Dans un contexte de diversification des sources protéiques alimentaires, les protéines de pois représentent un ingrédient de choix et pourraient être associées à des protéines laitières comme celles du lactosérum dans la fabrication de nouveaux aliments. Dans ce travail, le comportement d’agrégation thermique (1h à 85°C), préalable à une gélification acide, des globulines de pois (Glob) seules et en mélange avec la β-lactoglobuline (βlg), a été étudié en fonction de la concentration totale en protéine, du ratio massique βlg/Glob et de la force ionique. La caractérisation des agrégats solubles a été réalisée par une combinaison de techniques analytiques telles que la détermination de l’hydrophobicité de surface, la quantification des ponts disulfures, la diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS), la chromatographie d’exclusion de taille (SEC-HPLC) et l’électrophorèse SDS-PAGE. La formation d’agrégats mixtes semble être gouvernée par des interactions intermoléculaires non covalentes, mais aussi des liaisons covalentes entre la βlg et les sous-unités de légumine notamment à faible force ionique (5 mM NaCl). Ces dernières semblent contrôler les caractéristiques méso-structurales des agrégats mixtes formés (haut poids moléculaire et diamètre réduit < 110 nm) comparativement aux agrégats formés de globulines seules (diamètre > 150 nm). Le deuxième volet de l’étude concernait la formation de gels acides obtenus par acidification au glucono-δ-lactone, soit à partir des agrégats mixtes solubles caractérisés précédemment, soit à partir de mélanges d’agrégats thermiques de chaque protéine obtenus séparément. Les différents paramètres liés à la cinétique d’acidification et à la gélification (temps et pH de transition sol/gel, propriétés mécaniques par rhéologie dynamique et analyse de la microstructure par Microscopie Confocale à Balayage Laser, capacité de rétention d’eau) ont été évalués. Les résultats démontrent que les agrégats mixtes issus des mélanges thermisés des deux protéines permettent d’obtenir des gels plus élastiques avec une structure fibrillaire plus ordonnée et moins poreuse, avec des caractéristiques proches de celles des gels formés d’agrégats purs de Blg. / In the context of protein source diversification, pea protein is a promising ingredient and may be associated with milk proteins such as whey proteins in the production of new food products. In the present work, the thermal aggregation (85°C - 1 h) of pea globulins (Glob) alone and in admixture with β-lactoglobulin (βlg), prior to acid gelation, was studied as a function of total protein concentration, βlg/Glob weight ratio and ionic strength. The characterization of soluble aggregates was carried out by combining different analytical methods such as surface hydrophobicity determination, disulfide bridge quantification, dynamic light scattering (DLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The formation of mixed aggregates seems to be governed by non-covalent intermolecular interactions, but also by covalent bonds between βlg and legumin subunits at low ionic strength (5 mM NaCl). The latter seem to control the structural features of mixed aggregates (high molecular weight and reduced diameter <100 nm) compared to pure globulin aggregates (diameter > 150 nm). The second part of this work investigated the formation of acid gels by glucono-δ-lactone, obtained either from soluble mixed aggregates such as characterized previously, either from mixtures of thermal aggregates of the two proteins prepared separately. The parameters associated to acidification kinetics and gelation (time and pH at sol/gel transition, mechanical properties by dynamic rheology and microstructure analysis by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy, water holding capacity) were evaluated. The results showed that mixed aggregates from heat-treated initial mixtures of the two proteins provides more elastic acid gels with a more regular and less porous fibrillar structure having close characteristics to those of pure βlg gels.

This work deals with the design and synthesis of building blocks, usable for creating dynamic polymers based on the reversible formation of hemiacetals bond. Next part is focused on the study of the formation of hemiacetal between polyfunctional alcohols and trifluoromethylketones via NMR spectroscopy. Key words: constitutional dynamic chemistry, hemiacetals, trifluoromethylketones, diols and polyols

