Orientador: Maria Rita Donalisio Cordeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T11:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco_PriscilaMariaStolsesBergamo_D.pdf: 1732128 bytes, checksum: e40308a72ae69b30999c757a5f111ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O aumento da proporção de idosos no país associado à maior longevidade modificou o perfil de saúde da população com considerável aumento da demanda por prevenção e assistência à saúde nas faixas etárias mais avançadas. Neste contexto, destaca-se a importância relativa das doenças respiratórias nos idosos, com impacto econômico e social. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores associados à vacinação contra influenza e doença pulmonar em idosos, com a utilização de diferentes técnicas de análise em estudos transversais de delineamento complexo. Os dados foram obtidos do "Inquérito de saúde de base populacional em municípios do Estado de São Paulo" (ISA-SP), cuja coleta foi realizada entre 2001 e 2002, e se referem a 1.958 registros de indivíduos de 60 anos e mais, analisados por meio de regressão logística e regressão de Poisson. Os resultados desta tese são apresentados em capítulos que se referem a três artigos publicados em revistas científicas. No primeiro artigo, "Fatores associados à vacinação contra influenza em idosos", os achados apontaram maior adesão à vacinação contra influenza entre os indivíduos com idade igualou superior a 70 anos (OR = 1,47; IC 95%: 1,09 -:- 1,99) e entre os hipertensos (OR = 1,39; IC 95%: 1,03 - 1,87), enquanto os idosos com nove anos ou mais de estudo referiram menor adesão à vacinação (OR = 0,64; IC 95%: 0,41 - 0,98). No segundo trabalho, "Vacinação contra influenza em idosos por área de residência: prevalência e fatores associados", pôde-se verificar diferenças no perfil do idoso quanto à referência de vacinação segundo subgrupos específicos e locais de residência. Nos municípios mais populosos apenas a menor escolaridade esteve associada à vacinação referida (RP = 1,26; IC 95%: 1,02-1,54), já na área composta pelos municípios menos populosos, idade mais avançada (RP = 1,15; IC 95%: 1,02-1,31), hipertensão arterial (RP = 1,21; IC 95%: 1,02-1,45), diabetes (RP = 1,16; IC 95%: 1,01-1,33) e doença crônica de pulmão (RP = 1,30; IC 95%: 1,03-1,64) referidas, estiveram associadas. No estudo, "Fatores associados à doença pulmonar em idosos", os resultados indicaram associação independente entre doença pulmonar referida e tabagismo (RP = 2,03; IC 95%: 1,39 - 2,97), uso de medicamentos (RP = 2,05; IC 95%: 1,11 - 3,79), auto-avaliação do estado de saúde atual como ruim ou muito ruim (RP = 1,89; IC 95%: 1,20 - 2,96) e depressão, ansiedade ou problemas emocionais (RP = 1,86; IC 95%: 1,11 - 3,10). Com o envelhecimento e a crescente importância das doenças respiratórias entre os idosos, os achados desse estudo apontam para a necessidade de ações que priorizem a manutenção da saúde do idoso, por meio de programas de promoção e prevenção que considerem as especificidades desse segmento / Abstract: The increase in the proportion of elder1y persons in Brazil, associated to increased longevity, has modified the health profile of the population, with a considerable increase in the demand for prevention and healthcare among the older age groups. In this context, the relative importance of respiratory diseases among the elder1y, along with its social and economic impact, is worthy of note. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with influenza vaccination and pulmonary disease in the elder1y population, using different analytical techniques in cross-sectional studies with complex design.The data were obtained from the Population-based survey of municipalities of the State of Sao Paulo (ISA-SP), whose data collection took place between 2001 and 2002 and inc1uded 1.958 records of subjects aged 60 years or older, and were analyzed using logistic regression and Poisson regression.The results of the present thesis are presented as chapters that refer to artic1es published in scientific journals. In the first article, "Factors associated with influenza vaccination among elderly persons", our findings indicate greater adherence to influenza vaccination among subjects aged 70 years or older (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.09 - 1.99) and among subjects with hypertension (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.03 - 1.87), whereas elder1y subjects with nine or more years of schooling reported lesser adherence to vaccination (OR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.41- 0.98). In the second paper, "Influenza vaccination among elderly persons according to place of residence: prevalence and associated factors", we observed differences in subject profile in tenns of self-reported vaccination according to specific subgroups and places of residence. In more populous municipalities, only lesser schooling (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.02-1.54) was associated with vaccination. Among the less densely populated municipalities, older age (pR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.02-1.31) and 'reported hypertension .(PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.02-1.45), diabetes (pR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.01-1.33), and chronic pulmonary disease (PR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.64) were associated with the outcome. In the paper entitled "Factors associated with pulmonary disease among the elderly," our results indicate independent associations between self-reported pulmonary disease and smoking (pR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.39 - 2.97), medication use (pR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.11 - 3.79), self-perception of current health status as poor or very poor (RP = .1.89; 95%CI: 1.20 2.96), and depression, anxiety, or emotional disorders (pR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.11 - 3.10).With the aging of the population, and the increasing importance of respiratory diseases among the elderly, the findings of the present study indicate a need for measures that prioritize the maintenance of health among this population, through promotion and prevention programs that take into account the specificities of this segment / Doutorado / Epidemiologia / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Introduction The rapid expansion of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has raised serious public health concerns due to the possibility of misdiagnosis in regions where arboviral diseases are endemic. We performed the first study in northern Peru to describe the detection of SARSCoV-2 IgM antibodies in febrile patients with a suspected diagnosis of dengue and chikungunya fever. Materials and methods A consecutive cross-sectional study was performed in febrile patients attending primary healthcare centers from April 2020 through March 2021. Patients enrolled underwent serum sample collection for the molecular and serological detection of DENV and CHIKV. Also, serological detection of IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was performed. Results 464 patients were included during the study period, of which (40.51%) were positive for one pathogen, meanwhile (6.90%) presented co-infections between 2 or more pathogens. The majority of patients with monoinfections were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM with (73.40%), followed by DENV 18.09% and CHIKV (8.51%). The most frequent co-infection was DENV + SARS-CoV-2 with (65.63%), followed by DENV + CHIKV and DENV + CHIKV + SARSCoV-2, both with (12.50%). The presence of polyarthralgias in hands (43.75%, p<0.01) and feet (31.25%, p = 0.05) were more frequently reported in patients with CHIKV monoinfection. Also, conjunctivitis was more common in patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM (11.45%, p<0.01). The rest of the symptoms were similar among all the study groups. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies were frequently detected in acute sera from febrile patients with a clinical suspicion of arboviral disease. The presence of polyarthralgias in hands and feet may be suggestive of CHIKV infection. These results reaffirm the need to consider SARS-CoV-2 infection as a main differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness in arboviruses endemic areas, as well as to consider co-infections between these pathogens. Copyright: / Revisión por pares

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine acceptance, and hesitancy amongst Health Care Workers (HCWs) on the African continent have been examined through observational studies. However, there are currently no comprehensive reviews among these cadre of population in Africa. Hence, we aimed to review the acceptance rate and possible reasons for COVID-19 vaccine non-acceptance/hesitancy amongst HCWs in Africa. METHODS: We searched Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, and Africa Journal Online from January, 2020 to September, 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment tool adapted for cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of the retrieved studies. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to pool the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses were performed. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were also systematically analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-one (21) studies were found to be eligible for review out of the 513 initial records. The estimated pooled COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 46% [95% CI: 37%-54%]. The pooled estimated COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 37% [95% CI: 27%-47%] in North Africa, 28% [95% CI: 20%-36%] in Central Africa, 48% [CI: 38%-58%] in West Africa, 49% [95% CI: 30%-69%] in East Africa, and 90% [CI: 85%-96%] in Southern Africa. The estimated pooled vaccine acceptance was 48% [95% CI:38%-57%] for healthcare workers, and 34% [95% CI:29%-39%] for the healthcare students. Major drivers and reasons were the side effects of the vaccine, vaccine's safety, efficacy and effectiveness, short duration of the clinical trials, COVID-19 infections, limited information, and social trust. CONCLUSION: The data revealed generally low acceptance of the vaccine amongst HCWs across Africa. The side effects of the vaccine, vaccine's safety, efficacy and effectiveness, short duration of the clinical trials, COVID-19 infections, limited information, and social trust were the major reasons for COVID-19 hesitancy in Africa. The misconceptions and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance amongst HCWs must be addressed as soon as possible in the continent to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates in Africa.

