1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the issue of sanctioning of legal persons as well as with selected aspects of criminal liability of legal persons. The main reason why I chose this topic is my deep interest in analyzing the discussed issues together with the evaluation of the current state of the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., On Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and the Proceedings against them, and on the basis of this evaluation to submit proposals for improvement. At the beginning of this work, the reader will find a presentation of the basic structure, along with an outline of the main goals of the thesis, and then it will be divided into five basic chapters. The first chapter defines the basic concepts of criminal liability of legal persons related to their sanctioning. There is a theoretical definition of a legal person due to the absence of a definition of this term in czech criminal law. After defining the theoretical basis of criminal liability of legal persons, the development of this institute is outlined, together with the question of sanctioning the legal persons that are primarily involved in this work. The second chapter focuses on the development of criminal liability of legal persons. Due to the fact that origin of the criminal liability of legal persons is in the...

DOCTOR - PATIENT RELATIONSHIP RESUMÉ The topic of the doctor - patient relationship is so broad that this graduation thesis cannot cover nearly all of its aspects. The aim is to capture the most basic institutions of doctor - patient relationship in period just before the effectiveness of the reform of health services. Historical development of medical law in the Czech Republic is summarized in the very first chapter. The aim was mainly to express complicated role of post-communist countries in connection with their efforts to integrate into the modern system, which was then for the rest of Europe completely natural. The second chapter issues the basic elements controlling the relationship between doctor and patient, including the definition of the term lege artis, whose explanation is an essential part of every publication dealing with medical law. Chapter provides a comprehensive view of the institutes, which are largely discussed in subsequent chapters. The next three chapters deal with the issues of informed consent, duty of confidentiality of medical staff and management of medical documentation. Informed consent is the central institute of medical law and most important element of the relationship between doctor and patient. The topic of the consent of the patient with the health care is treated in...

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Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Göttingen, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-230).

The aim of this essay is to describe and analyse the legal complications that arise in connection with preliminary investigations involving several juvenile offenders, where all suspected persons have not attained the age of criminal liability. It is also intended to give a broad analysis of the concept preliminary investigation, with particular emphasis on juvenile offenders. It further analyses the legislation and legal complications on the basis of a rule of law perspective. The method previously used is court dogmatic, where in front law text, preparatory work, case law and legal doctrine have been used in order to present the existing sources relating to the subject matter of discussion. The criminal investigative bodies consider juvenile offenders are regulated under the Swedish RB 23 - 28 chapters, FUK and LUL. The fundamental basis used in deciding whether to commence a preliminary investigation, is that of evidence gathered and if it can be reasonably concluded that a crime has been committed under general legislation. A preliminary investigation is initiated and led by either the police authority or the prosecutor. The preliminary investigation is always led by the prosecutor in serious criminal matters. There are certain specific rules that apply when juvenile offenders become the subject of a criminal investigation. The rules applied vary dependant upon and with due regard to the age of the offenders. The age of criminal liability is a crucial and definite factor in this context, where by preliminary investigations can be initiated only against young people that have attained an age of 15 years, but not against those yet to have reached that age. Criminal investigations may however under certain circumstances be initiated against juvenile offenders that have not reached the age of 15 years, as per LUL 31§. The most significant conclusion reached is that the rule of law be applied and met when young people become subjects of a criminal investigation. A majority of the regulations contained within the legislation limit and make the investigative process problematic, particular emphasis being under the interrogation process and the use of means of compulsion. A discussion or inquiry should be entered with regard to the effectiveness of the preliminary investigative process pertaining to juvenile offenders, with a means to improving the procedure whilst maintaining rule of law.