Les interactions non-covalentes ont une importance fondamental pour la chimique. Les interactions entre un catalyseur et le substrat, interactions entre matériaux, synthèse des enantiomers parmi autres réactions chimiques sont décrivent par interactions non-covalentes. Elles sont fondamental pour designer nouveaux matériaux. Les interactions non-covalents sont très suivant visualisées à partir de mesures de contactes atomiques qui utilisent des donnes de rayon de van de Waals. Cette type d'approximations ne sont pas très flexible pour comprendre l'interaction avec l'environnement. Aujourd'hui les approximations qui utilisent des fonctions dans l'espace réel (i.e. la densité électronique) sont très utilisent pour visualiser les interactions non-covalentes. Dans cet thèse, on analyse la méthode NCI pour visualiser interactions chimiques. On analyse les gradient réduit de la densité, ingrédient fondamental dans la méthode NCI. On montré que cette fonction est liée au la densité d'énergie cinétique et au comportement bosonique du système. On montre que la méthode NCI peut être utilisée pour analyser tous les types d'interactions; dès interactions covalentes aux non-covalentes. Finalement la méthode est appliqué à la réactivité chimique. / Non-covalent interactions are of paramount importance in chemistry. Interactions between a catalyst and its substrate, self-assembly of nanomaterials, enantiomer production and many other chemical reactions, are most of the time non-covalent in nature. They are also fundamental for crystallographic analysis, since they set up the scenario for molecular crystallization, whose guiding rules are still a fruitful filed of research. Non-covalent interactions are frequently visualized using distance dependent contacts, generally without consideration of hydrogen atoms. Most of these interactions are usually identified by the use of tabulated van der Waals radii, which are not flexible enough to reveal the interplay with the environment. New approaches, based on 3D functions that can be derived either form experiment or computation (e.g. the electro density) are now widely used to identify and visualize non-covalent interactions. In this thesis we analyse the NCI method, and namely, its main ingredient, the reduced density gradient. Its capabilities for visualizing chemical interactions are examined. This 3D function is then, connected with the kinetic energy density and a interpretation of the reduced density gradient in terms of the bosonic behaviour of the electronic system is presented. Then, the NCI method is applied to visualise and analyse chemical interactions: from covalent to non-covalent interactions. The chemical reactivity is also addressed. The NCI method is applied to rationalised the outcome of several reactions.

The majority of drugs are small organic molecules, so-called ligands, that influence biochemical processes by interacting with proteins. The understanding of how and why they interact and form complexes is therefore a key component for elucidating the mechanism of action of drugs. The research presented in this thesis is based on studies of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is an essential enzyme with the important function of terminating neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses. AChE is also the target of a range of biologically active molecules including drugs, pesticides, and poisons. Due to the molecular and the functional characteristics of the enzyme, it offers both challenges and possibilities for investigating protein-ligand interactions. In the thesis, complexes between AChE and drug-like ligands have been studied in detail by a combination of experimental techniques and theoretical methods. The studies provided insight into the non-covalent interactions formed between AChE and ligands, where non-classical CH∙∙∙Y hydrogen bonds (Y = O or arene) were found to be common and important. The non-classical hydrogen bonds were characterized by density functional theory calculations that revealed features that may provide unexplored possibilities in for example structure-based design. Moreover, the study of two enantiomeric inhibitors of AChE provided important insight into the structural basis of enthalpy-entropy compensation. As part of the research, available computational methods have been evaluated and new approaches have been developed. This resulted in a methodology that allowed detailed analysis of the AChE-ligand complexes. Moreover, the methodology also proved to be a useful tool in the refinement of X-ray crystallographic data. This was demonstrated by the determination of a prereaction conformation of the complex between the nerve-agent antidote HI-6 and AChE inhibited by the nerve agent sarin. The structure of the ternary complex constitutes an important contribution of relevance for the design of new and improved drugs for treatment of nerve-agent poisoning. The research presented in the thesis has contributed to the knowledge of AChE and also has implications for drug discovery and the understanding of biochemical processes in general.

The miniaturization of electronics packaging is an ongoing trend. The manufacturers are increasing the packaging density to accommodate for more complex designs and increase in operating frequencies. The surface mount devices (SMDs) and today's manufacturing processes are starting to become a limiting factor to this miniaturization. The solution to these problems are embedded passives and new fully-additive manufacturing processes. In this work, a planar inductor is fabricated using a fully-additive process called Sequential Build-Up - Covalent Bonded Metallization (SBU-CBM). A new grafting material for the CBM process is tested, but found to be worse than the previously used one when tested on FR4 substrates. The best design of a planar inductor for high inductance and high Q factor is found to be the circular spiral inductor. A planar circular spiral inductor with a feature size of 75 µm is successfully fabricated using the SBU-CBM process.

