Dans ces dernières années nous assistons à l’émergence de nouvelles licences, les Creative Commons (CC), qui dérivent du monde du logiciel libre et qui ont pour but de partager les œuvres artistiques (vidéos, musique, etc.) entre les utilisateurs. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des vidéos qu'utilisent ces licences. En particulier cette thèse se concentre sur trois aspects de la production de vidéos sous licences CC : les choix judicieux du degré d'ouverture de la licence, la stratégie de financer et de mener l’innovation et le chemin qui détermine le succès des projets. Tout d’abord, pour enquêter sur ce qui est le choix judicieux entre les différents degrés d'ouverture dans les licences CC, nous avons conduit une analyse économétrique (approche quantitative) sur des vidéos sous licences CC stockées sur l'Internet Archive. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que, dans le but d'attirer les contributions des utilisateurs, les producteurs utilisent différents degrés d'ouverture de licences en fonction de leur statut organisationnel. Ensuite, pour étudier la stratégie de financer et de diriger l’innovation générée par les utilisateurs, nous avons conduit une étude de cas (approche qualitative) concernant un vidéo produite sous licence CC, Big Buck Bunny. Les résultats suggèrent que les utilisateurs peuvent être utilisés en tant que source de financement de la production et comme partenaires pour innover. Enfin, pour étudier le chemin et les caractéristiques des projets qui arrivent à être produit, nous avons crée un modèle multi-agent, capable de reproduire les faits stylisés de la production de vidéos sous CC stockées sur une plate-forme en ligne. / Recently Creative Commons (CC ) licenses emerged. CC are a set of licenses which derive from the free/open source software world. The aim of CC licenses is to share the artistic works (videos , music, etc.) among users . This thesis is devoted to the study of videos under these licenses. In particular, the thesis focuses on three aspects of video production under CC licenses: the successful choice of the degree of openness of the license , the strategy to fund and conduct innovation and the way that determine the success of the projects. First, to investigate the appropriate choice among different degrees of openness in the CC licenses, we conducted an econometric analysis (quantitative approach) on video under CC licenses stored on the Internet Archive . The results suggest that in order to attract contributions of users, producers use different opening licenses based on their organizational status degrees. Then, to study the strategy to fund and manage the innovation generated by users, we conducted a case study (qualitative approach ) of a video under CC license, Big Buck Bunny. The results suggest that users can be used as a source of funding for the production and as partners to innovate. Finally, to study the path and the characteristics of projects that succeed, we created an agent-based model that is able to reproduce the stylized facts of the production of videos under CC license stored on an on-line platform.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T11:19:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2018-05-22T15:43:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-22T15:44:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:47:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:47:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T15:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jordanviniciusdeoliveira.pdf: 982591 bytes, checksum: e52fd088a7e0966c6d358996b2494751 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o cenário dos periódicos científicos brasileiros, com foco nos periódicos da área de Direito. Os elementos analisados são os padrões de licenciamento, de acesso e de custeio destes veículos. Os dados diretos analisados foram obtidos a partir da coleta destes elementos junto ao site de cada um dos periódicos da área de direito e de outras áreas do conhecimento que compuseram a amostragem de pesquisa. A questão a qual o estudo deseja responder trata do desenho institucional destes periódicos, indagando se ele demonstra um reforço ou uma ruptura com a interpretação legalista do direito autoral. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa promove uma análise empírica e qualitativa pelo auxílio de três conceitos basilares expostos por Epstein e King, a saber: inferência descritiva, implicações observáveis e hipótese rival. O substrato teórico que guia a análise está contido nas noções de dever e de aspiração da lei, conforme Zenon Bankowski. A principal conclusão é de que há uma tendência de ruptura com os padrões proprietários nos periódicos da área de Direito e, de maneira mais ampla, no cenário científico nacional, com vistas a oferecer conteúdo científico aberto e livre. Entretanto, a influência proprietária e restritiva para o acesso ao conhecimento científico nestes veículos ainda subsiste. / This research aims to analyze the context of the Brazilian scientific journals, especially those situated in the legal field. The elements analyzed are the patterns of access, licenses and costs associated with these journals. The direct data analyzed were obtained from the collection of these elements through the sites of journals classified in the legal and other fields of knowledge in order to form the research sample. The research problem investigates the institutional design of the legal journals as well as verifies if there is either a confirmation or a denial of the legalisticinterpretative of copyright norms. Methodologically, this research promotes an empirical and qualitative analysis taking into account the use of three basic concepts elucidated by Epstein and King: descriptive inference, observable implications and rival hypothesis. The Zenon Bankowski’s idea of duty and aspiration applied to legal theory is the theoretical reference of this investigation. The main conclusion is that there is a tendency to disregard the traditional proprietary patterns by the national legal journals in order to offer free and open scientific content. However, the proprietary and restrictive patterns are still present in these journals as obstacles to promote access to scientific knowledge.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the recent development of collective administration of rights (CRM). I have chosen this topic because of its actual impact and current changes on the field of CRM. The growing importance of the Internet and of digitisation technologies is opening up new possibilities for distributing creative content online. This is not in harmony with territorial principles of administration of right in Europe. So, there are challenges which can change the way how CRM cooperate and compete. First chapter briefly describes collective administration of rights in Czech Republic. Second chapter is focused on public licences concretely Creative commons. Their impact on CRM is unexceptionable and the national legislature has to react on this new phenomenon of licensing of copyright works. The goal of this chapter is to introduce that public licence, describe their compatibility with Czech law system and draw attention to problematic paragraphs which blocks simple and lawful way how to use them. Digitalization project such as Europeana open up the orphan works problem which is due by the fact that new digital media provide unprecedented opportunities for reutilizing 'old' existing content. There is a huge problem of right clearance of copyright and related rights which can influence...

