L'objectif principal de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) est la mise en conformité des arrangements commerciaux entre les États ou groupes d'États avec les dispositions de l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC)notamment l'introduction de la réciprocité dans les relations commerciales entre l'Union européenne (UE) et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP).La signature de l'Accord de partenariat économique par certains pays ACP, suscite encore à l'heure actuelle des critiques sur les effets de la suppression des préférences commerciales dont dépendent de nombreux pays ACP. / The main purpose of te economic partnership agreement (EPA) is to make the commercial settlements between states or groupe of states cumply with the clauses of the World Trade Organization (WTO) namely the introduction of the principle of the reciprocity in the commercial relations between the European Union (EU)and the African, Caribbean and Pacifique states (ACP).The signing of the economic partnership agreement by some ACP countries,still currently sparks of critisims upon the consequences deriving from the revocation of trade preferences, of wich numerous countries are dependent on.

Cette thèse de doctorat analyse les inégalités écologiques dans les villes africaines, à travers l’exemple de Cotonou au Bénin, à l’aune du choléra. En tant que pathologie liée à l’exposition à un environnement insalubre, le choléra constitue un marqueur pertinent des inégalités écologiques, qu’il s’agisse d’inégalités d’exposition aux nuisances environnementales, d’accès aux aménités urbaines, de pouvoir d’interpellation de la puissance publique face aux nuisances environnementales ou de participation aux projets environnementaux. A travers l’approche par « effet de lieu », nous avons montré que l’incidence différentielle du choléra entre les arrondissements et les quartiers de Cotonou est liée non seulement à l’effet combiné du milieu et des profils socio-économiques, aux pratiques sociales, mais aussi aux politiques publiques, inspirées parfois des recommandations internationales dans le domaine de l’environnement, et qui occultent le contexte socio-politique local. / This doctoral thesis analyses the ecological inequalities in the african cities, by focusing on the example of Cotonou in Benin, with regard to cholera. As a pathology related to the exposure to an unhealthy environment, cholera forms a relevant marker of the ecological inequalities under all their forms: whether they are inequalities of exposure to the environmental nuisances, access to urban amenities, capacity to question the public power as far as environmental nuisances are concerned or participation in environmental projects. Through the approach by “effect of place”, we showed that the differential incidence of the cholera between the districts of Cotonou is related not only to the combined effect of the environment and the socio-economic profiles, social practices, but also with the public policies, inspired sometimes of the international recommendations in the field of the environment, and that overlook the socio-political local context.

À la frontière de l’anthropologie économique et de la sociologie urbaine, cette thèse de doctorat étudie le mode de fonctionnement et l’impact de la filière transnationale d’exportation de véhicules d’occasion sur l’un de ses principaux axes :la route commerciale reliant Bruxelles à Cotonou.<p>La première partie de la thèse propose une description minutieuse des différentes étapes suivies par les véhicules le long de la filière commerciale ainsi qu’une typologie des acteurs de l’activité. Cette description est notamment l’occasion d’une discussion critique des couples d’analyse formel/informel, légal/illégal habituellement mobilisés pour décrire ce type d’activité commerciale.<p>La seconde partie de la thèse est centrée sur la dimension spatiale de l’activité. L’approche est construite autour du concept de place marchande entendu comme un outil économique essentiel dans la « production » de la marchandise véhicule d’occasion. Pour que les nombreuses voitures rendues disponibles en Europe puissent être transformées en biens consommables, et mises en relation avec la demande africaine, il est nécessaire qu’elles soient rassemblées en un marché. C’est cette fonction que la place marchande parvient à remplir en combinant les impératifs d’éclatement et de concentration.<p>La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée aux acteurs de l’activité. En particulier aux importateurs de véhicules qui incarnent la dimension transnationale de la filière commerciale. C’est dans la comparaison entre importateurs béninois et libanais que s’est construite l’analyse des pratiques économiques et du profil migratoire de ces importateurs. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

With the banking sector showing remarkable growth in Ghana, it is a probable target for liberalisation by the European Union to enable their banks to enter this market. The author addresses the following research questions: (1) What are the possible outcomes of increased foreign participation through commercial presence upon liberalising the banking sector under Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)? (2) Which recognised human rights, that Ghana has an obligation to respect, could be affected by liberalising the banking sector in Ghana under EPAs? (3) What are the outcomes of liberalising the banking sector on poverty reduction and development in Ghana? / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr K.K.K. Ampofo, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The member states of European Union (EU) and a group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states are currently negotiating for new trading agreements compatible with World Trade Organization‘s (WTO) rules. Whereas both the EU and the ACP states are in agreement that the new trading arrangements must be WTO compatible, there is no consensus on the format of the new trading agreements. The EU has insisted that the new trading arrangements should be in the form of free trade agreements, established under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Unlike the previous EU – ACP trade agreements which were non – reciprocal, Article XXIV requires that the new trading agreements should be reciprocal. Consequently the EU has gone ahead to negotiate for reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with some of the ACP states. Some ACP countries which are opposed to reciprocity have proposed that the new trading arrangements should be established under the provisions of Enabling Clause. Others have suggested that EU should attempt to apply for a WTO waiver. The Cotonou Agreement, under which the new trading agreements are being negotiated, provides that in case of those countries which are not ready to negotiate for EPAs, the EU should examine alternative possibilities, in order to provide these countries with a new framework for trade which is equivalent to their existing situation and in conformity with WTO rules. So far no alternative trading arrangements have been proposed. Although some ACP countries have agreed to negotiate for Economic Partnership Agreements under article XXIV of GAAT, there is no consensus on the interpretation of key provisions of Article XXIV. Under Article XXIV, the parties are required to remove substantially all trade barriers between themselves within reasonable time. The meaning of the phrases 'substantially all' and 'reasonable time‘ has remained controversial with each party giving an interpretation that favours its interests. Lack of consensus on the meaning of these phrases has hindered the conclusion of negotiations for EPAs. In a nutshell, the question of WTO compatibility presents the biggest hurdle to the conclusion of the new trading arrangements between the EU and the ACP group. This paper is an evaluation of the options available to the ACP countries to conclude WTO compatible trading arrangements with the EU. Chapter one of this paper is an introductory chapter which offers an overview of the entire paper. Chapter two sets out in details the historical background of the economic relationship between the EU and the ACP states. This chapter illustrates the historical background from which the new trading agreements have evolved to help the reader understand certain key features of the current economic partnership agreements. Chapter three looks at the GATT/WTO provisions relevant to the establishment of WTO compatible trading arrangements between EU and ACP countries. Particular emphasis is placed on Article XXIV, the Enabling Clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter four is the main chapter in which the paper explores the possibilities of concluding WTO compatible trading agreements under Article XXIV, Enabling clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter five draws the conclusions of this paper. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

