Nesta dissertação é apresentado o estudo dos transistores de porta flutuante (Floating Gate Transistor - FG Transistor), sua modelagem, e a análise do efeito da dose de ionização total (Total Ionizing Dose- TID) sobre os transistores FG. Para isto foi procurado e implementado um modelo de simulação elétrica do transistor FG em condições de leitura (análise DC), baseado no cálculo quantitativo da tensão na porta flutuante em função das tensões nos terminais do transistor, no valor de carga armazenado na porta flutuante e nos coeficientes de acoplamento capacitivo que apresentam este tipo de dispositivos. Para a análise do efeito TID, a tensão limiar do transistor MOS foi variada usando o método de simulação Monte Carlo, tendo em conta as variações da tensão limiar que apresentam os transistores FG submetidos na radiação ionizante. O estudo obteve como resultado a confirmação da perda de carga do FG à medida que é incrementada a dose de radiação, o que implica uma alteração na característica de retenção de carga que caracteriza as células de memórias não voláteis (Non Volatile Memory - NVM). / In this dissertation work, a study of the the floating gate Transistor (FG transistor) performed. The focus in the electrical modeling, and the analysis of the impact of the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) on the electrical performance of the device. Aiming electrical level simulation, different electric simulation models for the FG transistor in read conditions (DC analysis) were evaluated and the model best suited for implementation into the simulation tool was selected. The selected model is based on Floating Gate voltage calculation as a function of polarization voltage of the FG transistor terminals, the stored charge value in the Floating Gate and the capacitive coupling coefficient presented by this device. For the TID analysis the threshold voltage of the MOS transistor was shifted by means of a Monte Carlo simulation method, considering the threshold voltage variations when the FG transistor is subjected to the ionizing radiation.The analysis lead to the confirmation that the loss charge stored in the FG increases with the radiation dose, affecting the retention characteristics of the memory cells.

L’utilisation des composants passifs a connu une importante croissance ces dernières décennies notamment dans le domaine de la téléphonie mobile, de l’électronique embarquée. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans un cadre de projet entre les laboratoires LT2C de l’UJM et Ampère de l’INSA de LYON. L’objectif visé par cette thèse est la modélisation des micro-transformateurs de signaux utilisés pour isoler les parties puissance (Driver IC) et commande (JFET ou MOSFET). Les points abordés dans cette thèse sont le choix des structures de transformateurs qui répondent aux exigences du projet, le développement d’un modèle de transformateur qui prend en compte notamment les pertes et l’évolution de la perméabilité du matériau magnétique et les différents couplages capacitifs. Des simulations à l’aide de HFSS ont été réalisées afin de réaliser le design des structures retenues et valider le modèle développé. Des étapes de fabrications compatibles avec celle de la microélectronique ont été utilisées pour fabriquer des prototypes à une couche et à deux couches de matériau magnétique avec différentes configurations. Une caractérisation haute fréquence (2MHz-200MHz) à l’aide de l’analyseur vectoriel de réseaux a été réalisée et enfin une étude comparative entre les résultats de simulation et les résultats de mesure fait l’objet d’une présentation / The use of passive components has known a significant increasing in the recent decades particularly in the area of mobile telephony, portable or embarked systems. The work presented in this thesis is a part of a project between the two laboratories: LT2C of UJM and AMPERE of INSA of Lyon. The purpose of this thesis is to find a model for signal micro-transformers used to isolate the power part (Driver IC) from the control part of the project (JFET or MOSFET). The essential parts of this thesis concern the choice of transformer structures that deal with the requirements of the project, the development of a transformer model that takes into account the losses and the permeability evolution of the magnetic material versus frequency and the different capacitive couplings. Numerous simulations using HFSS were performed in order to design the chosen structures and to validate the developed transformer model. Different steps compatible with the microelectronics manufacturing have been used to manufacture prototypes with a single magnetic layer and two magnetic layers for the different configurations. High frequency characterization (2MHz-200MHz) using the vector network analyzer was performed and finally a comparative study between the results of simulation and measurements has been the subject of a presentation

