The work first introduces the area of public licenses as a space between the copyright law and public domain. After that, consecutively for proprietary software, free and open source software, open hardware and open content, it maps particular types of public licenses and the accompanying social and cultural movements, puts them in mutual as well as historical context, examines their characteristics and compares them to each other, shows how the public licenses are defined by various accompanying movements, and also analyses which obstacles to the usage of public licenses are put by the Czech law. Keywords Copyright, licenses, open source, creative commons, public domain, software, design.

A 9.5-year-old labrador presented with signs of progressive C1–C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed a broad-based, jagged and partially ill-defined intradural mass lesion at the level of C3–C4 cervical vertebra. Decompressive spinal surgery was performed and the removed mass was sent for histopathological examination that identified an intradural extraosseous osteosarcoma. This very rare canine spinal tumour appears to arise predominantly in the cervical spine and occurs with no predisposing factors. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis for spinal tumours.

Exacerbation of heritage features throughout the history of copyright brought serious consequences for their development. The copyright laws of historical progress in the scenarios with international and national economic traits notably eventually provide man, creator of intellectual work, a secondary role. Its activity has always been important, but there was a predominance of the equity, having. With the bourgeois revolutions of the eighteenth century began a process of modification of certain ideals, policies for inclusion in the letters of the states of certain fundamental rights. The coexistence of two systems of copyrights in the world ended up further back from the moral prerogatives of the authors. Yet the international legal texts now recognize them, although they are not fully respected. At a later stage there is a change of direction in the understanding of legal systems, is now setting up the foundation for the interpretation of copyright, to emphasize a repersonalization of its institutes. Our purpose in this study is to question whether it is possible to reconsider the legal institutions copyright, even with the new information society, and if possible, today, to meet the social expectations for the achievement of fundamental rights to information, culture and education, placed in check with this new social formation. We will analyze such issues based on the principle of human dignity for in the end, demonstrate the possibility of harmonizing these rights with the alternative use of works protected by copyright laws, taking as an example, the creative commons. / A exacerbação dos traços patrimoniais ao longo da história dos direitos autorais trouxe sérias consequências para o seu desenvolvimento. O progresso histórico das legislações autorais nos cenários internacional e nacional com traços notadamente econômicos acabou por atribuir ao homem, criador da obra intelectual, um papel secundário. Sua atividade sempre foi importante, mas havia o predomínio do patrimônio, do ter. Com as revoluções burguesas do século XVIII inicia-se um processo de modificação de alguns ideais, pela inclusão nas cartas políticas dos Estados de alguns direitos fundamentais. A coexistência de dois sistemas de direitos autorais no mundo acabou por afastar ainda mais as prerrogativas morais dos autores. Mesmo assim os textos legais internacionais passaram a reconhecê-las, conquanto não sejam inteiramente respeitadas. Numa fase posterior há uma mudança de rumo no entendimento dos sistemas legais, sendo agora a constituição o fundamento para a interpretação dos direitos autorais, a enfatizar uma repersonalização de seus institutos. Nosso propósito neste estudo é questionar se é possível fazer uma releitura dos institutos jurídicos autorais, mesmo diante da nova sociedade da informação, bem como se é possível, nos dias de hoje, atender aos anseios sociais pela consecução dos direitos fundamentais à informação, cultura e educação, colocados em xeque com esta nova formação social. Faremos uma análise de tais questões com base no princípio da dignidade humana para, ao final, demonstrar a possibilidade de harmonizar tais direitos com o uso alternativo de obras protegidas pelas leis autorais, tomando, como exemplo, o creative commons.

