The purpose of this study was to compare the legal costs of Texas public school districts during the school years 1980-81, 1981-82, and 1982-83 with the preventive law practices utilized by those districts. A survey was made of Texas superintendents' knowledge of school law. The data were contrasted with legal costs and the preventive law practices of the district. Two survey instruments were developed, and the case study approach was utilized. A survey was sent to the 1,101 Texas public school superintendents. The twenty-five item instrument was designed to solicit information regarding the amount of money spent by districts and the types of preventive law practices that school districts use to reduce legal costs. A legal awareness questionnaire was developed and administered to 72 of the 542 superintendents who responded to the first survey instrument. Three school districts were selected to be case study sites. The data from the instruments were analyzed to determine if a relationship existed between a district's legal costs and its preventive law practices, a district's legal costs and the superintendent's knowledge of school law, and a superintendent's knowledge of school law and the district's preventive law practices. The major conclusions of the study were as follows: (1) The larger the school district, the more money the district spends on legal costs. (2) Districts that incorporate preventive law activities do not necessarily have lower legal costs. (3) The differences in legal costs of a district and the types of preventive law activities utilized by the district are generally associated with district size, rather than with the absence of presence of the specific preventive law activity. (4) The legal knowledge possessed by the superintendent does not have an impact on the legal costs of the district. (5) The superintendent's knowledge of school law does not affect the number of preventive law activities used in the district.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 1978 / Bibliography: leaves 149-150. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering

Study project (MEcon) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment explains the search for a mechanism that can increase tourism flow by improved utilisation of airline capacity. The inherent characteristics of air transport indicate that the industry is subject to low short term marginal costs and that it is very tempting to award discount tariffs for last minute bookings. The challenge to management is to attract new passengers with discount tariffs without loosing full tariff passengers. Travel clubs are one of the mechanisms that are utilised to achieve aforementioned objective. These clubs offer mainly discount tariffs on hotel accommodation, car hire and airline tickets to their members. The acceptability of a travel club that applies restricting measures such as for example short notice periods, adaptable depart and return dates and shortened lead times have been tested in the South African market. The majority of respondents surveyed were in favour of such a travel club. An important finding is that South Africans are prepared to travel in a chosen month but that the travel dates within that month are adaptable in exchange for discount tariffs. The research also indicate that the availability of funds was decisive in the decision to travel or not to travel over seas. In order to overcome this problem the introduction of a providence account is recommended as part of the travel club's products. The challenge for the travel club is thus to consolidate the demand and to match it with the excess airline capacity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk beskryf die soeke na 'n meganisme wat toerismevloei kan verhoog deur die verbeterde kapasiteitsbenutting van lugvervoer. Die inherente kenmerke van lugvervoer toon dat die bedryf onderhewig is aan lae korttermyn marginale koste en dat die versoeking groot is om afslagtariewe vir op die nippertjie besprekings toe te staan. Die uitdaging vir die bestuur is om nuwe passasiers met afslagtariewe te lok sonder om voltariefpassasiers prys te gee. Reisklubs is een van die meganismes wat gebruik word om die voorgenoemde doelwit te bereik. Hierdie klubs bied hoofsaaklik afslagtariewe op hotelverblyf, motorhuur en vliegtuigkaartjies aan hul lede. Die aanvaarbaarheid van 'n reisklub wat beperkende rnaatreels soos, byvoorbeeld, kort kennisgewingstydperke, aanpasbare vertrek en terugkeer datums en verkorte leityd toepas, is in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark getoets. Die meerderheid van respondente in die ondersoek was ten gunste van so 'n reisklub. 'n 8elangrike bevinding is dat Suid-Afrikaners bereid is om in 'n gekose maand te reis, maar dat die spesifieke reisdatums in daardie maand aanpasbaar is in ruil vir afslagtariewe. Die navorsing toon ook dat die beskikbaarheid van fondse deurslaggewend is in die besluit om oorsee te reis of nie. Om hierdie probleem te oorkom word die instelling van 'n voorsieningsrekening aanbeveel as dee I van die reisklub se produkte. Die uitdaging aan die reisklub is dus om die vraag te konsolideer en dan af te stem op die oormaatkapasiteit van die lugrederye.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T19:23:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiragomes.pdf: 1378975 bytes, checksum: acfbbb683eac1c9cda51ec90f2c5c8a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-24T16:51:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiragomes.pdf: 1378975 bytes, checksum: acfbbb683eac1c9cda51ec90f2c5c8a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T16:51:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiragomes.pdf: 1378975 bytes, checksum: acfbbb683eac1c9cda51ec90f2c5c8a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / O Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia (EPE, 2010) apresenta a expansão da oferta (ainda não contratada) 100% atrelada à geração de energia baseada em fontes renováveis: hidrelétricas, eólicas e termelétricas com queima de biomassa. O incentivo a uma maior participação de fontes renováveis na matriz energética é uma atitude louvável do governo brasileiro que, de alguma forma, tenta minimizar a expansão contratada nos leilões de energia nova até o ano de 2008, fortemente baseada em termelétricas a óleo combustível. A maioria das hidrelétricas viáveis para o período está localizada na Região Amazônica e devido a restrições socioambientais não há previsão de implantação de usinas com reservatórios de regularização das vazões afluentes. A maior participação de hidrelétricas de grande porte sem reservatórios implica em consequências diversas para a operação do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), tais como: menor