Before signing a contract, it is important to read and understand the terms in order to know what is being agreed to. However, it has been shown that this is not done to the same extent online. Even though users accept the terms of use for online services, the terms are rarely read, meaning that the user has no idea of what is agreed to. When it comes to social media sites, these have some sort of service for distribution of content, such as photographs. As these are considered creative works, they are most certainly protected by copyright. This means that copyright protection comes in question. As services are accessible from different nations, these need to comply with different kinds of legislation regulating the protection of copyright. The purpose of this study is to investigate the terms of use for specific online services available on the Internet for distribution of digital content and analyse the legal conditions in order to establish congruence with European and US copyright law. The sites legally gain rights to the content that is uploaded by the users. However, there seems to be some unclarity regarding the terms that potentially results in use of the sites that is not accepted. Further, there seem to be possible problems in protecting the moral rights of the authors due to the extent of the licences that is granted to some of the sites.

Internet has been a common part of our private and work-related lives for a rather long time, yet it doesn't seem this is going to change. On the contrary - the importance of Internet is steadily growing as well as number of it's users and only few technologies have similar impact on individuals or even whole businesses and industries. But Internet evolves as well and it is not the same that it was 10 years ago. Today, Internet is more than just email or static (business) presentation on the web; it's more an interactive medium and is often associated with so called "Web 2.0". Yet even this concept isn't likely to last forever. That's why I find important to focus on contemporary Internet trends and try to describe some of the most influential ones regarding the future, i.e. social networking, wiki systems and blogs, APIs and mashups, but also Creative Commons licences and possible solution to multiple online identity issue, the OpenID project. Although I'm going to use particular examples of services in order to describe some of the trends, I would like to avoid unnecessary details. I'm going to focus on features the services have in common, not just considering particular service categories, but across the Internet as a whole as well. The aim is to create a survey, evaluation of contemporary Internet services and describe some approaches to solving specific issues related to this environment. Information resources will be mostly technologically oriented servers, blogs and other contemporary trends or particular product related websites. Obviously I'm going to embed my personal experience as well.