Vortrag über aktuell bedeutsame Probleme des Urheberrechts mit dem Schwerpunkt Open Access-Lizenzierung

The goal of the thesis is the development of an exemplary application profile for one institution guiding the use of Rights Expression Languages (REL) to include the rights information of digital documents in the metadata. Cultural heritage institutions face many challenges with regard to the growing number of digital documents. One challenge is the effective and efficient management, administration and presentation or publication of the documents according to their inherent rights. A basic issue is the inclusion of the rights information in the metadata file of the digital documents to enable automated administration of the documents. The application profile is supposed to show the REL’s potential for solving the challenge. Whether RELs can be applied practically in the cultural heritage sector is not in the scope of the thesis and must be examined in a large scale study. As applied research, the thesis does not follow a strict quantitative or qualitative research method but gathers, examines and evaluates data to develop an application profile. Due to the focus on technical issues, it aims at developers and not at end users. To reach the thesis’ goal, RELs are located in the area of digital rights. Four RELs are examined basi-cally by literature analysis. In addition, various representative licenses from one library are chosen which are “translated” into the most appro-priate REL. The findings flow into a prototype application profile which is evaluated in one iteration step by experts according to heuristic evaluation to identify technical and conceptual flaws. Based on the identified flaws, the prototype is revised. Finally, the exemplary application profile for the METS metadata schema is presented and recommendations for further elaborated appli-cation profiles are given.

A expansão comercial da Internet deu origem a novas questões jurídicas, e com elas novas disputas pela melhor forma de regulação. Um dos campos que sofreram mais impacto com a Internet foi o dos direitos autorais, devido às renovadas possibilidades de distribuição de obras intelectuais. Formou-se uma polarização entre defensores de um enrijecimento de direitos autorais, representados principalmente pelas indústrias de conteúdo e de software, e defensores do acesso a esses materiais, com base em novos modelos de negócios. Esta última posição é tributária, dentre outros valores, da chamada cultura da Internet, que caracteriza uma forma de produção e compartilhamento de bens intelectuais que se estabeleceu durante as décadas pré-comoditização da Internet. A pressão pelo que chamamos maximalismo autoral resultou em novas leis e tratados internacionais, que serviram de base para o que se estabeleceu como guerra contra a pirataria. Perdendo espaço nas arenas oficiais, os defensores de modelos abertos de produção de software e cultura desenvolveram modelos alternativos privados, de adesão voluntária, como resistência e preservação de um corpo de bens intelectuais livres. O precursor deles é o movimento software livre, que estabeleceu um modelo que viria a ser aproveitado por outras comunidades, como foi o caso do Creative Commons. Analisamos, neste trabalho, o cenário ao qual estes dois movimentos se contrapõem, investigamos as alternativas jurídicas que eles colocam, e o impacto que este modelo regulatório provocou nos respectivos meios. Apesar de compartilharem estratégias, os dois movimentos dizem respeito a objetos e comunidades de características próprias, com consequências distintas nos resultados atingidos e nos possíveis desdobramentos futuros / The commercial expansion of the Internet originated new legal issues, and with them new disputes over how to achieve the best regulation. One of the most affected legal areas was copyright, due to renewed possibilities for distribution of intellectual goods. There arose a polarization between advocates of a strengthening of copyrights, represented mainly by the content and software industries, and advocates of access to these materials, based on new business models. This latter position derivates, among other values, from the so-called culture of the Internet, that features a form of production and sharing of intellectual goods that has established itself over the decades leading up to the commoditization of the Internet. The pressure for what we call copyright maximalism resulted in new laws and international treaties, which formed the basis for what was established as war against piracy. Losing space in official arenas, advocates of open models of software and culture production have developed alternative private models, of voluntary adhesion, as resistance and preservation of a body of free intellectual goods. Their forerunner is the free software movement, which established a model that would be followed by other communities, as was the case of Creative Commons. We analyze, in this paper, the scenario to which these two movements oppose, investigate the legal alternatives they pose, and the impact that this regulatory model resulted in their environments. Despite sharing strategies, the two movements relate to specific objects and communities, what leads to different consequences as to results achieved and possible future developments.