manobra para controle de cheias; maior exigência dos reservatórios; e maior despacho termelétrico para atender às exigências sazonais da carga. Além disso, impactos comerciais podem ser vislumbrados, como maior volatilidade do Preço de Liquidação de Diferenças, aumento dos riscos hidrológicos de usinas participantes do MRE e maior despacho de usinas termelétricas por ordem de mérito econômico. O presente trabalho analisa problemas como a diminuição da capacidade de regularização plurianual dos reservatórios e a necessidade do aumento da participação térmica a fim de conservar a segurança energética do SIN. Utiliza o modelo NEWAVE para examinar diversos cenários de vazões afluentes, baseadas em séries hidrológicas históricas e sintéticas, analisando panoramas futuros e desdobramentos do mercado de energia. Ademais, realiza estudos quanto à opção da expansão da oferta de energia por grandes hidrelétricas a fio d’água em detrimento de usinas com reservatórios de regularização, para isso realiza simulações modificando as características físicas da UHE Jirau de forma a comparar os resultados entre as alternativas. / The Ten-year Plan for Expansion of Energy (EPE, 2010) presents the expansion of offer (not auctioned) 100% tied to power generation based on renewable sources: hydro, wind and thermal power plants with biomass burning. Encouraging greater participation in renewable energy sources is a commendable attitude of the Brazilian government that somehow tries to minimize the expansion contracted in the auctions of new energy by the year 2008, based heavily on fuel oil fired plants. Most hydroelectric ventures considered viable for the period is located in the Amazon region and due to social and environmental restrictions there is no provision for deployment of power plants with reservoirs of regularization of inflows. The high participation of large hydroelectric without reservoirs implies in several consequences for the operation of the National Interconnected System (SIN), such as reduced availability of maneuvers for flood control; a higher demand of the existing reservoirs; and order more frequently thermoelectric power plants to achieve the seasonal demands of the load. Moreover, trade impacts can be envisioned, such as increased volatility of the Settlement Price Differences, increased risks of hydrological plants participating in the MRE and higher order of power plants in order of economic merit. This paper analyzes problems such as decreased ability to multi-annual adjustment of the reservoirs and the need for increased participation in order to conserve thermal energy security of the SIN. Uses NEWAVE model to examine different scenarios of inflows based on historical hydrological series and synthetic overviews analyzing future market developments and energy. Moreover, studies carried out on the option of expanding the supply of energy by large dams to trickle over plants with reservoirs of regularization, for it carries out simulations by modifying the physical characteristics of UHE Jirau in order to compare the results among the alternatives.

Le calcul des coûts des séjours et des pathologies peut être abordé selon différentes perspectives :les coûts à charge des systèmes sociaux, des patients ou des hôpitaux. La thèse est centrée sur cette dernière approche.<p>Les DRGs représentent la tentative la plus récente de maîtriser la croissance des dépenses des hôpitaux en introduisant une médicalisation partielle des mécanismes de financement.<p>La connaissance des coûts des pathologies peut permettre aux hôpitaux de participer à l’élaboration des tarifs par pathologie en faisant partie d’un échantillon de référence des coûts hospitaliers. En cas de financement basé sur les pathologies, les hôpitaux doivent pouvoir comparer le coût des séjours au chiffre d’affaires octroyé et s’y adapter. Cet intérêt s’accroît en cas de financement forfaitaire, évolution qui semble se profiler en Belgique tout comme dans d’autres pays. En décrivant une méthodologie de calcul des coûts par pathologie et en indiquant la manière dont ceux-ci pourraient contribuer à la création d’une échelle de cost-weights, notre thèse incite les hôpitaux à adopter une politique proactive dans le domaine du financement des hôpitaux. <p>Les comparaisons de coûts hospitaliers pour évaluer la gestion sont pratiquées depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant, ce « benchmarking » est imparfait car il ne prend pas en compte la lourdeur des patients pris en charge. La standardisation des coûts sur base du case-mix de l’hôpital suppose un préalable important :l’existence d’une échelle de cost-weights issue d’un échantillon représentatif d’hôpitaux. Si cette situation n’est pas encore totalement rencontrée en Belgique, il est néanmoins possible de suggérer une voie de réflexion. La simulation inspirée de la méthodologie suisse à partir d’un échantillon de quatre hôpitaux belges présentée dans le cadre de cette thèse, est une première avancée en ce sens. <p>Un des problèmes majeurs de la gestion hospitalière est d’intéresser les prescripteurs et les prestataires à un contrôle de gestion essentiellement financier. Depuis quelques années, de nombreux efforts visent à intégrer de nouveaux indicateurs de performance dans les tableaux de bord. L’analyse des coûts des pathologies et de la variabilité des cas permet d’entamer un dialogue entre gestionnaire et corps médical. En abordant différentes études (apport des nomenclatures dans le calcul des coûts par pathologie, mesure des coûts associés aux bactériémies nosocomiales, analyse des facteurs médico-sociaux expliquant les surcoûts des patients outliers, analyse de la relation entre le coût et la sévérité des cas, comparaison des coûts de production et des pratiques médicales), nous avons voulu montrer l’importance d’associer une approche médicalisée à des raisonnements économiques. Si elle se développe, cette approche est susceptible de représenter un moyen de communication idéal entre le personnel médical et soignant et le monde de la gestion. <p>Comme nous le rappelions au début de cette thèse, les concepteurs des DRGs (Fetter et Thompson) ont regretté le manque d'intérêt manifesté par les gestionnaires d'hôpitaux pour l'utilisation de leur concept dans le management hospitalier. Au terme de cette thèse, nous pensons que, si l'analyse des coûts par pathologie reste encore d'un abord difficile, elle peut rendre d'importants services en associant médecins et managers à l'élaboration d'un contrôle de gestion enfin adapté à la spécificité de leurs institutions.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this research project is to report on a comprehensive organizational audit of the Urgent Care Service of Desert Valley Medical Group in Victorville, California.