Criminal Law Instruments of Environmental Protection The dissertation deals with the possibilities of criminal law in relation to the protection of the environment. It presents the analysis of the most significant instruments of criminal law from the sphere of the international, European and Czech law, particularly the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law, and the Czech Criminal Code (Act No 40/2009 Coll.) Apart from the analysis of the most important legal norms and the subsequent formation of proposals de lege ferenda, the dissertation is concerned with the characteristics of environmental crime and the specifics of criminal law in environmental protection. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the issue of the role of criminal law in environmental protection and the peculiarities of creation criminal rules in this area. The second chapter concentrates on the characteristics of environmental crime and the description of its specific features. The third chapter refers to the current state of the international criminal law and the possibilities of environmental protection through international criminal law...

Criminal liability of health-care providers Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on the criminal liability of the health-care providers. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental issues, such as who can be a provider, what is the definition of healthcare services and what are the possible conditions of criminal liability. Another aim is to provide an overview of selected offenses that can be committed in connection with providing healthcare services and summary of the relevant legislation in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and in the Federal Republic of Germany. In this thesis, I mostly use the methods of description, analysis and comparison. The thesis is divided into six chapters, which follow a logical order. The first chapter explains the key concepts. Specifically, it is the definition of healthcare services, facilities and providers, lege artis procedure, informed consent and criminal liability. The second chapter focus on the criminal liability of natural persons, on the definition of a criminal offence and also the relevant circumstances excluding liability from the provision of healthcare point of view. The third chapter deals with the criminal liability of legal persons and their possible exculpation. The fourth chapter analyses selected...

1 Juvenile justice - Comparison of swiss and czech law with focus on criminal procedure Abstract anglicky This thesis focuses on comparison of Czech and Swiss form of juvenile justice. The opening chapters briefly summarize the Czech law no. 218/2003 Sb., basic principles of juvenile criminal procedures, concept of his criminal liability and sets out sanctions - educational, protective and penal - which can be assigned to a juvenile person. Then a Swiss version of juvenile law is introduced (the "Jugendstrafgesetz") together with juvenile criminal procedures law ("Jugendstrafprozesordnung"). Also these chapters cotains introduction of basic principles of both laws, a detailed description of respective penalties ("Strafen") and protective measures ("Schutzmassnahmen") and their execution. The juvenile criminal procedure, its specifics and details, is described in Chapter 4, followed by the analysis of laws, comparisons of specific penalties and protective measures. This is supported by recent statistic of juvenile criminality, decisions of special juvenile courts and age limits for criminal liability throughout Europe. Swiss judgements are supplemented by an overview of type and length of respective sanctions and execution of protective measures of placement. The goal of this thesis is to show a different...

The thesis is focused on the issue of active repentance in criminal law. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view of the institute of active repentance and its importance in the area of extinction of criminal liability, and to verify whether this underused institute in criminal law has its merits. In addition, the thesis tries to draw attention to some shortcomings and problems that this area of criminal law is facing, especially considering relevant court case law. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the extinction of criminal liability in general, focusing on all reasons causing the extinction of criminal liability of the offender. An essential part of the first chapter is also a brief historical excursion, which allows comparison with previously effective legislation. The second chapter covers active repentance itself and describes the conditions of application of active repentance not only in relation to adult offenders, but also in relation to juvenile offenders and legal entities, where the active repentance shows some differences. The third chapter contains special cases of active repentance contained in a special part of the Criminal Code. It deals with all five crimes that have their own special arrangements for active repentance. The...