This thesis examines the role of emotion in the criminal law. It identifies the current understanding of emotion in the law, and challenges this understanding as it is revealed in the rules of criminal liability. It offers a new approach to understanding emotion which has important implications for the grounds of legal knowledge, the structure of the rules of criminal liability, and the process of judgment. Chapter One reviews theoretical approaches to understanding emotion in philosophy, psychology and law. The chapter introduces a number of theoretical approaches to analyzing emotion, focusing particularly on the development in the understanding of the relationship between emotion and reason. Chapter Two examines models of moral and legal responsibility to identify their implicit understanding of emotion. Chapter Three focuses on the role of emotion in the rules of criminal liability, and, in particular, in the criminal defences of provocation, duress and self-defence. The law understands emotion to be an entity explainable in terms of the 'mechanisms' of'cognition' and 'affect' which underpin it. The chapter argues that the law adopts a different and conflicting understanding of these mechanisms in the rules of criminal liability, and that these differences have important normative implications. Chapter Four challenges the grounds of knowledge upon which assessments of criminal liability are based. Emotion becomes a metaphor for the need to reconceive the rules of criminal liability and the process of judgment. The chapter adopts a social constructionist approach to understanding emotion. Using this approach, it reassesses the role of emotion in the criminal defences of provocation, self-defence and duress, and explains the process of judgment as an emotional phenomenon. The thesis concludes that a constructionist approach to understanding emotion is well suited to the assessment of conduct in its spatial, historical and cultural context; and for this reason ought to be emphasized in the legal assessment of liability and punishment.

Subject of the dissertation research – analysis of the body of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity provided for in Part 1 Art. 129 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania as well as analysis of theoretical and practical problems that arise upon qualifying these criminal acts. The goal of this research is to reveal a concept of murder without circumstances aggravating and mitigating its gravity where punishment is imposed in accordance with Part 1 Art. 129 of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, to analyse attributes of this criminal act, to raise theoretical and practical problems of qualification of the analysed criminal act and to make proposals for solution of these problems. / Disertacijos tyrimo dalykas – nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ir mažinančių aplinkybių, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso (toliau tekste – LR BK) 129 str. 1 d., sudėties analizė bei teorinių ir praktinių problemų, kylančių kvalifikuojant šias nusikalstamas veikas, tyrimas. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti nužudymo be jo pavojingumą didinančių ar mažinančių aplinkybių, už kurį kyla baudžiamoji atsakomybė pagal LR BK 129 straipsnio 1 dalį, sampratą, išanalizuoti šios nusikalstamos veikos požymius, iškelti nagrinėjamos nusikalstamos veikos teorines ir praktines kvalifikavimo problemas bei pateikti pasiūlymus šių problemų sprendimui.

The prosecutorial standard for incitement is subject to different approaches in the common law and civil law traditions respectively. The most crucial difference lies in the role attributed to the result as a definitional element of the offence. While the civil law generally characterizes proof of results as a prerequisite to liability, the common law views it as significant but not determinative of guilt. This divergence is expounded at the international level, which condones both approaches with respect to different crimes, employing the common law approach only to genocide and relegating all other crimes to the purview of the civil law approach. The practical effect is a focus on the gravity of the substantive crime to which incitement attaches, rather than on the crucial role of incitement itself. This thesis will seek to elucidate the parameters of this debate with the aim of deconstructing and redrawing preconceived barriers in international criminal law.

El presente trabajo se concibió con la vocación de devenir una aportación al estudio del proceso penal de menores. Por ello, originariamente, se planteó como un análisis de todas y cada una de las fases de dicho proceso. Sin embargo, rápidamente este objetivo se demostró inalcanzable por cuanto, de una primera aproximación a los preceptos de la norma, se aprecia que en la misma, se contiene «algo más» que algunas especialidades o especificidades con respecto a los procesos penales de adultos.Como premisa de partida, cabe considerar que el proceso diseñado por la L.O. 5/2000, al estar concebido exclusivamente para el enjuiciamiento de las conductas delictivas presuntamente cometidas por menores de edad, puede incardinarse en la categoría de los procesos especiales. Esta constatación, sin embargo, no era suficiente, a nuestro juicio, para justificar un proceso en el que aparecían figuras e instituciones procesales hasta el momento inéditas en el ordenamiento jurídico español. Por ello el planteamiento inicial al que se aludía fue sustancialmente modificado, sin que a la postre, ello haya supuesto una alteración sustancial del objetivo primigenio. El trabajo de investigación se inicia con un interrogante, que podría formularse como sigue: Aceptando que la edad es el elemento determinante de la existencia de una rama del derecho penal específicamente dedicada a los menores, ¿hasta qué punto dicho elemento condiciona la acción del legislador en el sentido de establecer un cuerpo normativo significativamente diferenciado del previsto para los adultos?

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-117).