<p>The EPA&rsquo / s will have an impact on regional integration in Africa, especially in the SADC region. The region has been split between the SADC and ESA EPA configuration therefore impacting on regional integration objectives set out under the SADC Trade Protocol.The EPA&rsquo / s will be concluded separately with six of the sub groupings under the ACP grouping. With the EU-SADC EPA negotiations has come a problem of overlapping of membership of the different regions which has created confusion and conflicts. Members of Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) did not all enter into the EU-SADC EPA has one. The EU-SADC EPA configuration consists of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania. The rest of the SADC member states are negotiating with the EU-ESA configuration. With South Africa having been allowed into the negotiations, its role should be examined and what it can contribute to the negotiations. Another conflict that has been created is the fact that South Africa has its own bilateral agreement with the EU thus putting stain on the trade relationship between South African and the rest of the SADC countries.</p>

<p>The EPA&rsquo / s will have an impact on regional integration in Africa, especially in the SADC region. The region has been split between the SADC and ESA EPA configuration therefore impacting on regional integration objectives set out under the SADC Trade Protocol.The EPA&rsquo / s will be concluded separately with six of the sub groupings under the ACP grouping. With the EU-SADC EPA negotiations has come a problem of overlapping of membership of the different regions which has created confusion and conflicts. Members of Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) did not all enter into the EU-SADC EPA has one. The EU-SADC EPA configuration consists of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania. The rest of the SADC member states are negotiating with the EU-ESA configuration. With South Africa having been allowed into the negotiations, its role should be examined and what it can contribute to the negotiations. Another conflict that has been created is the fact that South Africa has its own bilateral agreement with the EU thus putting stain on the trade relationship between South African and the rest of the SADC countries.</p>

L'information géographique et ses outils informatiques avec les Systèmes d'Informations Géographiques font figure aujourd'hui d'éléments incontournables pour l'aménagement et la gestion des territoires. Le travail mené s'applique à interroger leur place dans les modalités de gouvernement des territoires et de définition des politiques d'action publique dans les villes des pays des Suds. A partir d'une étude de cas menée sur la région urbaine littorale du Bénin, dans un contexte de présence accrue des agences internationales de développement, on analyse les jeux d'acteurs et les imbrications d'échelles (internationale, nationale, régionale, communale et locale) suscités par la production, l'accès et l'utilisation pratique de cette information et ses outils. Les intérêts de cette recherche se situent au croisement des problématiques de gestion des territoires à l'ère de la mondialisation avec l'essor et la vulgarisation des techniques professionnelles et d'accès à l'information et de la décentralisation et municipalisation censée encourager le rôle des pouvoirs locaux dans le processus de développement des territoires. Cette étude questionne cependant l'adaptabilité de modèles du Nord vers le Sud et leurs possibilités d'appropriations locales : capacité de résistance, de cohabitation et de résilience des valeurs culturelles et des pratiques locales avec les encadrements techniciens et astreignants liés à la diffusion de l'information géographique et ses outils.

L'objectif principal de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) est la mise en conformité des arrangements commerciaux entre les États ou groupes d'États avec les dispositions de l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC)notamment l'introduction de la réciprocité dans les relations commerciales entre l'Union européenne (UE) et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP).La signature de l'Accord de partenariat économique par certains pays ACP, suscite encore à l'heure actuelle des critiques sur les effets de la suppression des préférences commerciales dont dépendent de nombreux pays ACP.

Magister Legum - LLM / The main purpose of this paper was to explore the role economic partnership agreements play in regional integration. The whole paper was premised on identifying the nature of economic partnership agreements that is conceived as a free trade arrangement. Therefore the paper discussed the feasibility of the reciprocal principle between the European Union and ACP countries, and further indicated that there is no need to implement the principle of reciprocity at present. The paper also discovered that, due to the fact that unequal trade relations between the EU and the ACP countries still exist, the implementation of the EPAs is most likely to generate the complementary but non-competitive trade relations between the EU and the ACP countries. Such a situation could result in the ACP countries over-independence on the EU's market. ACP countries are not expecting to such integration. In addition the paper ascertains that the EPAs themselves could contain the intrinsic negative impacts such as discrimination against the third countries on regional integration. / South Africa