The text discusses the importance of risk analysis in the context of Compliance Management Systems for companies in German criminal law. It emphasizes that, despite personal criminal liability for individuals, companies can face consequences through special rules for fines or confiscation orders if their representatives commit offenses on behalf of the company. A common offense leading to such consequences is the breach of supervisory duties under Section 130 of the German Act for Administrative Offences (OWiG). The text highlights the necessity of a Compliance Risk Analysis as the foundation for any Compliance Management System. This analysis involves three key steps: identifying structural compliance risks, evaluating the existing compliance management system, and analyzing risks based on consequences and probability. The structural analysis examines existing compliance structures such as guidelines, training, and process descriptions. Key points include the significance of corporate culture in compliance, focusing on the 'tone from the top,' the 'zero-tolerance principle,' and the error culture. The text concludes with the definition and implementation of measures to avoid risks, encouraging regular risk analyses for continuous improvement of compliance management systems. In summary, the text addresses how companies can identify, assess, and manage risks related to legal compliance to establish and maintain effective Compliance Management Systems.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como fin determinar criterios jurídicos en la postura de garante de los altos funcionarios, a partir del análisis y verificación del estatus que poseen, en razón del cargo, como criterio configurador del delito de homicidio doloso en las manifestaciones sociales. La tesis explora-como referencia-la denuncia constitucional N°1502020, en contra del ex Presidente Merino de Lama, como presunto autor del delito en cuestión. De ahí que, se estudió el delito de omisión impropia, en tanto que, el sujeto activo/autor tiene incito el nexo de evitación, por lo que, está obligado a evitar que se produzca el resultado lesivo, y permite que se afecte al bien jurídico. Frente a ello, el estudio desarrollado tiene sustento en la tesis de infracción de deber, en la cual el estatus del alto funcionario por su condición especial y personal, no tiene relación directa con el resultado lesivo en el delito de homicidio. En tal sentido,no es posible pretender encajar la tesis del dominio del hecho, por cuanto, no domina ni el riesgo típico que exige un deber específico-deber que el Presidente no defrauda-previsto en una norma extra-penal. De ahí que, se propone la implementación de los criterios jurídicos de: el nexo de evitación, la previsibilidad y el hombre promedio en sociedad; en la postura de garante. Y a fin de operativizar los conceptos propuestos, se concluye que, no es posible atribuir responsabilidad penal al Presidente de la República. / The purpose of this research work is to determine legal criteria regarding the position of guarantor held by high-ranking officials, based on the analysis and verification of the status they possess by virtue of their office, as a determining factor in the crime of intentional homicide during social demonstrations. The thesis explores, as a reference, the constitutional complaint No. 150-2020 against former President Merino de Lama as the alleged author of the aforementioned crime. From there, improper omission offenses were studied, considering that the active/author subject has a duty to prevent the harmful outcome and allows the infringement of the legal interest. In light of this, the study is grounded in the theory of breach of duty, in which the status of a high-ranking official, due to their special and personal condition, does not have a direct relationship with the harmful outcome in the crime of homicide. Thus, it's not possible to fit the theory of control of the act, as there is no control over the typical risk that requires a specific duty - a duty that the president does not breach - provided by an extrapenal norm. Therefore, the implementation of the following legal criteria in the position of guarantor is proposed: the duty to prevent, foreseeability, and the average person in society. In order to operationalize the proposed concepts, it is concluded that it is not possible to attribute criminal responsibility to the President of the Republic.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / 'n Kort elementologiese uiteensetting vir strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid word gevolg deur bewysregtelike begrippe wat van toepassing is op vermoedens by toerekeningsvatbaarheid. Die historiese regsposisie asook die ontwikkeling in die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse reg met betrekking tot geestesongesteldes, kinders en persone wat 'n verweer van nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid insluit, word bespreek. Daar word gekonsentreer op ·die ontwikkeling van 'n algemene verweer van niepatologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid. Die konstitusionele reg, vennoedens en ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid word aan die hand van Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak en die Interim Grondwet bespreek. Daar word na buitelandse reg gekyk ten einde 'n aanbeveling te kan maak wat grondwetlik nie sal indruis op die reg van die individu tot onskuld nie. 'n Algemene verweer van nie-patologiese ontoerekeningvatbaarheid word onderstellll mits dit met omsigtigheid deur die howe benader word. Die arbitrere ouderdomsgrens vir vasstelling van toerekeningsvatbaarheid by kinders word gekritiseer en 'n verhoorbaarheidvasstellingseenheid word aanbeveel. / A short elementological discussion of criminal responsibility is followed by concepts of law of evidence that is applicable to presumptions of accountability. The historical legal position as well as the development in the current South African law and the present legal position with reference to the mentally disturbed children and persons with a defence of non-pathological unaccountability are included and discussed. The constitutional law, presumptions and unaccountablility are discussed with reference to the South African case law and the Interim Constitution. Foreign law is perused so that a recommendation could be made that would not interfere with the rights of the individual to be deemed innocent. A general defence of non-pathological unaccountability is supported if it is treated with the necessary circumspection by the courts. The arbitrary age boundaries for the determination of accountability in children is critized and a unit to determine trialability for pathological and non-pathological accountability is recommended. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M.