BACKGROUND: Studies have consistently demonstrated low rates of adoption of Advance Care Planning in the community. METHODS: We studied Medicare enrollees age 65 and over and non-Medicare patients using a cross-sectional survey undertaken in February and March 2019 using questionnaires completed by out-patients attending a teaching hospital clinic in East Tennessee USA. We evaluated patient knowledge, attitudes, satisfaction and aspirations towards Advance Care Planning. RESULTS: 141 properly completed questionnaires were used. All Medicare enrollees were aware of Advanced Care Planning compared to 43% in the non-Medicare group. 70% of the Medicare enrollees and 94% of non-Medicare group were not ready to complete a written Advanced Care Plan. Of the respondents, 46% had appointed spouses, 24% adult children, 11% siblings, 10% parents, 3.6% friends and 1.2% aunts as their surrogate medical decision makers. 41% agreed that they were satisfied with their current advance care planning arrangements. This research identified that individual's knowledge, attitudes and aspirations influenced the adoption of Advance Care. CONCLUSIONS: Patients have adopted the Advance Care Plan concept but have modified it to reduce their concerns by using family and loved ones to convey their wishes instead of filling the required legal documents. Clinicians could improve this informal system and increase the observability of the treatment choices including the use of video and web-based tools.

When children are diagnosed with developmental delays, their parents may experience psychological turmoil similar to that experienced by suicidal individuals. We sought to identify adaptive characteristics that may or may not be present in parents of children with developmental delays. Forty-nine children, with disabilities ranging from mild to severe, and their parents, were administered the Reasons for Living Inventory. No significant differences were revealed between men and women, or between individuals in 1-parent versus 2-parent households. The experience of having a disabled child may help to strengthen adaptive characteristics and, possibly, reduce the risk of suicide.

BACKGROUND: Households experiencing "food insecurity" have limited access to food due to a lack of money or resources. Poor nutrition, from food insecurity, can impact physical and cognitive development of children. Study objectives were to document the prevalence of Tennessee child care programs screening for food insecurity, explore differences between programs receiving child and adult care food program (CACFP) funding and those screening for food insecurity, and understand possible burdens food insecurity places on child care families as perceived by child care program directors. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of licensed Tennessee child care programs, a 10-question survey and four-question follow-up survey were electronically distributed. Analysis included descriptive statistics, a chi-square of programs receiving CACFP funds and screening for food insecurity, and themes analysis of open-ended responses. RESULTS: The average child care program enrollment (N = 272) was 80.16 with programs serving mostly preschoolers (98.53%) and toddlers (91.91%). Over half (56.99%) of programs reported they received CACFP funding, yet only 9.19% screen for food insecurity. Chi-square analysis found that programs receiving CACFP funds differ significantly on whether they screen households for food insecurity [Formula: see text] (1, n = 237) = 16.93, p ≤ 0.001. Themes analysis (n = 41) revealed that many child care program directors do not view food insecurity as a burden for families. CONCLUSIONS: Child care programs receiving CACFP funds are more likely to screen families for food insecurity than programs who do not. Programs indicate a willingness to include food insecurity screening questions on child care paperwork.

Several studies have concluded that the use of nurses’ time and energy is often not optimized. Given widespread migration of nurses from developing to developed countries, it is important for human resource planning to know whether nursing education in developing countries is associated with more exaggerated patterns of inefficiency. Objectives First, to describe nurses’ reports on tasks below their skill level. Second, to examine the association between nurses’ migratory status (domestically trained nurse or foreign trained nurse from a developing country) and reports on these tasks. Design The Registered Nurse Forecasting Study used a cross-sectional quantitative research design to gather data from 33,731 nurses (62% response rate) in 486 hospitals in Belgium, England, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Methods For this analysis, nurse-reported information on migratory status and tasks below their skill level performed during their last shift was used. Random effects models estimated the effect of nurses’ migratory status on reports of these tasks. Results 832 nurses were trained in a developing country (2.5% of total sample). Across countries, a high proportion of both domestically trained and foreign trained nurses from developing countries reported having performed tasks below their skill level during their last shift. After adjusting for nurses’ type of last shift worked, years of experience, and level of education, there remained a pronounced overall effect of being a foreign trained nurse from a developing country and an increase in reports of tasks below skill level performed during the last shift. Conclusion The findings suggest that there remains much room for improvement to optimize the use of nurses’ time and energy. Special attention should be given to raising the professional level of practice of foreign trained nurses from developing countries. Further research is needed to understand the influence of professional practice standards, skill levels of foreign trained nurses from developing countries and values attached to these tasks resulting from previous work experiences in their home countries. This will allow us to better understand the conditions under which foreign trained nurses from developing countries can optimally contribute to professional nursing practice in developed country contexts. / Dr McIntosh is a member of the the RN4CAST Consortium.

