This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

Yes / Introduction: Although the risks associated with iodinated contrast administration are acknowledged to be very low, screening of kidney function prior to administration is still standard practice in many hospitals. This study has evaluated the feasibility of implementing a screening form in conjunction with point of care (PoC) creatinine testing as a method to manage the risks of post contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) within the CT imaging pathway. Method: Over an eight-week period 300 adult outpatients attending a UK CT department for contrast-enhanced scans were approached. Participants completed a screening questionnaire for co-morbidities linked to kidney dysfunction and consented to have a PoC and laboratory creatinine tests. Comparison was made against with previous baseline blood tests obtained within the preceding 3 months, as required by the study site. Participants were also invited to attend for follow up PoC and laboratory bloods tests at 48–72 h. Results: 14 patients (4.7%) had a scan-day eGFR below 45mL/min/1.73m2, all identified through screening. The majority of patients (n=281/300; 93.7%) fell in the same risk category based on previous and scan-day blood results. Six PoC test failures were recorded on the scan day. The constant error between the Abbott i-STAT PoC scan-day measurements and the laboratory scan-day measurements was -3.71 (95% CI: -6.41 to -0.50). Five patients had an elevated creatinine (≥25% from baseline) post contrast administration, but no instances of PC-AKI (≥50% from baseline) were identified. Conclusion: PoC creatinine testing is a practical method of ensuring renal function and is feasible in the radiology environment. / National Cancer Diagnostics Capacity Fund, NHS England. Andrew Lewington, Bethany Shinkins and Michael Messenger are currently supported by the NIHR MIC- Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (was previously NIHR Leeds Diagnostic Evidence Co-operative)

No description available.

Majstorović, Z. Utsöndring av stenbildande substanser i urin – kan stickprov er-sätta dygnsmängder? Examensarbete i Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde Bio-medicinsk laboratorievetenskap, 2011.Syfte. Utredning av njurstenspatienter omfattar alltid undersökning av utsönd-ringen av stenbildande substanser i urin. Samlingen av urin under ett dygn hos njurstenpatienter innebär ofta problem för patienten eftersom det inte är så sällan att de glömmer samla urin i dunken eller samlar för lång eller kort tid. Syftet med min undersökning är att undersöka om det finns alternativ till att samla urin under 24 timmar i de fall där utsöndringen av stenbildande substanser är konstant över dygnet. Frågeställningen är om utsöndringen av stenbildande substanser kan upp-skattas genom att relatera deras koncentration i urin till koncentrationen av kreati-nin i urin eftersom utsöndringen av kreatinin är relativt konstant över dygnet. I så fall bör koncentrationen av stenbildande substanser i urin kunna relateras till kon-centrationen av kreatinin i urin på samma sätt som vid narkotikaanalys. Metod. Försökspersonerna samlade all urin i exakt 24 timmar. Den första urinportionen sparades i ett separat kärl medan all efterföljande urin samlades i en separat dunk . Efter ca en vecka gjordes en ny urinsamling, denna gång bara i en dunk. Dygnsut-söndringarna jämfördes med varandra och med kreatininindex i stickprovet. Re-sultat. Ett starkt samband fanns mellan kreatininindex av kalcium och dygnut-söndringen av kalcium. Sambandet var något mindre starkt för magnesium och saknades för fosfat och kalium. Slutsats. Resultaten talar mot att kreatininindex generellt kan användas för att skatta utsöndringen av njurstensbildande substanser. Däremot verkar kreatininindex relativt väl förutsäga utsöndringen av kalcium och i viss mån även magnesium. / Majstorović, Z. Secretion of stone-forming substances in the urine - can spot urine sample replace 24 hour urine collection? Degree project in Biomedical Laboratory Science, 15 credits points. Malmö University, Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2011.Objective. Clinical investigation of kidney stone patients always includes moni-toring of the secretion of stone-forming substances in the urine. However, 24 h urine collection is difficult for the patient and prone to error. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are alternatives to the collecting of urine under the period of 24 hours in cases where the secretion of stone-forming substances is constant across days. The question is whether the excretion of stone-forming sub-stances can be estimated by relating the concentration of urine to the creatinine concentration of urine, since the excretion of creatinine is relatively constant over a day. If so, the concentration of stone-forming substances in urine could be relat-ed to the concentration of creatinine in urine in the same way as drug analyses commonly are. Method. The subjects collected a 24h collection of urine. The first urine portion was stored in a container, while all subsequent urine was collected in a separate container. After about a week, another timed collection of urine was performed, but this time only in one container. The 24 h solute excretions were compared to each other and to the solute creatinine index. Results. A strong cor-relation was found between the creatinine index of calcium and the 24 h excretion of calcium. A somewhat weaker correlation was found for magnesium and a lack of correlation for phosphate and potassium. Conclusion. Results indicate that creatinine indexes in general do not predict 24 h excretions. However, creatinine index appears to predict the excretion of calcium and, to some extent, magnesium.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine long-term renal function in boys presenting with posterior urethral valves at Tygerberg Children’s Hospital and to determine the prognostic value of certain clinical, biochemical and radiological variables DESIGN Retrospective, descriptive study of boys diagnosed and treated with posterior urethral valves at Tygerberg Children’s Hospital between 2001 and 2011. RESULTS Between 2001 and 2011, 47 cases of posterior urethral valves were diagnosed and treated at our institution. Thirteen patients were excluded from this study. Seven (20,6%) were diagnosed antenatally and 27 (79,4%) presented postnatally. Mean age at presentation was 13,9 months (median 2; range 0-74). The most common postnatal presentation was urinary tract infection (51,9%). Mean follow-up was 54,2 months (median 47,5; range 12-133). A total of 13 boys (38,2%) progressed to chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease. Initial and nadir serum creatinine, poor corticomedullary differentiation and moderate-severe hydronephrosis were significant predictors of final renal function (p<0,050). Patient age at presentation, type of primary surgical intervention, increased renal echogenicity, bladder wall thickness, the presence of vesicoureteric reflux (no matter what the laterality or severity), severe bladder dysfunction and initial or breakthrough urinary tract infection had no significant impact on future renal function. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed that boys with an initial serum creatinine ≥145μmol/L and a nadir serum creatinine ≥62μmol/L were at highest risk to develop chronic renal insufficiency (area under the curve 0,8 and 0,9, respectively). CONCLUSION More than a third of boys (38,2%) developed chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease at the end of follow-up. Our data confirmed the high prognostic value of initial and nadir serum creatinine. Optimal threshold levels for initial and nadir serum creatinine to predict final renal function were 145μmol/L and 62μmol/L, respectively. Similarly, poor corticomedullary differentiation and moderate-severe hydronephrosis on initial kidney ultrasound were significant indicators of poor renal prognosis. Although all patients with posterior urethral valves should be counselled on potential renal morbidity, children with risk factors warrant closer monitoring. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: DOELWITTE Die doel van hierdie studie was om langtermyn nierfunksie te bepaal in seuns wat gediagnoseer is met posterior uretrale kleppe by Tygerberg-kinderhospitaal. Die prognostiese waarde van sekere kliniese, biochemiese en radiologiese veranderlikes is ook ondersoek. STUDIE ONTWERP Retrospektiewe, beskrywende studie van seuns wat tussen 2001 en 2011 by Tygerberg-kinderhospitaal gepresenteer het met posterior uretrale kleppe. RESULTATE Tussen 2001 en 2011 is 47 gevalle van posterior uretrale kleppe gediagnoseer en behandel by ons instelling. Dertien pasiënte is uitgesluit van hierdie studie. Sewe (20,6%) is met voorgeboorte sonar gediagnoseer en 27 (79,4%) het ná geboorte gepresenteer. Die gemiddelde ouderdom by diagnose was 13,9 maande (mediaan 2; reeks 0-74 ). Urienweginfeksie was die mees algemene metode waarmee postnatale pasiënte gepresenteer het (51,9%). Die gemiddelde opvolgperiode was 54,2 maande (mediaan 47,5; reeks 12-133). Dertien seuns (38,2%) het chroniese nierversaking of eind-stadium nierversaking ontwikkel. Aanvanklike en nadir serumkreatinien, swak kortiko-medullêre differensiasie en matig-erge hidronefrose was beduidende voorspellers van finale nierfunksie (p<0,050). Pasiënt ouderdom met diagnose, tipe chirurgiese ingryping, verhoogde niereggogenisiteit, blaaswanddikte, vesikoureteriese refluks, blaasdisfunksie en aanvanklike of deurbraak urienweginfeksies het geen beduidende impak op toekomstige nierfunksie gehad nie. Seuns met 'n aanvanklike serumkreatinien ≥145μmol/L en 'n nadir serumkreatinien ≥62μmol/L het die grootste risiko om chroniese nierversaking te ontwikkel, soos bevestig met ‘n ROC-ontleding (AUC 0,8 en 0,9, onderskeidelik). GEVOLGTREKKING Meer as 'n derde van die pasiënte (38,2%) het chroniese nierversaking of eindstadium nierversaking ontwikkel. Ons data bevestig die prognostiese waarde van aanvanklike en nadir serumkreatinienvlakke. Die optimale drempelwaardes vir die aanvanklike en nadir serumkreatinien om finale nierfunksie te voorspel was 145μmol/L en 62μmol/L, onderskeidelik. Swak kortiko-medullêre differensiasie en matig-erge hidronefrose op die aanvanklike niersonar was ook beduidende aanwysers van toekomstige nierfunksie. Alhoewel alle pasiënte met posterior uretrale kleppe berading moet ontvang oor potensiële niermorbiditeit, regverdig seuns met risikofaktore noukeurige monitering.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focused on the development of an analytical method whereby creatinine, creatine and caffeine could be determined quantitatively. Urine is the preferred body fluid for the analysis of metabolites that the body excretes after administration of medicinal and illicit drugs. The detection of these metabolites depends on the volume of water the patient has drunk or, in criminal cases, the amount of water the suspect may deliberately add to their urine to dilute it. Creatinine, whose concentration in urine has been found to correlate with muscle mass, is chosen as an endogenous control substance against which the metabolite concentration is compared. While high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV) is commonly selected for the analysis, the quality of chromatography is affected by the fact that creatinine, being highly polar, is not retained in the reversed-phase columns. Furthermore, urine contains many polar substances that elute with the solvent front along with creatinine, thereby grossly affecting HPLC measurements. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is a good alternative, although these methods generally require extensive sample preparation. Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DI–ESI–MS) is ideally suited to highly polar compounds and was selected for this work. Pneumatically assisted ESI is preferred above the standard ionization method of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) since pneumatically assisted ESI disperses the solution into ion-containing aerosol droplets which do not promote online conversion of creatinine to creatine. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive DI–ESI–MS method for the determination of various compounds in urine with creatinine as analytical reference compound and internal standard (IS). The analytical method development includes addition of 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine as a primary IS to standard solutions as well as to urine samples, followed by direct infusion of the sample into a mass spectrometer to determine the absolute concentrations of creatinine, creatine and caffeine. After appropriate instrument conditions were established, linear graphs of analyte-IS signal intensity ratios were obtained. The ratio of the concentration of the analyte (drug or metabolite) to that of creatinine (as IS) may be used to determine analyte concentration in artificial samples and/or urine. This method is not affected by change in fluid volume or adulteration of urine samples because the analyte-to-creatinine ratio remains unchanged. As part of this study, the developed DI–ESI–MS method was compared with an LC–UV–MS method developed for this purpose. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die ontwikkeling van ‘n analitiese metode waardeur kreatinien, kreatien en kaffeïen kwantitatief bepaal kan word. Uriene is die voorkeur liggaamsvloeistof vir die analise van metaboliete wat deur die liggaam, na administrasie van mediese en onwettige middels, uitgeskei word. Die deteksie van hierdie metaboliete hang van die volume water af wat die pasiënt gedrink het, of in strafbare gevalle, die hoeveelheid water wat verdagtes met opset by hul uriene gevoeg het ten einde dit te verdun. Daar is bevind dat die konsentrasie van kreatinien in uriene met spiermassa korreleer, derhalwe is kreatinien as ‘n interne kontrolemiddel gekies waarmee die metaboliet-konsentrasie vergelyk kan word. Hoë-druk vloeistofchromatografie met ultravioletdeteksie (HPLC–UV) word algemeen vir die analise van kreatinien ingespan, maar die gehalte van die chromatografie word deur die hoogs polêre aard van kreatinien beïnvloed en het swak retensie in omgekeerde-fasekolomme tot gevolg. Bowendien, uriene bevat groot hoeveelhede polêre middels wat saam met kreatinien in die oplosmiddelfront elueer en sodoende HPLC-bepalings uitermatig beïnvloed. Hidrofiliese interaksiechromatografie (HILIC) is ‘n goeie alternatief, ofskoon omvangryke monster-voorbereidings algemeen vereis word. Direkte inspuitelektrosproei-ionisasiemassaspektrometrie (DI–ESI–MS) is ideaal geskik vir hoogs polêre stowwe en is vir hierdie studie gekies. Pneumatiese hulp-ESI word bo die standaard ionisasie-metode van lugdruk chemiese ionisasie (APCI) verkies weens pneumatiese hulp-ESI se vermoë om die oplosmiddel in aërosoldruppels wat ione bevat, te versprei – sonder die aanlynomskakeling van kreatinien na kreatien. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n eenvoudige en sensitiewe DI–ESI–MS-metode te ontwikkel wat verskeie stowwe in uriene kan bepaal deur kreatinien as analitiese verwysingsmiddel en interne standaard (IS) vir die opstelling van ‘n IS-kalibrasiekurwe te gebruik. Die analitiese metode-ontwikkeling sluit die gebruik van 1-metiel-3-fenielpropielamien as primêre IS in. Die IS word tot standaard oplossings en urienemonsters gevoeg, gevolg deur direkte inspuiting van die monster in ‘n massaspektrometer om die absolute konsentrasies van kreatinien, kreatien en kaffeïen te bepaal. Lineêre kurwes van die seinintensiteitsverhouding van analiet tot IS is verkry na gepaste instrumentkondisies vasgestel is. Die verhouding van konsentrasie van die analiet (middel of metaboliet) tot dié van kreatinien (as IS) mag gebruik word om die analietkonsentrasie in die standaard oplossings en/of urienemonster te bepaal. Die metode word nie deur veranderinge in die vloeistofvolume of verwatering van urienemonsters beïnvloed nie, weens die analiet-tot-kreatinienverhouding wat onveranderd bly. ‘n LC–UV–MS-metode is voorts ontwikkel om die ontwikkelde DI–ESI–MS-metode se data te vergelyk.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito benéfico da nefrectomia do rim atrófico em pacientes portadores de hipertensão renovascular no controle da pressão arterial e da função renal. Casuística e Método: estudo retrospectivo e observacional de 51 pacientes com hipertensão refratária, portadores de um rim atrófico por estenose significativa ou oclusão total da artéria renal, submetidos à nefrectomia no período janeiro 1989 a janeiro 2007. A idade média foi 47,1± 15 anos (13 a 77 anos), a mediana da creatinina sérica pré nefrectomia de 1,3 mg/dl (0,8 a 4,5), a mediana do clearence de creatinina de 54 ml/min (15 a 100ml/min.), a PA sistólica (PAS) média pré de 149,6 ± 22,5 mm Hg, a PA diastólica (PAD) média pré de 90,8 ± 17 mm Hg e a média do número de hipotensores foi de 2,8 ± 1 hipotensores (1 a 5) por paciente por dia. A pressão arterial e creatinina sérica foram analisadas periodicamente de 12 a 60 meses após a nefrectomia. Resultados: a mortalidade operatória foi de 2%, houve melhora significativa da PAS média nos períodos de 12 a 36 meses (p<= 0,028) e para PAD média de 12 a 48 meses após a nefrectomia (p <= 0,045), acompanhada pela diminuição significativa do uso de hipotensores de 12 a 48 meses (p< 0,05). Um ano após a nefrectomia, houve melhora da pressão arterial em 69% dos pacientes e da função renal em 63,8%. Oito por cento dos pacientes que tiveram piora da função renal após os 12 meses iniciais, mostraram recuperação da função durante o período de observação de 60 meses. Não houve diferença significativa entre