Resumo: Na modernidade, foi a imprensa com tipos móveis inventada por Gutenberg a tecnologia que propiciou mudanças nas formas de produzir, disseminar e usar a obra intelectual e levou segmentos da sociedade a exigir formas de proteção para a produção intelectual. No mundo contemporâneo, o advento da Internet propiciou o ambiente informacional Web Colaborativa onde a produção descentralizada e compartilhada de conhecimento gera uma nova configuração cultural de exponencial representatividade no fluxo da informação. Nesse ambiente, as práticas de colaboração e remix que o caracterizam são contempladas por uma legislação estabelecida para um contexto anterior ao desenvolvimento da Web e cria-se, portanto, um descompasso entre o que a tecnologia propicia e o que a lei estabelece quanto a produção intelectual. Assim, em beneficio da produção do conhecimento, torna-se imprescindível saber não só quais os limites que a legislação impõe, mas também verificar as alternativas emergentes que contribuam para o fluir da informação no âmbito da Web Colaborativa dentro dos padrões que a lei estabelece. Assim, o estudo, caracterizado como pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa com uma abordagem de observação direta não participativa, apresenta o texto dissertativo baseado em levantamento bibliográfico com revisão de literatura teórica e exploratória de aspectos relativos à Web Colaborativa (abordados a partir da observação de fenômenos como blogs e wikis e os websites Flickr e YouTube) e à legislação que regra o direito autoral. Este estudo, por conseguinte, destaca que a sociedade em geral e o profissional da Ciência da Informação, em especial, devem não somente usufruir, mas também conhecer em uma amplitude maior os novos ambientes advindos das possibilidades propiciadas pela Internet e nos quais eles interagem nos processos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In modern times, it was the press created by Gutenberg the technology which favored changes in the ways of producing, disseminating and using intellectual work and which led segments of the society to demand ways to protect intellectual production. In the present-day world, the advent of Internet has favored the informational environment collaborative Web where decentralized and shared production of knowledge creates a new cultural configuration of exponential representativeness in the flow of information. In this environment, collaboration practices and remix typical which characterize it are ruled by a legislation established for a context prior to the development of the Web and an imbalance between what technology promotes and what is established by law as to intellectual work is created. Therefore, for the sake of knowledge production, it is essential to know not only what limits are set by the legislation but also to check the emerging alternatives that promote the information flow in the realms of collaborative Web according to standards established by the law. Thus, the study, characterized as a bibliographic and qualitative research with a direct non-participative observation approach, presents the dissertation based on bibliographical survey with review of theoretical and exploratory literature of aspects related to the collaborative Web (approached from the observation of blogs and wikis and the websites Flickr and YouTube) and to the legislation that rules copyright. This study, therefore, shows that society in general and the professional of Information Science, in particular, should not only use, but know better the new environments that rise from the possibilities favored by the internet and in which they interact in the processes of production and dissemination of content. Legal conditions for activities and processes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Silvana Aparecida Borsetti Gregorio Vidotti / Coorientador: Ricardo César Gonçalves Sant'Ana / Banca: Edinilson Donisete Machado / Banca: Plácida Leopoldina Ventura Amorim da Costa Santos / Mestre