Two-dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c-COFs) are emerging as a unique class of semiconducting 2D conjugated polymers for (opto)electronics and energy storage. Doping is one of the common, reliable strategies to control the charge carrier transport properties, but the precise mechanism underlying COF doping has remained largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate molecular iodine doping of a metal–phthalocyanine-based pyrazine-linked 2D c-COF. The resultant 2D c-COF ZnPc-pz-I2 maintains its structural integrity and displays enhanced conductivity by 3 orders of magnitude, which is the result of elevated carrier concentrations. Remarkably, Hall effect measurements reveal enhanced carrier mobility reaching ∼22 cm2 V–1 s–1 for ZnPc-pz-I2, which represents a record value for 2D c-COFs in both the direct-current and alternating-current limits. This unique transport phenomenon with largely increased mobility upon doping can be traced to increased scattering time for free charge carriers, indicating that scattering mechanisms limiting the mobility are mitigated by doping. Our work provides a guideline on how to assess doping effects in COFs and highlights the potential of 2D c-COFs to display high conductivities and mobilities toward novel (opto)electronic devices.

Le domaine de l'épigénétique couvre l'ensemble des phénomènes héritables et transmissibles qui interviennent dans l'expression du génome sans modifier la séquence nucléotidique. L'information épigénétique est régulée par les modifications de la chromatine impliquant les histones et l'ADN. La méthylation de l'ADN est un phénomène réversible jouant un rôle crucial dans l'expression des gènes puisque la méthylation des promoteurs de gènes empêche leur transcription. La modulation aberrante de cette marque épigénétique est associée à diverses pathologies telles que le cancer. Cette méthylation étant réversible, elle peut être ciblée afin de reprogrammer la cellule cancéreuse. Les méthyltransferases d'ADN (DNMT), étant les enzymes responsables de la méthylation, représentent la cible principale de notre stratégie de recherche. Leur inhibition par des petites molécules est au centre de nos recherches de thérapies anticancéreuses dont les bases sont représentées par deux catégories d'inhibiteurs de DNMT existant. Les premiers sont des analogues de cytosine qui est la cible de la méthylation. Ils sont connus pour s'intégrer dans l'ADN et former un complexe covalent irréversible avec l’enzyme (complexe suicide) mais ils souffrent d'un manque de stabilité et de certains effets indésirables dus à leur incorporation dans l’ADN. Les seconds sont les inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques qui sont divers et parfois connus pour cibler d’autres enzymes. Ils ont l’avantage de pouvoir être utilisés comme sondes pour comprendre plus précisément le mécanisme d'inhibition mais ils manquent de spécificité et de sélectivité. Au cours de cette thèse, une banque de molécules a été criblée à partir de la combinaison d'un test enzymatique et d'un test cellulaire visant à inhiber ces enzymes. Les synthèses de trois familles de molécules potentiellement inhibitrices de DNMT issus de ce criblage sont décrites en expliquant le chemin de drug design emprunté pour obtenir des informations mécanistiques d’inhibition de la méthylation d’ADN, notamment de réactivité avec la cible. Les découvertes ont été inspirées par des études de modélisation permettant de mettre en évidence une sélectivité de certains inhibiteurs. La synthèse chimique a également abouti à une nouvelle voie de synthèse d’accès aux diaminopyrimidines dont l’impact permet de faciliter les études chimiques de dérivés quinazolines comme inhibiteur non nucléosidiques utiles pour les thérapies anticancéreuses. / Epigenetic is defined as the study of heritable changes in the genes expression without altering the DNA sequence. Two main processes are implicated in this field, the histones modifications and the DNA methylation. By introducing an acetyl or a methyl group on the histone tails or by methylation of DNA, the chromatin state is modified and the gene expression is controlled. Aberrant epigenetic modifications are associated with several diseases, in particular with cancer. In cancer cells, the whole DNA is hypomethylated, thus promoting genome instability, while the promoter region is hypermethylated, inducing silencing of these genes. Overall, these observations indicate that DNA methylation is a central epigenetic process in cancerogenesis. Since DNA methylation is reversible, it is possible to target the methylation process in order to reactivate tumor suppressor genes. The DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), the enzymes responsible for DNA methylation, use the SAM co-factor at specific CpG sites to product 5-methylcytosine. Three main isoforms (DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B) are described to ensure efficient methylation process during replication. Two families of DNMT inhibitors already exist, the nucleosidiques analogues are cytidine derivatives and are toxic molecules because of their incorporation into DNA, and the non-nucleosidic analogues are less toxic but also less potent. Our strategy of drug design is based on docking study and high throughput screening (HTS) information. First, novel potent derivatives of reference inhibitors are designed from molecular modelling. Then, three different families of compounds from HTS are described with appropriate structure-activity relationship studies. Mechanistic information on DNA methylation process are described through the discovery of a reactive inhibitor of DNMT3A. The study on a family of hydrazone derivatives of gallic acid is depicted and shows its selectivity for DNMT3A, compared to DNMT1, based on docking study. An alternative chemical pathway to diaminopyrimidines is described and extended to the synthesis of quinazolone in order to synthesize new quinazoline derivatives as potent inhibitors of DNMT. Promising informations are described in this thesis to enrich epigenetic knowledge of tumor genesis and to provide new molecules for anticancer therapy.