os pacientes que se beneficiaram e aqueles que não responderam ao tratamento da hipertensão renovascular com a nefrectomia do rim atrófico quando analisados quanto à idade (p=0,89), sexo (p=0,24), cor (p=0,50), presença de co-morbidades e fatores de risco (p>=0,43), nível da PA inicial (p>=0,24), creatinina prévia (p>= 0,90) e existência de lesão bilateral (p>=0,74). Oito por cento dos pacientes evoluíram com insuficiência renal dialítica no período do estudo, todos com lesão aterosclerótica da artéria renal e com clearence creatinina inicial inferior a 25 ml por minuto. Os doentes com fibrodisplasia da artéria renal tiveram melhores resultados tanto no controle da pressão arterial como na função renal. Conclusão: a retirada do rim atrófico causado por obstrução da artéria renal é procedimento seguro que traz benefícios para os níveis pressóricos e função renal nos portadores de hipertensão renovascular, com melhores resultados encontrados nos pacientes com fibrodisplasia. / Objective: to evaluate the beneficial effects of the Nephrectomy of atrophic kidney in patients with renovascular hypertension, on blood pression control and renal function. Methods: retrospective and observational study using data-base of 51 patients with refractory hypertension, atrophic kidney with significant stenosis or complete occlusion of renal artery undergone nephrectomy, between 1989 to 2005.The mean age of 47 ± 15 years (range 13-77 years), the median of serum creatinine level pre-op was 1.3 mg/dl (0.8- 4.5 mg/dl), the median of clearence of creatinine was estimated with MDRD was 54ml/min, the mean systolic blood pressure (BP) pre-op was 149,6± 22,5 mmhg and the mean diastolic BP pre-op was 90,8± 16,7 mmhg with mean 2,8± 1 of antihypertensive medication per day. The blood pressure and serum creatinine were analyzed each year for five years after nephrectomy. Results: The operative mortality was 2%, we found significant decrease of the mean systolic BP from 12 month until 36 month (p<=0,028) and the mean diastolic BP from 12 month until 48 month after nephrectomy (p<=0,045), associated to significant decrease of antihypertensive medication from 12 month to 48 month per patient (p<=0, 05).One year after the procedure, there was decrease of blood pressure in 69% of patients and improve of renal function in 64% of patients. Eight per cent who had worse of renal function after 12 month, recovery the function during the observation period of 60 month. There were no significant differences between \"respondedores\" (good response) and \"não respondedores (bad response)\" after the nephrectomy of the atrophic kidney when we have analyzed age (p=0,89), sex (=0,24), color (p=0,50), co-mobility and risk factors (p>=0,43), level of initial BP, previous serum creatinine (p>=0,90) and the existence of bilateral stenosis (p>=0,74). Eight per cent of patients had end stage of renal disease (ESRD) and dialysis treatment during the study period, all of them with atherosclerotic lesion of renal artery and initial clearence of creatinine less them 25 ml/min. Those patients with fibromuscular dysplasia had better results on the control of BP and renal function them atherosclerotic patients. Conclusion: The take off atrophic kidney caused by obstruction of renal artery is a safe procedure and brings benefits to blood pressure and preserve the renal function, in patients with renovascular hypertension, with better results in those patients with fbromuscular dysplasia

As distrofias musculares em crianças e adolescentes acometem 1 em cada 3000 nascimentos. A distrofia de Duchenne é de origem genética e herança recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, sendo determinada pela ausência da proteína distrofina, apresenta caráter invariavelmente progressivo, natureza mórbida e fim letal. Até o momento não se conhece tratamento efetivo, mesmo com todo o conhecimento que se tem da etiopatogenia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, no modelo animal, utilizando cães golden retrievers normais portadores e afetados pela distrofia muscular progressiva, a existência de alterações na função glomerular, através da comparação entre os clearances de creatinina, clearance do radionuclídeo EDTA-cromo e da concentração sérica de uréia e creatinina. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de 9 animais sendo grupo 1 controle, grupo 2 portador e grupo 3 afetados. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao mesmos protocolos de exames. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas entre os grupos ou individualmente, sendo que todos os resultados encontraram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade. Sendo assim lesões renais primárias, obscuras aos testes convencionais, descartando-se uma correlação entre a distrofia muscular e lesão na musculatura dos vasos renais que pudessem levar a alterações da função do órgão. / The muscular dystrophys in children and teenagers is taken in 1 each 3000 births. The Duchenne`s dystrophy is from genetics origin and recessive heritage linked to X cromossome, and also determined by the lacre of dystrophyne protein; it shows progressive characteristics, morbid nature and a letal end. So far there is no known effective treatment, even with all the ethiopatogein knowledge. The goal of use of normal golden retrievers dogs, bling then carriers and affected by the progressive muscular dystrophy, the changing existence in the glomerular function through the comparison between the creatinine clearance, EDTA-crome clearance and seric urea and creatinine. Aiming the early diagnostic of the renal pathology. The animals were divided in 3 groups of 9 animals, bling group 1 control animals, group 2 carriers animals and group 3 affected animals. All of then were submitted to the some examinations protocols Their was no relevant identification between the groups or either individually, as all the results were within the expected and natural limits. Likewise, renal primary wounds are not clear in traditional tests made in dystrophyc animals, mainly caused by the muscular wounds in reanal vases harming this way the organ function.

A avaliação da disfunção renal pelos marcadores usuais não tem determinado impacto na redução da incidência da insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) nos pacientes de terapia intensiva. Este estudo avaliou 100 pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) quanto às características demográficas; a relação entre creatinina plasmática e proteína carreadora do retinol (RBPu) e as variáveis clínico-laboratoriais; e a sensibilidade e a especificidade da RBPu. A amostra caracterizou-se como geriátrica (63,4±15,6 anos), do sexo masculino (68%), 47% dos pacientes tiveram tratamento clínico e 53% cirúrgico. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de 13,9±8,3 horas após a admissão na UTI. A análise dos resultados mostrou associação entre a creatinina plasmática e as variáveis: gênero (p-0,026), idade (p-0,038), uso de droga vasoativa (p-0,003), proteínúria (p-0,025), APACHE II (p-0,000), uréia (p-0,000), potássio (p-0,003) e clearance de creatinina estimado (p-0,000). A RBPu mostrou associação com um número maior de variáveis: peso (IMC), uso de ventilação invasiva (p-0,000), uso de antiinflamatório não-hormonal (p-0,018), uso de droga vasoativa (p-0,021), temperatura > 37,5ºC (p-0,005), proteinúria (p-0,000), bilirrubinúria (p-0,004), fluxo urinário (p-0,019), pressão arterial diastólica mínima (p-0,032), pressão arterial sistólica mínima (p-0,029), APACHE II (p-0,000), creatinina (p-0,001), uréia (p-0,001), clearance de creatinina estimado (p-0,000) e uma tendência a associação com os antecedentes clínicos (doença renal, vasculopatia e neoplasia). A creatinina plasmática e a RBPu apresentaram associação com a fração de excreção de sódio (FENa) quando os dados foram submetidos à análise univariada. O estudo referente à sensibilidade e especificidade da RBPu utilizando a curva ROC (Relative Operating Characteristics) mostrou que pacientes com RBPu maior que 1,47 mg/l têm aproximadamente quatro chances de apresentarem creatinina acima de 1,2 mg/dl (intervalo de confiança - 95%, erro padrão - 0,072). A acurácia global da RBPu, como teste diagnóstico, foi fraca. A RBPu, apesar das fracas sensibilidade e especificidade encontradas no estudo, pode ser considerada na clínica, o marcador de melhor desempenho diagnóstico em pacientes com risco para a ocorrência de IRA quando comparada aos marcadores utilizados rotineiramente. / The early assessment of renal dysfunction using common markers has not determined an impact on lower incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care patients, which remains alarming high. This study followed-up 100 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and assessed demographic variables as well as plasma creatinine and urinary retinol-binding protein (uRBP) ratio with