Since the pre-requisites for common-purpose liability where there was no prior agreement were laid down in S V Mgedezi 1989 (1) SA 687 (A), the appellate division has moved to resolve related controversial issues. These include the question whether a joiner-in is a perpetrator or accomplice, and whether he should be convicted of murder or attempted murder. It is the question of dissociation which has remained elusive. Courts accept that a person should only be criminally liable when his dissociation from a common purpose takes place after the commencement of execution stage is reached. My submission is that whether one dissociates himself should be a question of fact, to be determined according to the circumstances of each case. Such determination should pay close attention to the doctrine of proximity. Where a person played a minor role, or acted under the influence of a dominant partner, this should be reflected in the punishment imposed. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine standards or criteria to be used when deciding on the optimal use of the criminal sanction and to evaluate the efficacy of such criteria by applying them to an existing crime, namely incest. Since criminal punishment necessarily impacts negatively on the human rights of those subject to it, it is submitted that it should only be used as a last resort where it is absolutely necessary to do so. Relevant constitutional provisions and other legal sources are examined and used as the basis for expounding a test for determining the circumstances under which it is appropriate to criminalise. It is argued that the decision to utilise the criminal sanction may be tested against certain guidelines: the state bears the burden of showing, firstly, that the rationale of the crime in question is theoretically justifiable in that criminalisation serves a worthy state purpose; and secondly, that criminalisation is reasonable, being both practically desirable and effective in achieving legitimate state goals in the least restrictive manner possible. In the second part of the thesis, the proposed criteria are applied to the common law crime of incest. An initial discussion of the crime indicates that a wide range of conduct is punishable as incest, including both extremely harmful conduct, such as the rape of a child by her father, and completely innocuous behaviour, for instance private sexual intercourse between consenting adults who are merely related by marriage. Next, an attempt is made to ascertain the true rationale for criminalising incest and then to establish whether such rationale is justifiable. The conclusion is reached that despite there being good grounds for punishing certain manifestations of incest, the only reason for imposing criminal punishment that is valid in all instances, is the unconvincing contention that the state is justified in prohibiting incest merely because incest is regarded as morally abhorrent. And even assuming that targeting and preventing undesirable forms of harmful or offensive conduct is a justifiable purpose of the incest prohibition, it is nevertheless submitted that criminalising incest is unreasonable, since the crime as it is presently formulated is both over- and under-inclusive for the effective realisation of any praiseworthy aims. After testing incest against the criteria developed, the recommendation is made that incest be decriminalised. It is contended that there are sufficient alternative criminal prohibitions available that would adequately punish harmful incestuous conduct without simultaneously unreasonably limiting the rights of consenting adults to choose their sexual (or marriage) partner without state interference. Decriminalisation would not only prevent potential violations of human rights, but the legitimacy of the criminal justice system as a whole would be considerably enhanced if it were apparent that the criminal sanction was reserved for conduct truly deserving of punishment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om standaarde of riglyne daar te stel ter aanwending waar besluit word oor die optimale benutting van die strafsanksie, asook om die doeltreffendheid van sulke riglyne vas te stel deur die toepassing daarvan op 'n bestaande misdaad, naamlik bloedskande. Aangesien straf altyd 'n nadelige uitwerking op die menseregte van dié wat daaraan onderhewig is, het, word aan die hand gedoen dat dit slegs as 'n laaste uitweg aangewend moet word indien absoluut noodsaaklik. Ondersoek word ingestel na toepaslike grondwetlike bepalings en ander regsbronne, wat gebruik word as grondslag vir 'n toets ten einde te bepaalonder welke omstandighede kriminalisasie gepas is. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat die besluit om gebruik te maak van 'n strafsanksie teen sekere riglyne getoets kan word. Die staat dra die bewyslas om aan te toon, eerstens, dat die bestaansrede vir die betrokke misdaad teoreties regverdigbaar is aangesien krimininalisasie 'n waardige staatsdoel dien; en tweedens, dat kriminalisasie redelik is, aangesien dit prakties wenslik is, asook die staat se legitieme doelwitte dien op effektiewe wyse op die mees onbeperkende wyse moontlik. In die tweede gedeelte van die verhandeling word die voorgestelde riglyne op die gemeenregtelike misdaad bloedskande toegepas. 