M.A. / Family therapy came into being in the late 1950's, and was developed by a heterogenous group of investigators, working in distinctly different contexts and with different purposes. One of these intellectuals saw a family as a system, a cadet of ideas. Another one saw families as collections of individuals struggling to balance feelings, irrationalities and desires. (Nichols M.P. 1 Schwartz, R.C. 1995 :ix). From the mid 1970's onwards family therapy as a intervention strategy in social work succeeded and expanded, it was extended to encompass client populations from different cultural backgrounds, and special groups e.g. drug additions. These context suggest that family therapy needs to he practiced within the context of a particular culture. The purpose of this study is to explore the Xhosa families perceptions on family therapy and the role of culture in their life style.

It is common in cross-cultural research to treat variables as if they have interval scale properties irrespective of how these scales were constructed. The purpose of this research is to explore the differences in and consequences of how respondents from different countries use the same scales over the same scale items. Previously collected data from four countries using the same 6-point verbal and 10-point numeric rating scales were used. The data was rescaled using the delta chi-square and correspondence analysis techniques (Bendixen & Yurova, 2012). The differences in means of the variables were compared in pairs for raw and rescaled data. Bootstrapping was used to estimate confidence intervals of the differences between raw and rescaled values. Furthermore, a method of partitioning the differences in means into rescaling and cultural components was devised. In 83.3% and 94.9% of the cases, the differences in raw versus rescaled means were significant at the 5% level for verbal and numeric variables respectively. The results of partitioning indicate that by not rescaling the data, the differences in raw means consistently exaggerate the true cultural differences: the extracted cultural component was underestimated by 12.8% on average for verbal variables and by 5.3% for numeric variables. Therefore, reporting the differences in raw means as a true reflection of cultural differences is in error. Finally, the effect of rescaling in pancultural research was investigated by comparing the factor structure of doubly standardized raw and rescaled data. Pancultural research attempts to identify etic, or universal, dimensions of human culture and employs double standardization to remove cultural and individual biases inherent to cross-cultural data. While no differences in latent factors extracted were found for raw and rescaled data, considerable differences in the variance explained and slight differences in factor structure were found for double standardized rescaled and double standardized raw data. The results of this research indicate that researchers and practitioners in the field of cross-cultural research should choose their scales very carefully. Furthermore, to extract true cultural differences it is probably necessary to rescale and partition differences in means. Further research on the impact of rescaling is proposed.