clinical and laboratory variables within the first hours of admission to the ICU. The sample was characterized as geriatric (63.4±15.6 years), male (68%), 47% clinical and 53% surgical patients. Data were gathered 13.9±8.3 hours after admission to ICU. Statistical analysis showed association between plasma creatinine and the following variables: gender (p-0.026), age (p-0.038), use of vasoactive drugs (p-0.003), proteinuria (p-0.025), APACHE II (p-0.000), urea (p-0.000), potassium (p-0.003) and estimated creatinine clearance (p-0.000). uRBP correlated with more variables: weight (BMI), use of invasive ventilation (p-0.000), use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (p-0.018), use of vasoactive drugs (p-0.021), temperature > 37.5ºC (p-0.005), proteinuria (p-0.000), bilirubinuria (p-0.004), urinary flow (p-0.019), minimal diastolic pressure (p-0.032), minimal systolic pressure (p-0.029), APACHE II (p-0.000), creatinine (p-0.001), urea (p-0.001), estimated creatinine clearance (p-0.000). uRBP also tended to associate with clinical past medical history (renal disease, vasculopathy and neoplasm). FENa correlated with plasma creatinine and uRBP in univariate analysis. The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve demonstrated that patients with uRBP > 1.47 mg/l are four times more likely to have creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl (95% confidence interval, standard error, 0.072). The global accuracy of uRBP as a diagnostic test was poor. Although uRBP sensibility and specificity were not very high in the study, in clinical practice it might be considered the better marker regarding diagnostic performance in patients at risk of developing ARF, as compared with other markers routinely used. Moreover, uRBP has other features of a good diagnostic test - it is a practical and non-invasive method, and its cost may drop as the test becomes more frequently requested.

INTRODUÇÃO: A despeito do avanço no conhecimento fisiopatológico da injúria renal aguda (IRA), da sofisticação dos métodos de substituição renal e do suporte de pacientes em terapia intensiva, a mortalidade associada à IRA continua elevada. Dessa forma, melhorias na prática de diálise, como início precoce da TRS e aumento da dose de diálise, permanecem como assuntos de intenso debate. Este trabalho foi planejado com intuito de caracterizar o perfil clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes no início da terapia dialítica, e estudar a influência do tempo de início e da dose de diálise na evolução dos pacientes com IRA em UTI. O objetivo principal foi comparar a mortalidade hospitalar em relação ao momento de início da TRS de acordo com diferentes parâmetros. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de coorte observacional, onde foram analisados dados clínicos e laboratoriais de pacientes internados em UTI. O momento de início da TRS foi definido de acordo com o nível de uréia (precoce se menor que 120 mg/dL), estágio do AKIN (precoce se TRS com AKIN 1 ou 2) e tempo de internação em UTI no início da TRS (precoce quando TRS menor que 2 dias). A recuperação renal completa foi definida como relação sCr alta/sCr basal menor ou igual a 20%, e recuperação parcial a relação maior que 20%, mas sem dependência de TRS. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de 168 pacientes. A mediana da idade dos pacientes foi 55 anos. As medianas dos escores de gravidade no momento do início da diálise foram 74 (67-82) e 14 (11-17) para SAPS 3 e SOFA, respectivamente. A mortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes submetidos à TRS foi 73,2%. Os pacientes que não sobreviveram tinham SAPS 3 maior que os pacientes sobreviventes (75 vs. 67, p=0,041). O balanço hídrico acumulado, no início da TRS, foi maior nos pacientes que evoluíram para óbito quando comparados com os pacientes sobreviventes (3090 ml vs. 1632 ml, p=0,004). A dose de diálise não apresentou relação com a mortalidade hospitalar. Não houve diferença em relação à mortalidade hospitalar quando o nível de uréia no início da TRS era maior que 120 mg/dL comparado com uréia menor que 120 mg/dl. A mortalidade hospitalar entre os pacientes que iniciaram a terapia dialítica com AKIN 3, comparados com os pacientes que iniciaram com AKIN 1 ou 2 também não foi diferente. Em relação ao tempo de internação em UTI no início da TRS, pacientes que iniciaram a TRS antes de 2 dias da internação tiveram menor mortalidade hospitalar, 62,7% vs. 