<p>Background: The Swedish life-insurance business has been extensively criticised lately due to broken promises to customers as well as due to scandals that some companies within the business have been involved in. The companies within the Swedish life-insurance business find themselves in a so- called crisis of confidence, something that is created in and by media. A company that finds itself in a crisis of confidence somehow have to manage the situation and crises of confidence can also result in different kinds of changes. </p><p>Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to explore and analyse how individual life- insurance companies manage crises of confidence. As a consequence, the aim is also to investigate in what way crises of confidence are initiators to change. </p><p>Procedure: The study has been conducted through seven qualitative interviews with individuals holding a managerial position within a Swedish life-insurance company. </p><p>Findings: Essential for managing crises of confidence is communication and information mainly to media, but also to customers and employees. Further, a higher level of clarity and transparency in products and activities, together with increased control of ethical policies, are aspects that have been shown to be of importance in managing the crisis of confidence within the Swedish life- insurance business. The crisis of confidence has generated changes, but it can not be decided with certainty if these changes have been initiated only by the crisis of confidence, or if the changes would have been carried through anyway. What can be established, is that the crisis of confidence has speeded up already planned changes.</p>

<p>Background: The Swedish life-insurance business has been extensively criticised lately due to broken promises to customers as well as due to scandals that some companies within the business have been involved in. The companies within the Swedish life-insurance business find themselves in a so- called crisis of confidence, something that is created in and by media. A company that finds itself in a crisis of confidence somehow have to manage the situation and crises of confidence can also result in different kinds of changes. </p><p>Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to explore and analyse how individual life- insurance companies manage crises of confidence. As a consequence, the aim is also to investigate in what way crises of confidence are initiators to change. </p><p>Procedure: The study has been conducted through seven qualitative interviews with individuals holding a managerial position within a Swedish life-insurance company. </p><p>Findings: Essential for managing crises of confidence is communication and information mainly to media, but also to customers and employees. Further, a higher level of clarity and transparency in products and activities, together with increased control of ethical policies, are aspects that have been shown to be of importance in managing the crisis of confidence within the Swedish life- insurance business. The crisis of confidence has generated changes, but it can not be decided with certainty if these changes have been initiated only by the crisis of confidence, or if the changes would have been carried through anyway. What can be established, is that the crisis of confidence has speeded up already planned changes.</p>

Background: The Swedish life-insurance business has been extensively criticised lately due to broken promises to customers as well as due to scandals that some companies within the business have been involved in. The companies within the Swedish life-insurance business find themselves in a so- called crisis of confidence, something that is created in and by media. A company that finds itself in a crisis of confidence somehow have to manage the situation and crises of confidence can also result in different kinds of changes. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to explore and analyse how individual life- insurance companies manage crises of confidence. As a consequence, the aim is also to investigate in what way crises of confidence are initiators to change. Procedure: The study has been conducted through seven qualitative interviews with individuals holding a managerial position within a Swedish life-insurance company. Findings: Essential for managing crises of confidence is communication and information mainly to media, but also to customers and employees. Further, a higher level of clarity and transparency in products and activities, together with increased control of ethical policies, are aspects that have been shown to be of importance in managing the crisis of confidence within the Swedish life- insurance business. The crisis of confidence has generated changes, but it can not be decided with certainty if these changes have been initiated only by the crisis of confidence, or if the changes would have been carried through anyway. What can be established, is that the crisis of confidence has speeded up already planned changes.

Background: The Swedish life-insurance business has been extensively criticised lately due to broken promises to customers as well as due to scandals that some companies within the business have been involved in. The companies within the Swedish life-insurance business find themselves in a so- called crisis of confidence, something that is created in and by media. A company that finds itself in a crisis of confidence somehow have to manage the situation and crises of confidence can also result in different kinds of changes. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to explore and analyse how individual life- insurance companies manage crises of confidence. As a consequence, the aim is also to investigate in what way crises of confidence are initiators to change. Procedure: The study has been conducted through seven qualitative interviews with individuals holding a managerial position within a Swedish life-insurance company. Findings: Essential for managing crises of confidence is communication and information mainly to media, but also to customers and employees. Further, a higher level of clarity and transparency in products and activities, together with increased control of ethical policies, are aspects that have been shown to be of importance in managing the crisis of confidence within the Swedish life- insurance business. The crisis of confidence has generated changes, but it can not be decided with certainty if these changes have been initiated only by the crisis of confidence, or if the changes would have been carried through anyway. What can be established, is that the crisis of confidence has speeded up already planned changes.

Syftet med denna studie var att ur ett public relations-perspektiv studera polisens kriskommunikationsretorik i samband med kritik från allmänheten. Denna uppsats har utgått från två fall; fallet i arresten och kvinnoregistret. I uppsatsen har en kvalitativ textanalys använts på sammanlagt 14 texter från polisens egna kanaler. Den teori som använts för att urskilja vilka försvarsstrategier som polisen använt i materialet är image restoration theory. Dessutom har ett public relations-perspektiv använts för att förstå varför försvarsstrategierna använts samt för att belysa ett annat relevant public relationsbegrepp, nämligen öppenhet. Resultatet av analysen blev bland annat att polisen i båda fallen var konsekventa med sin information och att de använt en strategi mer än andra i respektive fall. En slutsats som dras är att allmänhetens förtroende är mycket viktigt för polisen. En annan slutsats som dras är att öppenhet anses vara viktigt, inte bara av tidigare forskning, utan också av polisen själv. / The purpose of this study was by using a public relations perspective study the Swedish police’s crisis communication when criticism from the multitude has occurred. This thesis point of departure has been two cases; fallet i arresten and kvinnoregistret. A qualitative textual analysis has been made on 14 articles from the police homepage and Facebook. The theory that has been used to distinguish what image repair strategies that the police has used is image restoration theory. A public relations perspective has also been applied to produce an understanding for why the image repair strategies has been used, as well as to provide the thesis with another concept important to public relations; openness. The result of the analysis has been among other things that the police in both of the cases were consistent with their information and that they primarily has used one of the image repair strategies. A conclusion is that the multitudes confidence in the police is very important for the police. Another conclusion is that openness is considered important, not only to previous researchers but by the police itself.