Due to demographic shifts and efforts to recruit culturally diverse professionals, it is plausible that more Caucasians will encounter ethnic minority counselors in the future. Yet, the majority of multicultural literature has only emphasized Caucasian counselors' multicultural counseling competence. Research has rarely discussed how ethic minority counselors influence the perceptions of Caucasian clients. The research purpose was to explore how acculturation and gender of Asian and Caucasian counselors influence Caucasians' perceptions of the counselors and counseling services. With an analog research design, 562 Caucasian college students read 1 of 8 randomly assigned counselor descriptions, which were varied by counselor characteristics, and reported their perceptions on dependent measures: Counselor Rating Form - Short Version (CRF-S), Working Alliance Inventory - Short (WAI-S) and 4 Willingness items. With the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help - Shortened Form as a covariate, 15 hypotheses were expected that Caucasians would prefer high-acculturated, same sex, and same ethnic counselors tested by simple contrast, while an exploratory question, investigating main and interaction effects among independent variables (counselor ethnicity, acculturation and gender, and participant gender) on dependent measures, was examined by MANCOVA and ANCOVA. Although only 2 of 15 hypotheses showed significance, the exploratory investigation revealed: Caucasian participants had a preference of high-acculturated counselors on CRF-S attractiveness, WAI-S and willingness to seek help. However, present data did not replicate the impression of similar ethnic matching in counseling dyads. On CRF-S expertness, Caucasian participants reported that Asian male counselors were perceived as more expert than Caucasian male counselors. For gender differences, the current finding showed that female participants were more willing to seek help for academic/career concerns, whereas male participants were more willing to discuss their somatic concerns. For the research implications, with appropriate trainings in multicultural counseling competence, both Caucasian and non-Caucasian counselors could become effective therapists. Counseling agencies may need to keep counselors' background information minimum so it would not impede counseling relationships. With the limitation of analog study, the generalization of the current findings to actual clinical settings needs to be cautious. The qualitative research approach could expand our understandings concerning the current research direction in depth.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Orientador: Andrei Koerner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:02:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baratto_Marcia_M.pdf: 808236 bytes, checksum: 425059d63c908eecee17dfae2b3d3be1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O diálogo intercultural é a designação utilizada para nomear propostas teóricas normativas de direitos humanos que na década de 1990 buscavam fundamentar uma nova universalidade para estes. Para esta abordagem teórica o embate entre universalismo e relativismo cultural deve ser superado. Este trabalho caracteriza e analisa quatro propostas de diálogo intercultural indicando suas possibilidades e limites teóricos do pondo de vista interno destas abordagens. A primeira proposta analisada é a de Abullahi A. An-naim, que busca fortalecer o diálogo entre culturas visando construir uma fundamentação islâmica para os direitos humanos. A segunda é a defendida por Boaventura de Sousa Santos. O autor indica condições para um diálogo intercultural que fundamenta uma perspectiva contra-hegemônica destes. A terceira é a de Charles Taylor, que objetiva indicar às contribuições que a diferença traz para os fundamentos e as normas positivas dos direitos humanos. E, por fim, a proposta de Christopher Eberhard, preocupado com a construção de uma comunidade internacional dos direitos humanos, capaz de manter a diversidade cultural com respeito aos direitos humanos. / Abstract: The Cross-cultural dialogue is the concept used to name many proposed normative in theory of human rights in the 1990s sought to justify a new universal human rights. For this approach the clash between universalism and cultural relativism must be overcome. The purpose of this study is to characterize and examine four proposals for intercultural dialogue as its possibilities and theoretical limits. The first proposal is considered the proposed Abdullahi A. An-na'im, which seeks to strengthen the dialogue between cultures, to build an Islamic basis for human rights. The second proposal is supported by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The author indicates that conditions for a cross-cultural dialogue moved a counter-hegemonic perspective of human rights. The third proposal is that of Charles Taylor, which aims to indicate the contributions that difference brings to the positive fundamentals and standards of human rights. Finally, the proposed of Christoph Eberhard, concerned with the construction of a human rights community, capable of maintaining cultural diversity on the planet, with respect to human rights. / Mestrado / Estados, Processos Politicos e Organização de Interesses / Mestre em Ciência Política

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The COVID-19 pandemic presents threats, such as severe disease and economic hardship, to people of different ages. These threats can also be experienced asymmetrically across age groups, which could lead to generational differences in behavioral responses to reduce the spread of the disease. We report a survey conducted across 56 societies (N = 58,641), and tested pre-registered hypotheses about how age relates to (a) perceived personal costs during the pandemic, (b) prosocial COVID-19 responses (e.g., social distancing), and (c) support for behavioral regulations (e.g., mandatory quarantine, vaccination). We further tested whether the relation between age and prosocial COVID-19 responses can be explained by perceived personal costs during the pandemic. Overall, we found that older people perceived more costs of contracting the virus, but less costs in daily life due to the pandemic. However, age displayed no clear, robust associations with prosocial COVID-19 responses and support for behavioral regulations. We discuss the implications of this work for understanding the potential intergenerational conflicts of interest that could occur during the COVID-19 pandemic. / New York University Abu Dhabi

This research presents practitioners' insights on the concepts, theories, models, assessments tools, and other training practices that are currently considered when creating a two-day predeparture intercultural training (ICT) specifically for Americans departing for at least a one-year international assignment. This study reports data gathered by using a web-based survey that was completed by 25 practitioners from the intercultural communication field who provide predeparture ICT. The current literature in the field of ICT is presented as well as a sample outline of a two-day predeparture ICT program based on the results of this study and the literature. The outline indicates the primary content elements, one possible sequencing of such a program, as well as descriptions of how the elements are delivered and what tools are used to support the delivery. The motivation for this study was to provide a bridge between theory and practice in the field of ICT as there is an abundance of literature regarding the theory of the field, but very little has been written about how practitioners are employing the theories in their work.