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o estudo dos transistores de porta flutuante (Floating Gate Transistor - FG Transistor), sua modelagem, e a análise do efeito da dose de ionização total (Total Ionizing Dose- TID) sobre os transistores FG. Para isto foi procurado e implementado um modelo de simulação elétrica do transistor FG em condições de leitura (análise DC), baseado no cálculo quantitativo da tensão na porta flutuante em função das tensões nos terminais do transistor, no valor de carga armazenado na porta flutuante e nos coeficientes de acoplamento capacitivo que apresentam este tipo de dispositivos. Para a análise do efeito TID, a tensão limiar do transistor MOS foi variada usando o método de simulação Monte Carlo, tendo em conta as variações da tensão limiar que apresentam os transistores FG submetidos na radiação ionizante. O estudo obteve como resultado a confirmação da perda de carga do FG à medida que é incrementada a dose de radiação, o que implica uma alteração na característica de retenção de carga que caracteriza as células de memórias não voláteis (Non Volatile Memory - NVM). / In this dissertation work, a study of the the floating gate Transistor (FG transistor) performed. The focus in the electrical modeling, and the analysis of the impact of the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) on the electrical performance of the device. Aiming electrical level simulation, different electric simulation models for the FG transistor in read conditions (DC analysis) were evaluated and the model best suited for implementation into the simulation tool was selected. The selected model is based on Floating Gate voltage calculation as a function of polarization voltage of the FG transistor terminals, the stored charge value in the Floating Gate and the capacitive coupling coefficient presented by this device. For the TID analysis the threshold voltage of the MOS transistor was shifted by means of a Monte Carlo simulation method, considering the threshold voltage variations when the FG transistor is subjected to the ionizing radiation.The analysis lead to the confirmation that the loss charge stored in the FG increases with the radiation dose, affecting the retention characteristics of the memory cells.

Important considerations of a photovoltaic (PV) source are achieving a high voltage and drawing currents with very little ripple component from it. Furthermore, the output from such a source is variable depending on irradiation and temperature. In this research, literature review of prior methods employed to boost the output voltage of a PV source is examined and their limitations identified. This research then proposes a multi-phase tapped-coupled inductor boost DC-DC converter that can achieve high voltage boost ratios, without adversely compromising performance, to be used as an interface to a PV source. The proposed converter achieves minimal current and voltage ripple both at the input and output. The suitability of the proposed converter topology for variable input voltage and variable power operation is demonstrated in this dissertation. The proposed converter is also shown to have good performance at high power levels, making it very suitable for high power applications. Detailed analysis of the proposed converter is done. Advantages of the proposed converter are explained analytically and confirmed through simulations and experimentally. Regulation of the converter output voltage is also explained and implemented using a digital controller. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed converter is suitable for high power as well as variable power, variable voltage applications where high voltage boost ratios are required. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

Résumé : Au Québec, les ouvrages hydrauliques représentent une source indéniable pour la production d’énergie et la gestion hydraulique, et par conséquent un moteur nécessaire pour le développement socioéconomique. De ce fait, une conception adéquate et des inspections continues sont nécessaires pour assurer la stabilité et la sécurité de ces ouvrages. Ainsi, les anomalies dans les barrages doivent être localisées dans le plus court délai. L’érosion interne est la cause principale de la rupture des ouvrages en remblai. En conséquence, l’infiltration de l’eau dans les barrages, qui engendre le phénomène d’érosion interhe, doit être détectée. Quelques méthodes non destructives ont été développées pour ausculter ces ouvrages et déterminer le niveau piézométrique dans les ouvrages en remblai. Dans le cadre de ce projet, la méthode de la polarisation spontanée a été adoptée. Cette méthode consiste à mesurer de façon passive un champ électrique généré à la surface des particules du sol par électrofiltration. Le phénomène d’électrofiltration est défini par la circulation hydrique dans la matrice poreuse d ’un matériau qui engendre un champ électrique mesurable à la surface du sol. Des essais au laboratoire de l’Université de Sherbrooke ont été réalisés pour déterminer l’effet de la circulation de l’eau sur les propriétés électriques de différents matériaux. Un dispositif d’essai a été développé et utilisé pour les essais et le modèle théorique est celui de Helmholtz-Smoluchowski. Durant les essais, l’influence de la charge hydraulique, de la température et de la granulométrie sur les propriétés électriques des matériaux ont été vérifiées. Les expériences ont pour objectif primaire de déterminer le rapport entre le coefficient de couplage et le potentiel zêta en utilisant la méthode de la polarisation spontanée. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont été comparés avec des valeurs tirées de la littérature pour tester le modèle et le protocole utilisés. Étant donné que les données expérimentales correspondent avec les valeurs acceptées dans la communauté scientifique, le modèle expérimental adopté peut être considéré fiable. Ce projet est un préalable pour une recherche future qui permettra de développer un algorithme d’inversion pour déterminer et localiser les anomalies dans les ouvrages en remblai. Les études expérimentales ont démontrées que la charge hydraulique a eu un effet considérable sur les propriétés électriques des différents matériaux. Le coefficient de couplage et le potentiel zêta varie proportionnellement avec la charge hydraulique. De plus, les propriétés électriques ont subi une variation en fonction de la température du fluide. Enfin, le coefficient de couplage et le potentiel zêta des différents matériaux ont subi des variations proportionnelles à l’uniformité de chacun des matériaux. Pour un matériau plus uniforme, le coefficient de couplage est plus faible et le potentiel zêta est plus élevé. // Abstract : In Quebec, hydraulic represents an undeniable source for energy production and therefore needed an engine for economie development. Therefore, proper design and ongoing inspections are necessary to ensure the stability and safety of these structures. Thus, abnormaiities in embankment dams should be located in the shortest time. The internai erosion is the main cause of the failure of embankment dams. Consequently, the infiltration of water in dams, which generates the internai erosion, should be detected. Several non-destructive methods have been developed to auscultate these structures and determine the groundwater level in the embankment works. In this project, the self-potential (SP) method was adopted. This method consists in measuring a passive electric field at the surface of the soil. The phenomenon is defined by the electrofiltration circulation water into the porous matrix of a material which generates a measurable electric current to the ground surface. Laboratory tests at the Université de Sherbrooke were performed to determine the effect of water flow on the electrical properties for different materials. Plexiglas pipe was used for testing and the theoretical model is the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski. During the tests, the influence of hydraulic loading and temperature on the electrical properties of the materials has been checked. The experiments aim at determining the primary relationship between the coupling coefficient and zeta potential using the self-potential (SP) method. The experimental results were compared with values from the literature to confirm the model and protocol used. Thus since that the experimental data are consequent with those theoretical, experimental model adopted can be considered as reliable. This project is a prerequisite for future research that will develop an inversion algorithm to identify and locate anomalies in the embankment dams. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the hydraulic load had a significant effect on the electrical properties of different materials. The coupling coefficient and the zeta potential vary proportionally to the hydraulic load. In addition, the electrical properties underwent change depending on the fluid temperature. Finally, the coupling coefficient and zeta potential of different materials have fluctuated proportionally to the uniformity of each material. For a more uniform material, the coupling coefficient is lower and the zeta potential is higher.

Due to the emergence of new materials and advanced engineering technology, slender footbridges are increasingly becoming popular to satisfy the modern transportation needs and the aesthetical requirements of society. These structures however are always &quotlively" with low stiffness, low mass, low damping and low natural frequencies. As a consequence, they are prone to vibration induced by human activities and can suffer severe vibration serviceability problems, particularly in the lateral direction. This phenomenon has been evidenced by the excessive lateral vibration of many footbridges worldwide such as the Millennium Bridge in London and the T-Bridge in Japan. Unfortunately, present bridge design codes worldwide do not provide sufficient guidelines and information to address such vibrations problems and to ensure safety and serviceability due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive bridge structures. A conceptual study has been carried out to comprehensively investigate the dynamic characteristics of slender suspension footbridges under human-induced dynamic loads and a footbridge model in full size with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables in the vertical and horizontal planes has been proposed for this purpose. A similar physical suspension bridge model was designed and constructed in the laboratory, and experimental testings have been carried out to calibrate the computer simulations. The synchronous excitation induced by walking has been modelled as crowd walking dynamic loads which consist of dynamic vertical force, dynamic lateral force and static vertical force. The dynamic behaviour under synchronous excitation is simulated by resonant vibration at the pacing rate which coincides with a natural frequency of the footbridge structure. Two structural analysis software packages, Microstran and SAP2000 have been employed in the extensive numerical analysis. Research results show that the structural stiffness and vibration properties of suspension footbridges with pre-tensioned reverse profiled cables can be adjusted by choosing different structural parameters such as cable sag, cable section and pretensions in the reverse profiled