73,9% quando a TRS foi iniciada entre 2 dias e 5 dias, vs. 82,5% quando TRS iniciada após 5 dias de admissão em UTI; p = 0,046. Na análise multivariada, tempo de internação em UTI no início da TRS manteve associação com mortalidade hospitalar (OR 4,70; 95% IC 1,0-21,9 para os pacientes que começaram entre 2-5 dias e OR 20,93; 95% IC 3,1-139,3 para os pacientes que começaram após 5 dias de admissão na UTI). Análise do tempo de início e dose de diálise em relação à recuperação da função renal, não foi diferente quando comparado o grupo que recuperou a função renal total com o grupo que recuperou parcialmente. CONCLUSÃO: O início precoce baseado em dados laboratoriais relacionados à gravidade da IRA, nível de uréia e o estágio da IRA baseado na classificação de AKIN, no início da TRS, não foram associados com a mortalidade hospitalar. O início precoce em relação ao tempo de internação em UTI no início da TRS esteve independentemente associado a menor mortalidade hospitalar. O atraso no reconhecimento da gravidade da IRA, assim como para a instituição do tratamento dialítico, pode ter impacto na evolução dos pacientes com IRA. Estudos futuros devem avaliar se o início precoce, baseado em parâmetros temporais, pode ser um fator que altere a mortalidade associada à IRA dialítica / BACKGROUND: Despite recent advance on acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis and the sophistication of the methods of renal replacement and support, the mortality associated with AKI remains high. Thus, improvement in the practice of RRT for AKI patients, such as early onset and adequate dose, remain issues of intense debate. The aim of this study is to characterize the clinical and laboratory profiles of patients before and at RRT initiation and assess the effect of the timing of RRT initiation on outcomes of patients with AKI in ICU. The main objective is to compare mortality in relation to the RRT initiation according to different parameters. METHODS: This is a prospective observational cohort study. Clinical and laboratory data of patients in the ICU were analyzed. Early and late start was defined according to the level of urea (early if less than 120 mg / dL), AKIN stage (early if RRT with AKIN 1 or 2) and time from ICU admission to RRT initiation (RRT early as less than 2 days). Complete recovery was defined as the ratio of sCr hospital discharge / baseline sCr less than or equal to 20% and partial recovery as a ratio higher than 20%, but without the need for RRT. RESULTS: 168 patients were analyzed. The median age was 55 years. The median severity scores at the initiation of dialysis was 74 (67-82) and 14 (11-17) for SAPS 3 and SOFA, respectively. Hospital mortality of patients undergoing RRT was 73.2%. Non-survivors patients had greater SAPS III than survivors patients (75 vs 67, p = 0.041). The cumulative fluid balance at the beginning of the RRT was higher in non-survivors compared to survivors (3090 ml vs. 1632 ml, p=0.004) .The dialysis dose was not associated with mortality. There was no difference in mortality when the urea level was greater than 120 mg / dL at RRT initiation compared to urea less than 120 mg / dl. There was no difference in-hospital mortality among patients who started dialysis with AKIN 3 when compared with patients who started with AKIN 1 or 2. Time from ICU admission to RRT initiation was associated with lower hospital mortality (62.7% when the RRT started before 2 days vs. 73.9% when the RRT started between 2 days and 5 days vs. 82.5 % when RRT started after 5 days of admission to the ICU; p = 0.046). In the multivariate analysis, time from ICU admission to RRT initiation remained significantly associated with hospital mortality (OR 4.70; 95% CI 1.0 to 21.9 for those starting from 2-5 days; and OR 20.93; 95% CI 3.1 to 139.3 for patients starting with more than 5 days). The timing of beginning and the dialysis dose were not different in the group of patients that completely recovered renal function as compared to the group with partial recovery. CONCLUSION: Early start based on laboratorial data associated with AKI severity, urea level or AKIN stage, was not associated with decreased mortality. Early start based on time from ICU admission to RRT initiation was independently associated with lower mortality. The delay in AKI severity recognition and to start RRT can impact outcome of AKI patients. Future studies should investigate whether an early start could impact AKI mortality