The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which a rural school youth indicates trauma in a single sand tray scene. An empirical study of limited extent, which was conducted from the interpretivistic paradigm and qualitative by nature, was undertaken. A clinical case study was utilised as research design and document analysis was employed as data collection method. The case record of a Grade 9 learner with a complex trauma history, who attended a secondary school in a low-resourced community in Mpumalanga, was selected as the principal participant in the study. Sandplay assessment, trauma indicators and rural youths were the main concepts guiding the study. The findings of the empirical study were, firstly, that the ways a rural school youth indicated trauma in a single sand tray scene corresponded with trauma indications in Sandplay literature, of which, secondly, scenes appearing hostile, sexualised, bounded-off, rigid, obstructed or empty and devoid of life (e.g. people, vegetation) and scenery were examples. This reflected the universal dynamism of trauma. Another finding was that the utility of a single sand tray scene as a screening tool for trauma with a rural school youth was high and valuable as it identified different types of trauma and trauma-related suffering (symptoms). / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

Multicultural counselling and psychotherapy theory and research that focuses on ethnicity and race in cross-cultural counselling have pointed to concerns of oppression within counselling processes; however, an open exploration of oppression that may occur in session is not readily available from the perspective of clients. As such, this thesis research explores the lived experiences of oppression for ethnoracial minority clients who have engaged in counselling with white counsellors, with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of oppression and power in counselling, and possible resulting harm. This research is positioned within feminist and multicultural lenses, influencing the interviews themselves and the interpretations of participant experiences of oppression in counselling. Philosophical hermeneutics was used as the methodology to inform data collection and analysis. Five participants were interviewed using a semi-structured protocol to explore their counselling experiences for the following domains of interest: oppression, power, and harm. Through the analysis process, four major themes emerged for oppression (i.e., Whiteness of Therapy, Therapist Cultural Positioning in Sessions, Microinvalidations by Therapist, Disconnection Between Therapist and Client), four for power (i.e., Relational Power Differences in Therapy, Power Over by Therapist, Client Disempowerment, Client Empowerment Through Resistance), and three for harm (i.e., Hindered Counselling Process, Impeded Psychological Wellbeing, Generalized Negative Beliefs). Implications are discussed with the hope of informing multicultural research and training to improve competencies of professionals working within cross-cultural contexts.

Standardisering och anpassning är två marknadsföringsstrategier som flitigt debatterats under decennier bland forskare. Begreppet standardisering innebär att ett företag väljer att utforma sin marknadsföring på samma sätt genom flera kanaler och på flera marknader. Tanken är att det ska vara samma budskap som når konsumenterna oavsett var på planeten de befinner sig. Anpassning är idén om att konsumenterna ter sig olika och har olika preferenser, vilket marknadsföringen bör anpassa sig till och därför skapa olika annonser till olika marknader. Tidigare forskning har pekat på att en förklaring till varför företag väljer att anpassa sin marknadsföring är kulturella aspekter och faktorer som särskiljer konsumenterna åt. Den tänkta konsumentens kultur är därför en viktig beståndsdel att beakta i ett företags val av marknadsföringsstrategi och det område som denna studien kommer att ha som fokus. Studiens syfte är att undersöka svenska företag som agerar på internationella marknader och huruvida de väljer att anpassa eller standardisera sin marknadsföring till olika länder. Vidare är syftet att gå djupare in på företagens val av anpassning för att analysera om företagen beaktar kulturella aspekter i sitt agerande på olika marknader. Frågeställningen utgår ifrån tidigare relevant teori och besvaras genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer utförda på personer med olika typer av ansvarsområden inom sex olika företag där svaren från intervjuerna ligger i grund för slutsatsen och resultatet. Resultatet från intervjuerna presenteras i en framtagen modell för att tydligt demonstrera företagens val av strategi och ifall dessa val beaktar kulturella aspekter när det kommer till dess marknadsföring. Slutsatsen i studien är att svenska företag som agerar internationellt oftast har en kombination av olika strategi och kan därför inte uteslutande kategoriseras in ett fack om standardisering eller anpassning. Studien visar på att kultur är en viktig aspekt i företagens strategier och då främst för de företag som agerar på en marknad långt bort från sin hemmamarknad. Ju längre avståndet från hemmamarknaden är, desto större skiljer sig dess konsumenter, vilket ställer högre krav på att anpassa sin strategi utifrån kulturella skillnader. Nyckelord: Anpassning, standardisering, cross-cultural marketing, marknadsföringsstrategi