cables. Slender suspension footbridges always have four main kinds of vibration modes: lateral, torsional, vertical and longitudinal modes. The lateral and torsional modes are often combined together and become two kinds of coupled modes: coupled lateral-torsional modes and coupled torsionallateral modes. Such kind of slender footbridges also have different dynamic performance in the lateral and vertical directions, and damping has only a small effect on the lateral vibration but significant effect on the vertical one. The fundamental coupled lateral-torsional mode and vertical mode are easily excited when crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed on full bridge deck. When the crowd walking dynamic loads are distributed eccentrically on half width of the deck, the fundamental coupled torsional-lateral mode can be excited and large lateral deflection can be induced. Higher order vertical modes and coupled lateral-torsional modes can also be excited by groups of walking pedestrians under certain conditions. It is found that the coupling coefficient introduced in this thesis to describe the coupling of a coupled mode, is an important factor which has significant effect on the lateral dynamic performance of slender suspension footbridges. The coupling coefficient, however, is influenced by many structural parameters such as cable configuration, cable section, cable sag, bridge span and pre-tensions, etc. In general, a large dynamic amplification factor is expected when the fundamental mode of a footbridge structure is the coupled lateral-torsional mode with a small coupling coefficient. The research findings of this thesis are useful in understanding the complex dynamic behaviour of slender and vibration sensitive suspension footbridges under humaninduced dynamic loads. They are also helpful in developing design guidance and techniques to improve the dynamic performance of such slender vibration sensitive footbridges and similar structures and hence to ensure their safety and serviceability.

On présente une modélisation tout-analytique d’hologrammes épais uni- ou bidimensionnels (1D/2D), passifs ou actifs, pouvant être photo-inscrits dans des matrices de polymère éventuellement dopées, par exemple en vue de réaliser à faible coût des lasers DFB. Les outils et hypothèses de la modélisation (formalismes des ondes couplées et des matrices de transfert, régime de diffraction de Bragg, hypothèse des enveloppes lentement variables, approche perturbative) sont d’abord introduits et appliqués au cas d’un hologramme épais 1D (réseau en transmission) placé dans une cavité Fabry-Pérot. On montre que la matrice de transfert et la réponse de la structure sont entièrement gouvernées par quelques paramètres réduits : désaccord de phase des ondes co-propagatives avec la condition de Bragg du réseau et coefficients de couplage entre ces ondes. L’étude est ensuite étendue au cas d’un hologramme épais 2D, superposition de réseaux en transmission et en réflexion distribuée placés dans une cavité Fabry-Pérot. On montre que l’approche tout-analytique reste valide au prix de changements judicieux de base de décomposition des champs. Quelques paramètres suffisent à nouveau à décrire le système : désaccord avec la condition de Bragg de chaque réseau et coefficients de couplage entre ondes respectivement co- et contra-propagatives. Enfin, les bases d’une extension du traitement tout-analytique à un hologramme 2D actif sont posées. La présence d’une source localisée d’émission spontanée est prise en compte via une extension du formalisme des matrices de transfert. On montre que l’émission de la source est filtrée angulairement et spectralement par la cavité que forme l’H2D passif. / This work is devoted to an analytical modelling of thick, one- or two-dimensional (1D/2D), passive or active holograms. Such devices can be obtained by photoinscription of diffraction gratings in polymer matrices, e.g. for the fabrication of low-cost DFB lasers. First we introduce the tools and hypotheses (coupled-mode theory, transfer matrix formalism, Bragg diffraction regime, slowly-varying envelopes, perturbative approach) of our model and apply them to the case of a thick 1D hologram (transmission grating) in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We show that its transfer matrix and optical response are entirely governed by a small set of adimensional parameters that quantify the phase mismatch with the Bragg condition of the grating and coupling constants between co-directional waves. We then extend our study to the case of a thick 2D hologram resulting from the crossed superposition of a transmission grating and a distributed Bragg reflector in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We establish that our all-analytical approach remains valid, provided fields are expressed in a well-chosen basis. Again, a small set of physical parameters (phase mismatch with each grating’s Bragg condition, co- and contra-directional coupling constants) is shown to completely describe the behaviour of the device. Finally, we lay the foundations of an extension of our analytical treatment to the case of an active 2D hologram containing a single localized point source, whose isotropic spontaneous emission is readily taken into account through an extension of the transfer matrix formalism. We show that the emission is angularly and spectrally filtered by the response of the passive 2D hologram previously described.