesiogines išlaidas. Tyrimo metodai – Lietuvių bei užsienio autorių darbų išlaidų apskaitos sistemų klausimais analizė, grafinis, palyginimo, anketinė apklausa. / The object of research – cost accounting systems. The aim of research – to compare absorption, variable, activity-based systems and substantiate indirect costs dispensation most useful cost accounting system. The objectives of the work : explore theoretical managerial cost accounting systems; to identify the variable, absorption and activity-based cost accounting systems differences, advantages and disadvantages; to substantiate activity-based system used expediency, distributive of indirect costs. These methods were used while writing the work: Lithuanian and foreign authors work on cost accounting systems literature collection, analysis, graphic and question airing.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 56-57).

M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis (M. COM. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Cost accounting has been seen as one of the most effective management tools in strengthening an organisation’s performance through effective decision making and systematic cost accounting formulation and implementation. Although cost accounting was more prevalent in the private sector and public sector, it is still insubstantial and unpopular in African traditional healing in the sense that there is limited literature or evidence that supports the use of cost accounting in African traditional healing. The main aim of this the study is to examine the need of cost accounting practices in African traditional healing and the reason for its partial application. In so doing, this requires examining the necessity of cost accounting practices’ adoption to improve product and service pricing in African traditional healing, examine the reasons for the partial application of cost accounting practices in African traditional healing and to suggest or recommend how the adoption of cost accounting practices can improve product and service pricing in African traditional healing. This research was undertaken with the traditional healers in the Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality. Data were collected through the focus group interview which was conducted with African traditional healers. One focus group interview was conducted with seven African traditional healers consisting of six females and one male participant. The research findings revealed that there is a need to facilitate decisions in traditional healing through cost accounting principles regarding the appropriate costing of products and services of the traditional healers through the provision of accurate cost accounting information in traditional healing. However, there were also a number of factors that encouraged traditional healers to use cost accounting in the context of African Traditional Healing and have confidence in integrated cost accounting in traditional healing.

M.Tech. (Department of Cost and Management Accountancy, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / General engineering is characterised by its ability to manufacture and service a number of diverse products. Companies that manufacture various products can only measure costs accurately by using a job-order costing system whereby costs such as material, labour and overheads can be recorded. General engineering companies in Southern Gauteng supply precision manufactured components and services to the petrochemical, mining and steel manufacturing industries. When submitting a tender to a prospective client, companies often rely on informal methods such as “hearsay benchmarking”. Traditional costing methods are often ignored. Due to the competitive environment as well as to ensure sustainability, companies have to ensure that their pricing structures are efficient. The review of literature and research seem to indicate that companies often neglect cost accounting and often use methods that are obsolete and no longer relevant to the changing manufacturing environment. The main objective of this study was to explore the extent to which general engineering companies in Southern Gauteng are employing cost accounting methods. The study focused on the current methods and their relevance and effectiveness in providing the information required by the users to maintain a competitive edge in the market and still conduct a sustainable business. The research was conducted on the general engineering companies within Gauteng South. A literature study on cost accounting methods was undertaken, focusing primarily on cost accounting methods used by engineering companies involved in the manufacturing and servicing of diverse products. The empirical study was carried out in two phases: • A case study on a reputable general engineering company. • A survey was done on the cost accounting methods used by other general engineering companies. The study adopted a quantitative approach. The case study was used as a benchmark to draw up the structured questionnaire that was used to survey 91 general engineering companies that were selected using purposive sampling. The questionnaire embodied four sections; A, B, C and D. Section A requested general information and the demographic profile of the respondents. Section B invited views on cost accounting methods applicable to the general engineering environment. Section C gathered information regarding cost accounting methods currently used in the company. Section D examined the relevance and effectiveness of costing methods in decision making. Questionnaires were delivered by hand to owners and managers who are responsible for the costing methods at the designated general engineering companies. The study found that the respondents had a good understanding of the costing methods applicable to the general engineering environment. Although respondents had a good understanding of costing methods, the implementation thereof at their organisations was still wanting in some areas. Significant differences between companies’ views on costing methods their relevance and effectiveness and the methods they currently use were found. When companies were categorised according to their turnover it was evident that turnover did play role in the companies’ views on costing methods and their relevance and effectiveness in decision making. Those with a higher turnover had relatively more costing methods and systems in place.