Yes / The NHS spends billions of pounds annually on repeat prescriptions in primary care, but data on their extent and use is out of date. Understanding the scale of repeat prescribing and for whom it is prescribed is important for the NHS to plan services and develop policies to improve patient care. Anonymous data on prescription numbers and practice population demographics was obtained from GP computer systems in a large urban area.Searches were conducted in November 2011 to identify the numbers of repeat items listed on individuals' repeat lists by sex and age.The proportion of all prescription items issued as repeats was identified by conducting searches on items issued as repeat and acute prescriptions. In the year of study 4,453,225 items were issued of which 3,444,769 (77%) were repeats (mean 13 items per patient/annum) and 1,008,456 (23%) acute prescriptions (mean 3.9 items per patient per annum). The mean number of repeat Items per patient was 1.87 (range 0.45 ages 0-9 years; 7.1 ages 80-89 years). At least one repeat medicine was prescribed to 43% of the population (range 20% for ages 0-9; over 75% for ages 60+). A significant proportion of the population receive repeat prescriptions and the proportion increases with age. Whilst the proportion of repeat items to acute items has remained unchanged over the last two decades the number of repeat prescriptions items issued has doubled (from 5.8 to 13.3 items/patient/annum). This has implications for general practice workload, patient convenience, NHS costs and risk.

<p>Увод: Астма као хронично оболење представља велики здравствени, социјални и економски проблем широм света Ово оболење једно је од најчешћих хроничних оболења код деце и најчешћи узрок повећаног броја хоспитализација код деце млађе од 15 година. Резултати досадашњих студија говоре у прилог пораста преваленције астме и алергијских болести код деце у последњих десетак година. Епидемиолошка испитивања су значајна за разумевање природе астме, као и откривања могућих фактора за тренд пораста учесталости астме код деце. Разлика у географској дистрибуцији учесталости симптома астме унутар исте земље сугерише да фактори средине, више него можда генетски фактори, утичу на дистрибуцију преваленције симптома астме. У литератури се као најзначајнији фактори средине истичу загађење животне средине и климатски фактора. Доступне студије показују да постоји узрочна повезаност између повећане изложености загађењу животне средине и акутних респираторних симптома. Процењено је да је у Европи током 2000. године дошло до губитка 3,6 милиона година живота услед повећања концентрације респирабилних честица. И новије препоруке Светске здравствене организације одлучно предлажу смањење изложености деце загађујућим материјама. Резултати доступних студија сугеришу да ефекти загрејавања и топлотних таласа, као и ниских темепратура, утичу на морбидитет и учесталост хоспитализација деце са астмом. Циљеви истраживања били су одредити преваленцију симптома астме код деце узраста од 6 до 15 година на територији Републике Српске, затим одредити утицај загађујућих материја животне средине и климатских фактора на преваленцију симптома астме код деце узраста од 6 до 15 година на територији Републике Српске. Материјал и методе: Истраживање је проведено у облику студије пресека и обухватало је 3000 деце узраста од 6 до 15 година из 13 основних школа на територији Републике Српске. Преваленција симптома астме код деце узраста од 6 до 15 година одређивала се путем упитника Интернационалне студије за астму и алергије код деце (The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood &ndash; ISAAC). Овај упитник дизајниран је за потребе мултицентричне студије о преваленцији астме, алергијског ринитиса и екцема код деце. Мерење квалитета ваздуха обухватало је следеће параметре: сумпoр диoксид SO2 (&mu;g/m3), угљен мoнoксид CO (mg/m3), азот диоксид NO2 (&mu;g/m3), oзoн O3 (&mu;g/m3) и респирабилне честице PM10 (&mu;g/m3). Континуирана мерења компоненти загађености ваздуха вршила су се на метеоролошком опсерваторију гдје су се континуирано мерили имисионе концентрације стационарним еколошким лабораторијем. Мерења климатских фактора на станицама Републичког хидрометеоролошког завода Републике Српске вршила су се према стандардима Светске метеоролошке организације (WMO). Мерења су се вршила у оквиру метеорoлошког круга који се налази на отвореном простору да би се избегао вештачки утицај околине и у одређеним терминима у зависности од ранга станице. Подаци су анализирани уз помоћ статистичког софтвера IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Резултати: Визинг у последњих 12 месеци имало је 7,9% деце укључене у студију. Дијагнозу астме икада имало је постављено 3,5% испитаника. Статистички значајну учесталост недијагностиковане астме имала су деца са блажим симптомима астме у последњих 12 месеци. Сув кашаљ ноћу био