Zuzana Kučerová: Child Soldier in International Law Abstract This thesis deals with child soldiers from the perspective of the international law. It is predominantly concerned with two questions: protection of children from recruiting and their possible criminal responsibility for international crimes. After a short introductory chapter, which covers a brief history of child soldiers, the second part gives an overview of international legal instruments which aim at preventing the underaged from being recruited into armed groups, as well as from taking part in hostilities. Those instruments belong to three different branches of international law: humanitarian law, human rights law and international criminal law. The author concludes that international criminal law in particular is the best instrument to protect children from becoming child soldiers. The reason is that international criminal law applies directly to individuals, including non-state actors such as commanders of paramilitary forces. It is also in force at the times when there is no armed conflict as defined by international humanitarian law. The third part of the work focuses on criminal responsibility of children for international crimes. The major question in this field is whether we can prosecute children for those crimes at all. On the one...

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Traditionally, domestic criminal law was focused on individual guilt as can be seen from the principles of punishment, which are closely linked to blameworthiness and the infliction of loss or punishment to the offender. It most often requires the proof of the offender's mental state at the time of the committing the offence. Due to the emergence of the concept of legal persona, there has emerged a framework of imputing criminal liability on entities with legal personality. This concept has gained momentum in the domestic criminal law systems of many countries. The modern-day development of corporate criminal responsibility (CCR) emerged from the common law countries and has undergone a series of developments. Various models of imputing liability on a corporation have been developed with the United Kingdom having recently passed laws for serious offences like corporate manslaughter.

THE ISSUE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE Key words: criminal justice, youth, criminality, the age of criminal responsibility This diploma thesis presents the summary of the most discussed problems and disagreements of the juvenile criminal justice. The main in this are children and juveniles in their specific evolution which needs protection and attention from the specialized public. This thesis includes the reactions of judges, prosecutors and officers of Probation and Mediation service and the specification of the problems they have in the practice. There are also included the opinions of the children and juveniles to the issue of the criminal justice which could possibly relate to them. There are six capitols where I summarize at first the development of the criminality, with attention to the causes and possible solutions for decrease. At the other point there is a brief historical overview of development of the juvenile criminal justice in the world and in czech countries. Further I focused on contemporary legal regulation which is presented by Law no. 218/2003 Coll. of juvenile justice. I tried to evaluate the law, analyze the purpose and all the changes both substantive and procedural which the law brought to the czech legal system and I could summarize that it is a modern and succesful act...

Thesis title: The age limit of criminal responsibility and connected matters Thesis comprehensively deals with the issue of the age limit of criminal responsibility. It describes factors connected to the age limit and factors, which influence the practical impact of the age limit and connected provisions on young offenders. The first chapter describes the historical evolution of law provisions connected to the age limit of criminal responsibility, focusing on the Czech Republic. It offers an opportunity to track the evolution and changes in the criminal law on young offenders until the end of the 20th century. The second chapter deals with the international criminal law on young offenders and describes opinion of international organizations on the matter of the age limit of criminal responsibility. The third chapter is about the four main systems, how the age limit is set in foreign countries. Examples of foreign provisions and explanation of positive and negative aspects can be also found in this chapter. The fourth chapter describes recent evolution of Czech law on young offenders and description of the system of the age limit in the Czech Republic. It also includes description of groups of children and juveniles and characterizes their position in Czech law. The fifth chapter concerns forms of...