Problem statement: Management accounting is not given enough emphasis, at the board level, as a provider of timely and relevant information to facilitate the execution of good corporate governance. Without management accounting information corporations in Botswana may find it difficult to create sustainable corporate governance. Methodology:A questionnaire was used to investigate the use of management accounting tools by the directors in the target organisations.The researchwas carried out among listed companies on the stock exchange and the parastatal organisations in Botswana. Main findings: Most directors in the organisations don‟t emphasise the use of management accounting in decision making.Management accountants have also failed to provide theinformation at board level. Conclusion:To execute their duties efficiently, directorsmay need to call for more management accounting reports from the senior management level up to the board level and regularly use them to facilitate their decision making. / Management Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study project investigates the existing theoretical foundations of cost accounting, evaluating new cost accounting techniques and exploring the possibility of integrating cost accounting techniques with behavioural science techniques, into a system which will address classic corporate cost accounting dilemmas. Costing can be broken down into two major disciplines: Cost accounting for management and control purposes, and cost accounting for decision making. This study project will focus critically on cost allocation techniques which form the foundation for all cost related performance measurement and cost analyses techniques, which in turn finally form the justification for all decisions made in the company. This study project will attempt to define a new concept called "matrix costing", which entails the integration of various cost allocation techniques into a system, which will be integrated with existing financial accounting systems, while specifically addressing the issue of income allocation for profitability analyses. This will be accomplished by drawing knowledge from the behavioural sciences. This study project is a combination of a literature review and exploratory review of a proposed new concept. It stops short of researching the validity of "matrix costing" as an alternative costing technique. It does, however, lay the theoretical foundations to explore this topic further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studieprojek ondersoek die bestaande teoretiese beginsels van kosteberekening, evalueer nuwe kosteberekeningtegnieke en ondersoek die moontlikheid om kosteberekening te integreer met die gedragswetenskappe, met die doel om klassieke korporatiewe kosteberekeningdilemmas op te los. Kosteberekening kan in twee hoofdissiplines verdeel word: Kosteberekening vir bestuur- en beheerdoeleindes, en kosteberekening vir besluitnemingsdoeleindes. Hierdie studieprojek sal krities op die koste-allokasietegnieke fokus, wat die basis vorm vir alle kosteprestasiemeting en koste-analiesetegnieke, wat uiteindelik veronderstel is om alle besluite in die organisasie te regverdig. Hierdie studieprojek sal ook poog om 'n nuwe konsep te definieer, naamlik "matrikskosteberekening". Matriks-kosteberekening behels die integrasie van verskeie koste-allokasietegnieke om 'n nuwe stelsel te vorm, wat met bestaande rekeningkundige stelsels sal integreer, met die doel om die dilemma van inkomste allokasie aan te spreek vir die doeleindes van winsgewendheidsanalise. Dit sal vermag word deur gebruik te maak van kennis verkry uit die gedragswetenskappe. Die studieprojek is 'n kombinasie van 'n literatuuroorsig en 'n verkennende oorsig van die voorgestelde konsep. Die studieprojek sal nie die geldigheid van matrikskosteberekening as 'n alternatief op huidige kosterekeningtegnieke navors nie. Dit sal wel die teoretiese basis daarstel vir die verdere verkenning van die onderwerp.

The study of the full cost method of accounting for finding costs in the petroleum industry is significant because it offers a unique opportunity to examine and emerging accounting practice and will indicate some of the reasons for a shift in the reporting practices of a portion of the industry.

Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar se as informações obtidas através dos distintos conceitos e definições de overhead, apresentadas pela academia, possuem as características qualitativas fundamentais (relevância e representação fidedigna) e de melhoria da informação contábil (comparabilidade, verificabilidade, tempestividade e compreensibilidade). Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se identificar se os autores pesquisados apresentam a origem do termo e a sua utilidade, além de verificar qual a abordagem utilizada na elaboração de seus conceitos e definições de overhead. A pesquisa identificou que dentre as vinte e duas obras analisadas que apresentaram definição ou conceito sobre o termo, 55% delas consideram o overhead como sinônimo de custos indiretos e também que, a informação gerada a partir dessas definições não possui as características qualitativas da informação contábil. Os demais trabalhos (45%) apresentaram definições distintas como, por exemplo, despesas relacionadas às pessoas de uma organização ou custos relativos às atividades de natureza preponderantemente administrativas, definições essas que possuíam as características qualitativas da informação contábil. Em nenhum dos trabalhos consultados encontrou-se a origem de tal termo e em apenas um deles, um trabalho de Administração, foi apresentada a sua utilidade. Constatou-se também que a maior parte dos trabalhos embasa a definição de overhead na relação desse com a entidade objeto de custeio, classificada nesse estudo como Abordagem Relacional. / This study aims to determine whether information obtained through the different concepts and definitions of overhead presented by the academy, hold the fundamental qualitative characteristics (relevance and faithful representation) and improvement characteristics of accounting information (comparability, verifiability, timeliness and understandability). The specific objectives sought to identify whether the authors have investigated the origin of the term and its usefulness, and perceive which approach they used in the development of their concepts and definitions. This research identified that among the twenty-two works that had presented the concept or definition of the term, 55% of them consider it as a synonym for indirect costs and the information generated from these definitions does not have the qualitative characteristics of accounting information. The remaining studies (45%) had distinct definitions, for example, people related costs or costs related primarily to administrative activities, these definitions does have the qualitative characteristics of accounting information. In none of the studies the origin of the term has been found and only in one, a Management text, was presented its usefulness. It has also found that most of the work underpinning the definition of overhead relates it to the entity object costing, classified in this study as Relational Approach.