регистрован је код 14,8% испитаника. Код дечака је била значајно виша преваленција визинга у последњих 12 месеци и сувог кашља него код девојчица. Код превремено рођене деце статистички значајно је виша преваленција свих симптома астме. Регистрована је и значајна релација између пушења међу укућанима и појаве визинга у последњих 12 месеци (&chi;2 (1, N=1956) = 5,13, p=0,02). Код испитаника чији укућани су пушачи била је виша преваленција овог симптома (9,6%) у односу на децу чији укућани не пуше (6,7%). Пушење мајки у трудноћи статистички значајно је утицало на преваленцију свих симптома астме код деце. Концентрација азот оксида и PM10 је статистички значајно повезана са преваленцијом визинга и сувог кашља у последњих 12 месеци, док је повезаност са преваленцијом дијагнозе астме код деце на маргини статистичке значајности. Концентрација сумпор диоксида и озона је статистички значајно повезана са преваленцијом визинга у последњих 12 месеци. Преваленција астме у планинској регији је 7,3%, у умерено-континенталној регији је 8,0% и медитеранској регији 8,4%. Просечна годишња температура даје статистички значајан допринос предвиђању појаве визинга у последњих 12 месеци међу децом која су икада имали визинг у току живота. Са порастом просечне годишње температуре за 1 степен вероватноћа појаве визинга у последњих 12 месеци је 1,98 пута већа међу децом која су икада имала визинг. Пораст максималне просечне дневне температуре статистички значајно утиче на појаву визинга у току живота и сувог кашља у последњих 12 месеци. Постоји статистички значајна повезаност између минималне просечне дневне температуре и појаве визинга толико тешког да дете није у могућности изговорити неколико речи између два удаха. Закључак: Мушки пол, рођење пре термина, изложеност дуванском диму и пушење мајке током трудноће представљају статистички значајане ризике за развој астме код детета. Дечаци, деца млађег узраста, превремено рођена деца и деца храњена млечним формулама у првих 6 месеци живота имају статистичи значајан ризик за развој сувог кашља. Статистички значајну повезаност са преваленцијом астме код деце имају следеће мерене загађујуће материје: SO2, O3, азот оксиди и PM10. Статистички значајну повезаност са преваленцијом астме код деце има пораст просечне годишње температуре и више вредности максималне просечне дневне температуре.</p> / <p>Uvod: Astma kao hronično obolenje predstavlja veliki zdravstveni, socijalni i ekonomski problem širom sveta Ovo obolenje jedno je od najčešćih hroničnih obolenja kod dece i najčešći uzrok povećanog broja hospitalizacija kod dece mlađe od 15 godina. Rezultati dosadašnjih studija govore u prilog porasta prevalencije astme i alergijskih bolesti kod dece u poslednjih desetak godina. Epidemiološka ispitivanja su značajna za razumevanje prirode astme, kao i otkrivanja mogućih faktora za trend porasta učestalosti astme kod dece. Razlika u geografskoj distribuciji učestalosti simptoma astme unutar iste zemlje sugeriše da faktori sredine, više nego možda genetski faktori, utiču na distribuciju prevalencije simptoma astme. U literaturi se kao najznačajniji faktori sredine ističu zagađenje životne sredine i klimatski faktora. Dostupne studije pokazuju da postoji uzročna povezanost između povećane izloženosti zagađenju životne sredine i akutnih respiratornih simptoma. Procenjeno je da je u Evropi tokom 2000. godine došlo do gubitka 3,6 miliona godina života usled povećanja koncentracije respirabilnih čestica. I novije preporuke Svetske zdravstvene organizacije odlučno predlažu smanjenje izloženosti dece zagađujućim materijama. Rezultati dostupnih studija sugerišu da efekti zagrejavanja i toplotnih talasa, kao i niskih temepratura, utiču na morbiditet i učestalost hospitalizacija dece sa astmom. Ciljevi istraživanja bili su odrediti prevalenciju simptoma astme kod dece uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina na teritoriji Republike Srpske, zatim odrediti uticaj zagađujućih materija životne sredine i klimatskih faktora na prevalenciju simptoma astme kod dece uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina na teritoriji Republike Srpske. Materijal i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno u obliku studije preseka i obuhvatalo je 3000 dece uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina iz 13 osnovnih škola na teritoriji Republike Srpske. Prevalencija simptoma astme kod dece uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina određivala se putem upitnika Internacionalne studije za astmu i alergije kod dece (The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood &ndash; ISAAC). Ovaj upitnik dizajniran je za potrebe multicentrične studije o prevalenciji astme, alergijskog rinitisa i ekcema kod dece. Merenje kvaliteta vazduha obuhvatalo je sledeće parametre: sumpor dioksid SO2 (&mu;g/m3), ugljen monoksid CO (mg/m3), azot dioksid NO2 (&mu;g/m3), ozon