O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a culpabilidade e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as construções teóricas que pretendem responder ainda que criticamente aos problemas existentes na mencionada relação, desenvolvendo (ou rejeitando) um conceito de culpabilidade (ou equivalente) da pessoa jurídica, bem como identificar meios de limitação desse modelo de responsabilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho ressalta o debate havido, na admissão da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica, entre política criminal e dogmática, enfatizando a necessidade de estratégias que transcendam o individualismo, fazendo uma breve descrição da culpabilidade individual e destacando os modelos de responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas, bem como a relação entre ação e culpabilidade. Por fim, será essencial compreender o conceito de programas de compliance e os efeitos de sua adoção nos mais variados sistemas legais existentes, para, com isso, definir critérios mínimos para uma racional aplicação dessa responsabilidade. / The presente work discusses the relation between culpability and criminal responsability of corporations. The research has as its main goal to analyze the theorical constructions that intend to give answers even criticals to the problems existent in the mentioned relation, developing (or denying) a concept of corporations culpability (or equivalent), and identify limits to this model of responsibility. In order to do so, the work brings out the debate between criminal policy and dogmatic that exists in the admission of corporations criminal responsibility, emphasizing the need for strategies that transcend individualism, doing a brief description of individual culpability and pointing out the models of corporation responsibility, as well the relation between action and culpability. Finally, it will be paramount to understand the concept of compliance programs and the effects of its adoption in legal systems throughout the world, to define minimum requiriments for a rational application of this responsibility.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama ir vertinama kaltininko asmenybės įtaka baudžiamajai atsakomybei Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamojoje teisėje. Darbo tikslas - remiantis sukauptomis teorinėmis ir praktinėmis žiniomis nustatyti esamus kaltininko asmenybės vertinimo trūkumus ir privalumus nacionalinėje teisėje bei įvertinus užsienio šalių patirtį nagrinėjamu klausimu, padaryti išvadas, pateikti pasiūlymus. Pirmiausia, darbe nagrinėtas atskirų užsienio valstybių (Prancūzijos, Olandijos, Vokietijos, Anglijos ir Velso, JAV, Rusijos, Kanados) kaltininko asmenybės baudžiamasis teisinis vertinimas. Toliau darbe kritiniu požiūriu pažvelgta į kaltininko asmenybės baudžiamąjį teisinį vertinimą nacionalinėje teismų praktikoje. Darbe analizuojamos įvairių instancijų atskirų Lietuvos teismų baudžiamosios bylos, teismų nuosprendžiai ir nutartys. Siekiama nustatyti, kokių pasitaiko teismų praktikos nevienodumų bei trūkumų vertinant kaltininko asmenybę baudžiamosios atsakomybės ir bausmės individualizavimo procese, kodėl pasitaiko, kad baudžiamojo įstatymo nuostatos traktuojamos nevienodai. Nagrinėjant Lietuvos teismų praktiką bausmių praktinio pritaikymo aspektu pastebėta, kad bausmių taikymui būdingas nedarnumas, nenuoseklumas ir subjektyvumas vertinant kaltininko asmenybę. Darbe pateikiami teoriniai siūlymai įstatymų leidėjui ir teismų praktikai sprendžiant kaltininko asmenybės baudžiamojo teisinio vertinimo problemas. Darbo pabaigoje siūloma detaliau reglamentuoti bendruosius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The author of this scientific work analyses personality of an offender and its influence on criminal liability in Lithuanian and foreign countries criminal law. The aim of the study is by sustaining the accumulative theoretical and practical information to identify the merits and demerits of the offenders estimation in the national criminal law and while evaluating foreign countries experience to make the conclusions and suggestions for the national doctrine. First of all, the author analyses foreign countries (such as France, Netherlands, Germany, England and Wales, USA, Russia, Canada) experience in valuing personality of an offender and its influence on criminal liability. Then, there is given a critical look at the personality of an offender and its criminal evaluation in the national criminal law further in this scientific work. The study concentrates on the analysis of judicial practise of the decisions and sentences of various courts. The investigation of Lithuanian case law in practical aspects showed us that the application of sanctions considering the personality of an offender is not consistent and represents value judgement. The author attempts to make theoretical suggestions for the lawmaker and the courts how to solve the problem. At the end of the study the author suggests to regulate general principles of determining sentence in more detail way and to determine the influence of personality of an offender on criminal liability.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Describe the population of mentally ill offenders over whom Ontario Review Board (ORB) held jurisdiction. (2) Assess the influences of psychopathology and criminal factors on criminal career. METHOD: This study was a retrospective case series design that reviewed all offenders who were court ordered for psychiatric evaluation at Mental Health Services Site of Providence Care in Kingston, Ontario from 1993 to 2007 (N=347). Eighty five subjects were found not criminally responsible on the account of mental disorder and were included in statistical analysis (n=85). Bivariate associations between five key variables and two outcome variables, seriousness of crime and recidivism, were examined. Logistic regressions were conducted to test the role of the predictor variables on the outcome variables. RESULTS: Age and change in principal psychiatric diagnosis over time were shown to be associated with seriousness of crime. Timing of psychiatric onset, early signs of deviance and change in diagnosis were shown to be associated with recidivism. On the whole, study population did not markedly vary in their distribution of variables by the outcome variables. Regression model included timing of psychiatric onset; psychiatric history; existence of criminal associate; child abuse history; and early signs of deviance. Recidivism was shown to be predicted by early signs of deviance (OR=8.154, p<0.05). Existence of criminal associates was shown to have substantial values of odds ratio at marginal significance (OR=7.577, p=0.13). CONCLUSION: Seriousness of crime is a complex factor that could not be sufficiently predicted by any one or combinations of study variables. Recidivism is better predicted by criminality factors than psychopathology. In the future, an exploratory analysis that more broadly examines the psychopathology and criminal factors in Canadian forensic population is needed. Findings from this study have important clinical and legal implications. / Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-10 10:35:13.036