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araya_erm_me_mar.pdf: 1347954 bytes, checksum: 654bbbbc59d218e6de5da05c85615b01 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Na modernidade, foi a imprensa com tipos móveis inventada por Gutenberg a tecnologia que propiciou mudanças nas formas de produzir, disseminar e usar a obra intelectual e levou segmentos da sociedade a exigir formas de proteção para a produção intelectual. No mundo contemporâneo, o advento da Internet propiciou o ambiente informacional Web Colaborativa onde a produção descentralizada e compartilhada de conhecimento gera uma nova configuração cultural de exponencial representatividade no fluxo da informação. Nesse ambiente, as práticas de colaboração e remix que o caracterizam são contempladas por uma legislação estabelecida para um contexto anterior ao desenvolvimento da Web e cria-se, portanto, um descompasso entre o que a tecnologia propicia e o que a lei estabelece quanto a produção intelectual. Assim, em beneficio da produção do conhecimento, torna-se imprescindível saber não só quais os limites que a legislação impõe, mas também verificar as alternativas emergentes que contribuam para o fluir da informação no âmbito da Web Colaborativa dentro dos padrões que a lei estabelece. Assim, o estudo, caracterizado como pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa com uma abordagem de observação direta não participativa, apresenta o texto dissertativo baseado em levantamento bibliográfico com revisão de literatura teórica e exploratória de aspectos relativos à Web Colaborativa (abordados a partir da observação de fenômenos como blogs e wikis e os websites Flickr e YouTube) e à legislação que regra o direito autoral. Este estudo, por conseguinte, destaca que a sociedade em geral e o profissional da Ciência da Informação, em especial, devem não somente usufruir, mas também conhecer em uma amplitude maior os novos ambientes advindos das possibilidades propiciadas pela Internet e nos quais eles interagem nos processos... / In modern times, it was the press created by Gutenberg the technology which favored changes in the ways of producing, disseminating and using intellectual work and which led segments of the society to demand ways to protect intellectual production. In the present-day world, the advent of Internet has favored the informational environment collaborative Web where decentralized and shared production of knowledge creates a new cultural configuration of exponential representativeness in the flow of information. In this environment, collaboration practices and remix typical which characterize it are ruled by a legislation established for a context prior to the development of the Web and an imbalance between what technology promotes and what is established by law as to intellectual work is created. Therefore, for the sake of knowledge production, it is essential to know not only what limits are set by the legislation but also to check the emerging alternatives that promote the information flow in the realms of collaborative Web according to standards established by the law. Thus, the study, characterized as a bibliographic and qualitative research with a direct non-participative observation approach, presents the dissertation based on bibliographical survey with review of theoretical and exploratory literature of aspects related to the collaborative Web (approached from the observation of blogs and wikis and the websites Flickr and YouTube) and to the legislation that rules copyright. This study, therefore, shows that society in general and the professional of Information Science, in particular, should not only use, but know better the new environments that rise from the possibilities favored by the internet and in which they interact in the processes of production and dissemination of content. Legal conditions for activities and processes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Ce travail de recherche traite des rapports entre le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique et le principe d'équité, qui permet à chacun des acteurs de la propriété littéraire et artistique : auteur, public, exploitant, de se voir attribuer des prérogatives à sa juste mesure, en faisant en sorte de léser le moins possible les autres acteurs. Les rapports à l'équité sont dans un premier temps étudiés dans le cadre de l'exploitation traditionnelle des droits d'auteur : d'une part par l'intermédiaire des sociétés de gestion collective et d'autre part du fait des contrats d'exploitation portant sur des œuvres. Dans ces cas de figure, l'équité sert de référence dans les relations contractuelles entre l'auteur et l'exploitant. Les rapports à l'équité sont également étudiés dans le cadre du phénomène des œuvres évolutives et des licences libres qui les accompagnent. Les rapports à l'équité sont ensuite étudiés dans le cadre des limitations des droits de l'auteur. Certains de ces limitations font l'objet de compensation, telles les licences légales et les exceptions rémunérées. Les exceptions qui ne font pas l'objet d'une rémunération font l'objet d'une rationalisation. Sont évalués à l'aune de l'équité les moyens de rationalisation d'une part et les exceptions rationalisées du fait de ces moyens d'autre part. L'équité est mesurée dans cette hypothèse entre les prérogatives des ayants droit et celles des bénéficiaires des exceptions. / This PhD thesis deals with the link between the French copyright system and the principle of equity. The French copyright system should allow each of its actors: the author, the public and the manager of the work, to receive attribution pertaining to their role without being overly affected by the other actors' prerogatives. First, we shall study effects on the principle of equity within the framework of traditional exploitation, namely when the author confides the exploitation of his work either to a copyright collecting agency or to a publishing company. Influences on equity will be measured in the nature of the contractual relationship between the author and the copyright manager. Impact on equity will also be studied in cases of open artworks and open licences, such as Copyleft and Creative Commons licences. Next, we shall evaluate the influence on equity within the framework of copyright limitations. These limitations can be offset either by payment – such is the case with legal licences or remunerated exceptions – or by a restriction of their use. Unremunerated exceptions undergo rationalization; we shall examine both the means of rationalization and the rationalized exceptions from a point of view of equity. In the various cases of limitation, the impact on equity will be determined according to the relationship between the copyright owner and the beneficiary of the limitation.