O3 (&mu;g/m3) i respirabilne čestice PM10 (&mu;g/m3). Kontinuirana merenja komponenti zagađenosti vazduha vršila su se na meteorološkom opservatoriju gdje su se kontinuirano merili imisione koncentracije stacionarnim ekološkim laboratorijem. Merenja klimatskih faktora na stanicama Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Republike Srpske vršila su se prema standardima Svetske meteorološke organizacije (WMO). Merenja su se vršila u okviru meteorološkog kruga koji se nalazi na otvorenom prostoru da bi se izbegao veštački uticaj okoline i u određenim terminima u zavisnosti od ranga stanice. Podaci su analizirani uz pomoć statističkog softvera IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Rezultati: Vizing u poslednjih 12 meseci imalo je 7,9% dece uključene u studiju. Dijagnozu astme ikada imalo je postavljeno 3,5% ispitanika. Statistički značajnu učestalost nedijagnostikovane astme imala su deca sa blažim simptomima astme u poslednjih 12 meseci. Suv kašalj noću bio registrovan je kod 14,8% ispitanika. Kod dečaka je bila značajno viša prevalencija vizinga u poslednjih 12 meseci i suvog kašlja nego kod devojčica. Kod prevremeno rođene dece statistički značajno je viša prevalencija svih simptoma astme. Registrovana je i značajna relacija između pušenja među ukućanima i pojave vizinga u poslednjih 12 meseci (&chi;2 (1, N=1956) = 5,13, p=0,02). Kod ispitanika čiji ukućani su pušači bila je viša prevalencija ovog simptoma (9,6%) u odnosu na decu čiji ukućani ne puše (6,7%). Pušenje majki u trudnoći statistički značajno je uticalo na prevalenciju svih simptoma astme kod dece. Koncentracija azot oksida i PM10 je statistički značajno povezana sa prevalencijom vizinga i suvog kašlja u poslednjih 12 meseci, dok je povezanost sa prevalencijom dijagnoze astme kod dece na margini statističke značajnosti. Koncentracija sumpor dioksida i ozona je statistički značajno povezana sa prevalencijom vizinga u poslednjih 12 meseci. Prevalencija astme u planinskoj regiji je 7,3%, u umereno-kontinentalnoj regiji je 8,0% i mediteranskoj regiji 8,4%. Prosečna godišnja temperatura daje statistički značajan doprinos predviđanju pojave vizinga u poslednjih 12 meseci među decom koja su ikada imali vizing u toku života. Sa porastom prosečne godišnje temperature za 1 stepen verovatnoća pojave vizinga u poslednjih 12 meseci je 1,98 puta veća među decom koja su ikada imala vizing. Porast maksimalne prosečne dnevne temperature statistički značajno utiče na pojavu vizinga u toku života i suvog kašlja u poslednjih 12 meseci. Postoji statistički značajna povezanost između minimalne prosečne dnevne temperature i pojave vizinga toliko teškog da dete nije u mogućnosti izgovoriti nekoliko reči između dva udaha. Zaključak: Muški pol, rođenje pre termina, izloženost duvanskom dimu i pušenje majke tokom trudnoće predstavljaju statistički značajane rizike za razvoj astme kod deteta. Dečaci, deca mlađeg uzrasta, prevremeno rođena deca i deca hranjena mlečnim formulama u prvih 6 meseci života imaju statističi značajan rizik za razvoj suvog kašlja. Statistički značajnu povezanost sa prevalencijom astme kod dece imaju sledeće merene zagađujuće materije: SO2, O3, azot oksidi i PM10. Statistički značajnu povezanost sa prevalencijom astme kod dece ima porast prosečne godišnje temperature i više vrednosti maksimalne prosečne dnevne temperature.</p> / <p>Introduction: Asthma аs a chronic diseases is a major health, social and economic problem worldwide. It is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and the most common cause of an increased number of hospitalizations in children under the age of 15 years. The results of previous studies show an increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children in the last ten years. Epidemiological studies are important for understanding the nature of asthma, as well as for discovering of possible factors for the increasing trend of the prevalence of asthma in children. The difference in the geographical distribution of the prevalence of asthma symptoms within the same country suggests that environmental factors, rather than genetic factors may influence the distribution of the prevalence of asthma symptoms. Air pollution and climatic factors highlight as the most important environmental factors in the literature. Available studies indicate that there is a causal link between increased exposure to air pollution and acute respiratory symptoms. It is estimated that was a loss of 3.6 million years of life due to increased concentrations of respirable particles in Europe during 2000. year. Also, the recent recommendations of the World Health Organization strongly suggest reducing children&#39;s exposure to air pollutants. The results of the available studies suggest that the effects of warming and heat waves, as well as low temperatures, influence on the incidence of morbidity and hospitalization in children with asthma. The aims of this research were to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children aged 6 to 15 years on the territory of Republic of Srpska, to determine the impact of air pollutants and climatic factors on the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children aged 6 to 15 years on the territory of Republic of Srpska. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the form of cross-sectional study and included 3,000 children aged 6 to 15 years from 13 primary schools in Republic of Srpska. The prevalence of asthma symptoms in children aged 6 to 15 years is determined through a questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC). This questionnaire has been designed for the needs of a multi-center study of the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in children. Measuring air quality included the following parameters: sulfur dioxide SO2 (mg/m3), carbon monoxide CO (mg/m3), nitrogen dioxide NO2 (mg/m3), ozone O3 (g/m3) and respirable particles PM10 (mg/m3). Air quality monitoring is performed using the meteorological observatory, where we continuously measured the emission concentration by a stationary ecological laboratory. Measurements of climate factors in stations of the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Republic of Srpska were done according to the standards of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Measurements were made in certain periods depending on the station rank in the space of the meteorological circle which was located in the open space in order to avoid artificially influence the environment. Data were analyzed using statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: The prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was 7.9%, while the prevalence of diagnosed asthma ever was 3.5%. Children with symptoms of mild asthma in the past 12 months had statistically significant prevalence of undiagnosed asthma. A dry cough at night was registered in 14.8% of participants. Boys have significantly higher prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months and a dry cough than girls. Premature infants have significantly higher prevalence of all asthma symptoms. It was registered significant relationship between smoking among family members and the occurrence of wheezing in the past 12 months (&chi;2 (1, N = 1956) = 5.13, p = 0.02). Prevalence of these symptoms was higher for participants who lived with smokers (9.6%) compared to children whose family members do not smoke (6.7%). Maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly influenced the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children. The concentration of nitrogen oxides and PM10 was significantly associated with the prevalence of wheezing and dry cough in the past 12 months. The concentration of sulfur dioxide and ozone was significantly associated with the prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months. The prevalence of asthma in the highland climate regions was 7.3%, in the continental regions was 8.0% and 8.4% in the mediterranean regions. The average annual temperature gives a statistically significant contribution to predicting the occurrence of wheezing in the past 12 months among children who have ever had wheezing during their lifetime. The likelihood of wheezing in the past 12 months was 1.98 times higher for each degree of average annual temperature rise among children who ever had wheezing. The increase of average daily maximum temperature significantly affects the occurrence of wheezing ever and dry cough in the past 12 months. There is a statistically significant correlation between the average daily minimum temperature and the occurrence of severe wheezing that the child is not able to say a few words between breaths. Conclusion: Male gender, preterm birth, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and maternal smoking during pregnancy are a statistically significant risk for the development of asthma in children. Boys, younger children, premature babies and children formulas fed during first 6 months of life have a statistically significant risk for the development of a dry cough. Statistically significant association with the prevalence of asthma in children showed following air pollutants: SO2, O3, nitrogen oxides and PM10. Statistically significant association with the prevalence of asthma in children has rise of the average annual temperature and higher value of the maximum average daily temperature.</p>