The thesis specializes in the computational description of pharmaceutically important compounds. A substantial number of pharmaceutical drugs are small molecules that are bound to an active site of an enzyme by the "lock (binding site) and key (drug)" model through non-covalent interactions. The association of enzymes with drugs cause an increase or decrease in the activity of enzymes. The main topic is focused on the computational elucidation of the structural basis for the interactions of the purine-like compounds with the enzyme cyclin- dependent kinase 2 that belongs to the protein-kinase enzyme family. These enzymes play an important role in the cell cycle regulation; their increased activity significantly contributes to the loss of control over cell proliferation, which is one of the primary causes of cancer cell formation. The study describes the binding motifs of roscovitine, which shows an inhibitory effect on the function of cyclin-dependent kinases, and its analogues containing bioisosteric central heterocycles in the complex with cyclin-dependent kinase 2. The binding affinity between the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 enzyme and the inhibitors was quantified as calculated binding scores and evaluated in relation to the conformation of the optimized structures. The hybrid model combining the...

π-Conjugated two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are emerging as a novel class of electro-active materials for (opto-)electronic and chemiresistive sensing applications. However, understanding the intricate interplay between chemistry, structure and conductivity in π-conjugated 2D COFs remains elusive. Here, we report a detailed charac-terization for the electronic properties of two novel samples consisting of Zn- and Cu-phthalocyanine-based pyrazine-linked 2D COFs. These 2D COFs are synthesized by condensation of metal-phthalocyanine (M=Zn and Cu) and pyrene derivatives. The obtained polycrystalline-layered COFs are p-type semiconductors both with a band gap of ~1.2 eV. Mobilities up to ~5 cm²/Vs are resolved in the dc limit, which represent a lower threshold induced by charge carrier localization at crystalline grain boundaries. Hall Effect measurements (dc limit) and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy (ac limit) in combination with den-sity functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that varying metal center from Cu to Zn in the phthalocyanine moiety has a negligible effect in the conductivity (~5×10⁻⁷ S/cm), charge carrier density (~10¹² cm⁻³), charge carrier scattering rate (~3×10¹³ s⁻¹), and effective mass (~2.3m₀) of majority carriers (holes). Notably, charge carrier transport is found to be aniso-tropic, with hole mobilities being practically null in-plane and finite out-of-plane for these 2D COFs.

Studies on interactions between NKR-P1D and Clrb membrane receptors Interaction between murine NKR-P1D and Clrb receptors was originally described as a novel type of "MHC class-I independent missing-self recognition" and was shown to confer protection from killing by natural killer cells.[1] However, further study brought conflicting results suggesting that NKR-P1D does not binds Clrb strongly if it does at all.[2] In order to address the issues arising from these conflicting results, we have recombinantly expressed the extracellular domains of both receptors in E. coli cells and refolded the proteins in vitro. The quality of refolding was confirmed both by determining the disulphide bonding pattern using FTMS and measuring 1 H/15 N-HSQC spectra. By means of size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifuge we were unable to provide convincing results for the interaction itself. However, using SPR technique, a weak, specific, pH-dependent interaction was observed. Interaction between the proteins in solution was immobilized using chemical cross-linking technique. Three cross-linking reagents, EDC, DSG and DSS were used. The reaction mixture was separated by means of SDS-PAGE and protein bands corresponding to dimers were digested in gel. Using FT-MS we were able to find peptides from both...