The case study ”Är det H&amp;M eller luvtröjan?” intends to analyze the crisis communication that took place during H&amp;Ms crisis in early 2018. The crisis situation stems from a controversial choice of letting a dark-skinned child wear the hoodie with the print “Coolest monkey in the jungle”. H&amp;M was quickly criticized by the media for making racial remarks. To address the situation H&amp;M published an official press release on their website and several public statements on their social media channels. With the main purpose of the case study being to analyze H&amp;Ms official statements about the crisis situation, we intend to identify which strategies were applied to reduce eventual reputational damage to H&amp;M. The case study focused on answering the different questions based on the crisis that occurred. The questions are “Which rhetorical appeals were used in the official statements published by H&amp;M?”, “Which identifiable strategies from SCCT and IRT were used in the official statements published by H&amp;M”, and “Which actions were implemented by H&amp;M after the crisis situation, and what effect does that have on the brand?”. A rhetorical analysis was used to identify which rhetorical appeals including Ethos, Logos, and Pathos were used in the official statements by H&amp;M, and furthermore, understand what the usage of certain appeals means to the crisis situation and its communicational part. The theories within crisis communication that were used are situational crisis communication theory and image restoration theory. These theories present strategies to use in cases of crisis. To answer the second question, the official statements were analyzed and categorized after which strategi they could identify as. The last question was not based on theories, and was answered by following research about H&amp;Ms actions after the crisis. The results shows that H&amp;M mostly used pathos to persuade the organization's stakeholders to show regret about the situation, and that pattern can be found in all the official statements that were analyzed. Furthermore, the theories that were most identified in the official statements were sympathy, regret, and apologetic, which overall shows regret from theorganization. To answer the last question about reputational damage. H&amp;M has since the crisis followed by hiring a global head of diversity and inclusion, to prevent similar events from occurring.

Studien “Jag är helt enkelt en parasit som ska utrotas!” ämnar analysera TV-profilen och entreprenören Paolo Robertos kriskommunikation i samband med den förtroendekris som uppstod när han greps för sexköp i polisoperationen Insats torsk våren 2020. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en offentlig svensk person hanterar och kommunicerar en kris som drabbar det personliga varumärket och personens image. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ retorisk textanalys och utgår från teorier som image repair theory och retorikens appellformer ethos, pathos och logos. I studien analyseras totalt sex uttalanden av Paolo Roberto som berör krisen. Fem av dessa uttalanden gjordes i direkt anslutning till krisen och ett uttalande skedde ett år efter händelsen.  Resultatet av studien visar att Paolo Roberto tillämpar flera olika försvarsstrategier och retoriska övertalningsmedel i sin kriskommunikation. Analysen visar att Roberto använder fem av totalt 14 image repair-strategier: ta på sig hela skulden, tillrättaläggande, provokation, hänvisa till ett högre syfte och minimering. Ta på sig hela skulden är den strategi som förekommer oftast i Robertos uttalanden men det är endast i ett uttalande som han faktiskt ber om ursäkt. Strategierna provokation och tillrättaläggande används också frekvent i kriskommunikationen. Studien visar också att Roberto tillämpar retorikens appellformer i syfte att stärka sin argumentation och återfå förtroende och anseende. Alla uttalanden präglas starkt av pathos och Roberto försöker väcka känslor av sympati och framställer sig själv som ett offer i situationen. Det finns även inslag av ethos i kommunikationen. Logos förekommer endast i ett uttalande. Utifrån analysen går det dessutom att konstatera att kriskommunikationen, till viss del, förändrats över tid. Strategin minimering används exempelvis enbart i det sista analyserade uttalandet som ägde rum ett år efter händelsen . / The study ”I am simply a parasite to be eradicated!” aims to analyze the television personality and entrepreneur Paolo Roberto´s crisis communication in relation to the crisis of confidence that occurred when he was arrested for purchasing sexual services in the police operation Insats Torsk in the spring of 2020. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a public Swedish profile handles and communicates a crisis that affects the personal brand and the image of the person. This study uses a qualitative rhetorical text analysis and emanates from theories like image repair theory and the rhetorical appeals ethos, pathos and logos. In the study, six statements made by Paolo Roberto in relation to the crisis are analyzed. Five of the statements were directly issued in relation to the crisis and one of the statements was made one year after the incident. The result of the study shows that Paolo Roberto applies several different defensive strategies and rhetorical persuasion methods in his crisis communication. The analysis shows that Roberto uses five out of 14 in total image repair-strategies: mortification, corrective action, provocation, transcendence and minimization. The strategy that is used the most in Roberto´s statements is mortification, but it is only in one statement he actually apologizes for his actions. The strategies provocation and corrective action are also frequently used in the crisis communication. The study shows that Roberto uses rhetorical appeals with the aim to strengthen his argumentation to be able to regain trust and reputation. All statements that were made are strongly influenced by pathos and Roberto tries to induce emotion of sympathy and draws a picture of himself where he is the victim of the situation. There are also some elements of ethos used in the communication. Logos only occurs in one of the statements. From the analysis it can also be ascertained that some parts of the crisis communication have changed over time. The strategy minimization is for example only used in the last statement that was analyzed, which occurred a year after the incident.