Nous sommes partis, dans notre recherche, d’une analyse étymologique du mot persona. Ainsi,nous avons commencé notre recherche avec la tentative d'en circonscrire l’objet entre les limitesd’une dynamique linguistique de la subjectivité juridique. Dans cette perspective, nous avonschoisi une définition fondamentalement normative de subjectivité juridique: dans un senspurement normatif, les personnes morales sont des entités capables d’agir et de produire desfaits juridiquement significatifs. Le droit pénal est un droit des “faits”2. Autrement dit, un droitqui prend pour objet de sa discipline les faits dérivants des actions ou des omissions matérielles.Ainsi, nous devrions en déduire que les personnes morales devraient être considérées commedes sujets provenant d’un phénomène autonome pré-juridique. Cette dérivation, en tant quephénomène pré-juridique, trouve son évidence dans la constatation historique de l’existence desentités collectives créées de fait et de la constatation que leur existence, ainsi déterminée, donnelieu à des faits sociaux objectivement constatables. Certes, dans l’histoire de la définitiondoctrinaire des personnes morales, l’observation selon laquelle ce sont les personnes physiquesqui agissent matériellement au sein des personnes morales a suscité nombreuses difficultés. Ils’agit ici de savoir si, lorsque l'on parle de la personne morale, nous entendons fictivement faireréférence à l’ensemble des individus qui la constitue par le biais d’un mécanisme pratique desimplification juridique ou, au contraire, si nous faisons référence plutôt à une unité collectivedotée d’une autonomie propre par rapport aux individualités humaines qui la composent. / This juridic inquiry aim at definition of model of penal responsibility (or para-penal) forcorporations, trough a theoretical analyse of corporation’s personality nature. It hasdeveloped a responsibility model, with the purpose of combining the theoretical coherencewith an adequate generalization degree, for launch of harmonized rules to this matter in theEU. This purpose has run into certains difficulties, in particular it needed to: 1) convergecriminologies reasons with contemporaries concepts concerning risk, precaution's andprevention's principles; 2) face the problem of State’s legal person and his membersresponsibility; 3) to exceed deeps differences among nationals pragmatic systems andnationals systems most keen to doctrinal elaborations. In order to face this problems, i haveoperated a theoretical analyse of legals person’s responsibility, for a better definition of aimof the research (Cap. I). Forwards (Cap. II) it have ahead in a construction of a legalperson's model responsibility for European Union, with a particular attention for acomparative analyse systems (Cap. III) assumed in certains europeans nations (with aparticularly attention for Italian and France systems). The end result of this system isoriented to corporates responsibilities that, after a mass transfer of general interest frompublic service to privates services, corporates have to attend to relatives guarantees.Established the increase of social's insecurity level, i have produce a subjectif model ofcorporation’s organisation incorporated to an engagement of security position, that exceedthe traditional criterions of culpability.

O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a culpabilidade e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as construções teóricas que pretendem responder ainda que criticamente aos problemas existentes na mencionada relação, desenvolvendo (ou rejeitando) um conceito de culpabilidade (ou equivalente) da pessoa jurídica, bem como identificar meios de limitação desse modelo de responsabilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho ressalta o debate havido, na admissão da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica, entre política criminal e dogmática, enfatizando a necessidade de estratégias que transcendam o individualismo, fazendo uma breve descrição da culpabilidade individual e destacando os modelos de responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas, bem como a relação entre ação e culpabilidade. Por fim, será essencial compreender o conceito de programas de compliance e os efeitos de sua adoção nos mais variados sistemas legais existentes, para, com isso, definir critérios mínimos para uma racional aplicação dessa responsabilidade. / The presente work discusses the relation between culpability and criminal responsability of corporations. The research has as its main goal to analyze the theorical constructions that intend to give answers even criticals to the problems existent in the mentioned relation, developing (or denying) a concept of corporations culpability (or equivalent), and identify limits to this model of responsibility. In order to do so, the work brings out the debate between criminal policy and dogmatic that exists in the admission of corporations criminal responsibility, emphasizing the need for strategies that transcend individualism, doing a brief description of individual culpability and pointing out the models of corporation responsibility, as well the relation between action and culpability. Finally, it will be paramount to understand the concept of compliance programs and the effects of its adoption in legal systems throughout the world, to define minimum requiriments for a rational application of this responsibility.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce and compare the rules and regulations of criminal responsibility and ways of punishing of youth offenders in the Czech Republic and in England and Wales. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with rules and regulations in the Czech Republic, the second part deals with rules and regulations in England and Wales, and the third part compares the rules and regulations in both jurisdictions mentioned. The third part also includes de lege ferenda considerations about the possible usage of findings from the English jurisdiction in the Czech legal system. The first part of this thesis systematically describes relevant provisions of Act No. 218/2003 Sb., the Juvenile Justice Act (ZSVM). This act is partly based on a welfare model, when it accents protection of a youth against outer risk factors, and it is partly based on a justice model, when it imposes an obligation on a youth to take responsibility for his/her unlawful actions. Besides, it acknowledges the principles of restorative justice - it stresses the obligation of a youth to redress the harm he/she has caused, to satisfy the needs of his/her victim and to reintegrate back into society. ZSVM differentiates between three types of sanctions - educational, protective and criminal. The minimal...