'n Aanvanklike bespreking van die misdaad dui daarop dat die trefwydte van bloedskande sodanig is dat dit gedrag insluit wat uiters benadelend is, soos byvoorbeeld die verkragting van 'n kind deur haar vader, maar ook heeltemal onskadelike optrede soos byvoorbeeld geslagsverkeer tussen toestemmende volwassenes wat bloot aanverwante is. Die volgende stap is om die ware bestaansrede vir die verbod op bloedskande vas te stel en daarna te oorweeg of sodanige bestaansrede regverdigbaar is. Die gevolgtrekking is dat alhoewel daar goeie gronde vir die bestrawwing van sekere verskyningsvorme van bloedskande is, die enigste altyd-geldende rede vir strafoplegging in hierdie verband die onoortuigende bewering dat bloedskande moreelonverdraaglik beskou word, is. Selfs al word daar aanvaar dat die identifikasie en voorkoming van onwenslike verskyningsvorme van skadelike of aanstootlike gedrag 'n regverdigbare doel vir die bloedskandeverbod is, voer die skrywer nie te min aan dat die kriminalisasie van bloedskande onredelik is omrede die huidige misdaadomskrywing tegelykertyd beide oor- en onder- inklusief is om einge moontlike goeie doelwitte effektief te bereik. Nadat bloedskande getoets word teen die riglyne wat ontwikkel is, word aanbeveel dat bloedskande gedekriminaliseer word. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat daar genoegsame alternatiewe strafbepalings is wat aangewend kan word om skadelike gedrag wat onder die misdaad bloedskande resorteer te bestraf sonder dat die regte van toestemmende volwassenes om sonder staatsinmenging hul seksuele- (of huweliks-) maat te kies onredelik ingeperk word. Dekriminalisasie sal nie slegs moontlike menseregteskendings voorkom nie, maar ook die legitimiteit van die strafregstelsel as geheel bevorder deurdat dit duidelik blyk dat die strafsankie reserveer word vir optrede wat werklik straf verdien.

La question de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques est un enjeu central et actuel dans la réglementation du cyberespace. Non seulement les implications économiques sont énormes mais c'est tout le cadre juridique de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques qui est en cause. Or, l'environnement Internet comporte des spécificités qui rendent difficiles l'imputation de responsabilité à l'auteur de l'activité illicite qui peut alors se retrouver hors d'atteinte ou insolvable. La poursuite des intermédiaires techniques devient alors une solution envisageable aux autorités chargées de réprimer les délits, compte tenu de l'état de leur solvabilité et dans la mesure où ils sont plus facilement identifiables. Par le fait même, ces derniers se retrouvent alors pris dans l'engrenage judiciaire pour n'avoir que facilité la commission de l'activité en question, n'ayant aucunement pris part à la réalisation de celle-ci. L'absence dans le corpus législatif canadien d'un régime de responsabilité spécifiquement applicable aux intermédiaires techniques nous oblige à baliser les critères qui emportent leur responsabilité pénale, à partir de «principes directeurs» d'imputabilité se dégageant de plusieurs textes nationaux et internationaux. Dans ce contexte, le mémoire étudiera, dans un premier temps, les conditions d'ouverture de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques en droit pénal canadien et, dans un deuxième temps, répondra à la question de savoir si le droit pénal canadien en matière d'imputabilité des intermédiaires techniques est conforme aux principes directeurs ressortant de normes et pratiques internationales. / Criminal liability of technical intermediaries is a central and actual issue in the regulation of cyberspace. Not also their vast economic implications in the cyberspace are in question, but also their entire legal framework regarding criminal liability of technical intermediaries is an unresolved issue. This is because a liability allegation to the author for an illicit activity can be difficult or impossible thanks to the complex nature of cyberspace and the insolvent status of the technical intermediaries Considering their state of solvency and identification facility, taking legal actions against the technical intermediaries will be a conceivable solution to the jurists. Having implied legal proceedings, even the fact that a judicial action will be taken against them will prevent them from involving illicit activities. Non-existence of a liability regime which is specifically applicable to the technical intermediaries in the Canadian legislative corpus makes us obligated to apply to the «guiding principles» of imputability which can be released from several national and international texts. In this essay, we will study, at first, the conditions of applicability of the criminal liability for the technical intermediaries with regard to Canadian Criminal Law and, in second time, will answer the following question: Is Canadian Criminal Law complied with guiding principles arising from International norms and practice in terms of imputability of the technical intermediaries?