Present trends in the mainstream adoption of educational technology coupled to the increased acceptance and adoption of openness in terms of sharing resources and open access force higher education into a radical rethink of its structures and educational strategies. This article examines the current shift in focus from the simple production and sharing of open educational resources (OER) towards wider concepts such as open educational practices (OEP) and cultures (OEC). OER involves mostly educators whereas OEP and OEC demand the commitment of management, administrators and politicians.  This openness is already spawning alternative types of peer-based collaborative learning both inside and outside the formal education system. In particular the increased awareness of the importance of informal learning has raised a clear need for some kind of certification model and the current open badges initiative lead by Mozilla and several US authorities is examined and discussed. In 2011 the OER university partnership announced an innovative approach to combining formal and informal learning by planning to offer credible credentials for students who have acquired the necessary skills through their own learning paths. The road to future higher education may not be entirely behind the campus walls.

This paper proposes an examination of Creative Commons (CC) licensing and considerations for adoption or non adoption among musicians. According to the Creative Commons Web site, the licenses were created to work alongside current copyright law allowing rights holders a “some rights reserved” copyright (“What is CC?”, Creative Commons, 2010). However, despite its current uptick in adoption, many remain hesitant and refuse to adopt the licenses to protect their work. Moreover, for those who have adopted the licenses, little is known about why they chose to adopt the licenses. Thus, the study answers the need for further research in understanding why musicians choose to use or not to use CC licenses. The study attempts to answer the following question: What considerations determine whether musicians adopt CC licenses for their work? In the pages that follow, I survey the historic and current position of copyright law. Specifically, the paper begins by problematizing current copyright law by demonstrating its economic and social inefficiencies in light of new advancements in technology. In other words, current copyright favors incumbent cultural industries who demand increased economic incentives at the expense of the public’s right to access these works. Moreover, it favors existing content holders who insist on creating laws that retain maximum control over their property. It then questions whether Creative Commons licenses can successfully reconcile these inefficiencies. Moreover, the overarching goal of this research is to examine the perceived viability of these licenses and to consider whether current advocacy efforts adequately address concerns of potential adopters. It analyze information gathered from multiple in-depth interviews of musicians who have and have not adopted the licenses. It will also examine advocacy efforts. The study hopes to contribute qualitative data that will shape future discussions on copyright, culture and new technologies by considering adequacies and or inadequacies of current licenses & advocacy efforts. / text

Image indexing research today is either conducted on a visual attribute level or on a higher semantic level, forming a semantic gap between the two. There is much to gain if research progress from the two fields is combined. Image retrieval using access points in both visual and semantic significations could improve retrieval and bridge the gap. In social media today, images are often the primary communication agent and the number of images on the web is increasing in an uncontrolled way. New and efficient ways to index and retrieve the images are needed.The purpose of this study is to examine if emotions could be a semantic access point for image retrieval and if folksonomy indexing is useful when searching for images that represent emotions. Images are retrieved from Flickr and Sara Shatford’s matrix for image indexing is used to classify image tags into categories.The result shows that for some emotions it is useful and there is a clear pattern in the retrieved relevant images. For other emotions there are a lot of images that have been tagged on a cluster of images and all images in the cluster is not relevant. Therefore the search result is ambiguous.An interesting observation is that index words expressing abstractions and feelings are more common in folksonomies compared to professional indexers. For specific web image collections where searches could be conducted on feelings, folksonomies is a successful method for the indexing and retrieval of images.

[EN] NINA PALEY: THE FUSION OF 2D DIGITAL AND TRADITIONAL ANIMATION This thesis is a monographic study on the oeuvre and working methods of Nina Paley: internationally renowned underground artist. The aim of the thesis is to compile and analyse the work of this original animator, examining how she integrates both digital and traditional techniques, and to explore basic animation principles. It is by analysing her work that we will discover how her animations concerning myths and epics, shown in an ironic, irreverent way, encompass phenomena such as optical illusions, graphic and stylistic devices, various animated techniques and bold, social and political criticism. Furthermore, Nina Paley is belligerent towards traditional copyright licences, which are nonsensical in today's technological world. She eludes existing rules and regulations and instead seeks and explores new channels. In doing so she has become a free culture activist and her work is published under the Creative Commons licence. She has also been able to prove that it is possible to work independently, solely through the support of her audience and the donations she receives. Through this project, our humble aim is to add to existing data and in some way contribute towards remedying the lack of information and material in the Spanish language on this animator. / [ES] NINA PALEY: LA FUSION ENTRE LA ANIMACIÓN 2D Y LA ANIMACIÓN TRADICIONAL La presente tesis es un estudio monográfico sobre la obra y la manera de trabajar de Nina Paley, artista underground de reconocido prestigio internacional. El objetivo de la tesis es recopilar y analizar en profundidad la obra de esta original animadora, estudiando la integración de las técnicas empleadas: digitales y tradicionales, así como los principios básicos de animación. Es a través del análisis de su obra donde descubriremos como animaciones sobre mitos y epopeyas mostradas de manera irónica e irreverente, conviven junto a fenómenos como las ilusiones ópticas, recursos gráficos y estilísticos, diferentes técnicas animadas o una audaz critica social y política. Por otro lado, Nina Paley se muestra beligerante con las licencias tradicionales de copyright, que carecen de sentido en el mundo tecnológico actual. Huye de las regulaciones y normas existentes y busca y explora nuevas vías. Así, se convierte en activista del movimiento de Cultura Libre, deja su obra bajo la licencia Creative Commons y además consigue poner de manifiesto que es posible trabajar de forma totalmente autónoma e independiente sólo con el apoyo de su público y de las donaciones que obtiene. Nuestra humilde pretensión con este proyecto es aportar nuevos datos a los ya existentes, y contribuir, de algún modo, a solventar la carencia de información y de material en castellano sobre esta animadora. / [CAT] NINA PALEY: LA FUSIÓ ENTRE L'ANIMACIÓ 2D I L'ANIMACIÓ TRADICIONAL La present tesi és un estudi monogràfic sobre l'obra i la manera de treballar de Nina Paley, artista underground de reconegut prestigi internacional. L'objectiu de la tesi és recopilar i analitzar en profunditat l'obra d'aquesta original animadora, estudiant la integració de les tècniques emprades: digitals i tradicionals, així com els principis bàsics d'animació. És a través de l'anàlisi de la seua obra on descobrirem com animacions sobre mites i epopeies mostrades de manera irònica i irreverent, conviuen al costat de fenòmens com les il·lusions òptiques, recursos gràfics i estilístics, diferents tècniques animades o una audaç crítica social i política. D'altra banda, Nina Paley es mostra bel·ligerant amb les llicències tradicionals de copyright, que no tenen sentit en el món tecnològic actual. Fuig de les regulacions i normes existents i busca i explora noves vies. Així, es converteix en activista del moviment de Cultura Lliure, deixa la seua obra sota la llicència Creative Commons i a més aconsegueix posar de manifest que és possible treballar de forma totalment autònoma i independent només amb el suport del seu públic i de les donacions que obté. La nostra humil pretensió amb aquest projecte és aportar noves dades als ja existents, i contribuir, d'alguna manera, a solucionar la manca d'informació i de material en castellà o valencià sobre esta animadora. / Estudillo Molina, AM. (2016). Nina Paley: La fusión entre la animación 2D y la animación tradicional [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62177 / TESIS

Memoria para optar al título de Periodista / Esta investigación aborda los derechos de autor, pero desde una mirada práctica. A través de un conjunto de casos e historias, ilustra por qué el copyright se está convirtiendo en un obstáculo para la cultura libre. Inspirado por Free Culture, de Lawrence Lessig, este trabajo propone comprobar empírica o testimonialmente que, en el contexto de Internet, el derecho de autor está causando más daños que beneficios: es un obstáculo para el patrimonio o el acceso y una traba a la propia creatividad. La investigación busca “aterrizar” el tema y acercarlo a los lectores; contrasta la realidad de experiencias particulares con los supuestos de la ley o los argumentos de la teoría (que parece predominar en el debate); ofrece, además, un punto de vista comprometido. Es también un trabajo de carácter híbrido, en tanto cita fuentes abigarradas: testimonios, estadísticas, discusiones parlamentarias, leyes actuales y antiguas, ensayos, libros de historia, series de tv, recortes de prensa, novelas, discos, escritos filosóficos, y otros.