<p>Oralno zdravlje predstavlja stanje zdravlja svih anatomskih i funkcionalnih delova usne duplje, jedan je od osnovnih elemenata blagostanja i važan pokazatelj kvaliteta života stanovni&scaron;tva. Podaci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) ukazuju da je 15-20% svetskog stanovni&scaron;tva srednje životne dobi (starosti od 35 do 44 godine) pod rizikom od gubitka zuba, a oko 30% stanovni&scaron;tva starosti od 65 do 74 godine nema svoje zube. Oboljenja usta i zuba su jedan od vodećih javno zdravstvenih problema 21. veka u svetu i nalaze se na 4. mestu po visini tro&scaron;kova. Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi stanje oralnog zdravlja odraslog stanovni&scaron;tva Srbije starosne dobi 20 i vi&scaron;e godina i evaluiraju činioci koji na njega utiču. Istraživanje predstavlja deo nacionalne studije &ldquo;Istraživanje zdravlja stanovnika Srbije&rdquo; za 2013. godinu Ministarstva zdravlja Republike Srbije, koja je sprovedena u vidu studije preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku od 13690 ispitanika (53,8% žene i 46,2% mu&scaron;karci). U istraživanju su kori&scaron;ćene tri vrste upitnika koji su dizajnirani u skladu sa upitnikom Evropskog istraživanja zdravlja. Svaki ispitanik stariji za jednu godinu ima 8% veću &scaron;ansu da svoje oralno zdravlje oceni kao lo&scaron;e (OR=1.08; 95% IP=(1.07-1.09); p=0,000). Ispitanici sa blagim depresivnim simptomima i depresivnim poremećajima imaju 2,04 odnosno 3,48 puta veću &scaron;ansu da svoje oralno zdravlje ocene kao lo&scaron;e u odnosu na ispitanike koji nisu depresivni (OR=2.04; 95% IP=(1.28-3.26); p=0,003) (OR=3.48; 95% IP=(1.14-10.59); p=0,028). Žene imaju 30% veću &scaron;ansu da pripadnu povoljnoj kategoriji poseta stomatologu u odnosu na mu&scaron;karce (OR=0.70; 95% IP=(0.63-0.78); p=0,000). Ispitanici sa nižim i srednjim obrazovanjem imaju 5,70 odnosno 2,45 puta veću &scaron;ansu da svoje zube operu povremeno u odnosu na visoko obrazovane (OR=5.70; 95% IP=(4.35-7.48); p=0,000) (OR=2.45; 95% IP=(1.91-3.13); p=0,000). Ispitanici najsiroma&scaron;nijeg sloja imaju 4,88, siroma&scaron;nog sloja 3,73, srednjeg sloja 2,52 i bogatog sloja 2,01 put veću &scaron;ansu da izgube 10 i vi&scaron;e zuba u odnosu na najbogatiji sloj (OR=4.88; 95% IP=(2.95-8.08); p=0,000) (OR=3.73; 95% IP=(2.42-5.75); p=0,000) (OR=2.52; 95% IP=(1.69-3.76); p=0.000) (OR=2.01; 95% IP=(1.38-2.91); p=0,000). Biv&scaron;i pu&scaron;ači i pu&scaron;ači imaju 1,43 odnosno 2,80 puta veću &scaron;ansu da izgube 10 i vi&scaron;e zuba u odnosu na nepu&scaron;ače (OR=1.43; 95% IP=(1.00-2.03); p=0,046) (OR=2.80; 95% IP=(2.08-3.76); p=0,000). Najučestaliji prediktori oralnog zdravlja su žene, starije stanovni&scaron;tvo, niže obrazovanje, nezaposleno i neaktivno stanovni&scaron;tvo, najsiroma&scaron;niji i pu&scaron;ači.</p> / <p>Oral health represents health status of all anatomic and functional parts of oral cavity, it is one of the basic elements of well-being and important quality of life indicator. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 15-20% of world population aged 35-44 have risk of tooth loss, and about 30% population aged 65-74 does not have own teeth. Oral and dental diseases are one of the leading public health problems in 21st century and on the 4th place of the health care expenditure. The main aim of this research was to assess oral health of adult population in Serbia aged 20 years and older and to evaluate related factors. The research represents a part of &ldquo;National Health Survey in Serbia 2013&rdquo; implemented by The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia, which was conducted as a cross-sectional study on the representative sample of adult population in Serbia. The study included 13690 examinees (53.8% females and 46.2% males). Three types of questionnaires which were designed according to the European Health Interview Survey were used. Every examinee older for one year had 8% greater odds to assess their oral health as bed (OR=1.08; 95% CI=(1.07-1.09); p=0.000). Respondents with mild depressive symptoms and depressive disorders had 2.04 and 3.48 times greater odds to assess their oral health as bed compared to one who were not depressed (OR=2.04; 95% CI=(1.28-3.26); p=0.003) (OR=3.48; 95% CI=(1.14-10.59); p=0.028). Females had 30% more odds to be in the category of affordable dental visit compared to men (OR=0.70; 95% CI=(0.63-0.78); p=0.000). Respondents with lower and middle level of education had 5.70 and 2.45 greater odds to brush their teeth occasionally compared to higher educated (OR=5.70; 95% CI=(4.35-7.48); p=0.000) (OR=2.45; 95% CI=(1.91-3.13); p=0.000). Respondents who belonged to the poorest class had 4.88, poorer 3.73, middle 2.52 and richer class 2.01 greater odds to lose 10 and more teeth compared to the richest (OR=4.88; 95% CI=(2.95-8.08); p=0.000) (OR=3.73; 95% CI=(2.42-5.75); p=0.000) (OR=2.52; 95% CI=(1.69-3.76); p=0.000) (OR=2.01; 95% CI=(1.38-2.91); p=0.000). Former smokers and smokers had 1.43 and 2.80 times greater odds to lose 10 and more teeth compared with non smokers (OR=1.43; 95% CI=(1.00-2.03); p=0.046) (OR=2.80; 95% CI=(2.08-3.76); p=0.000). The most frequent predictors of oral health are: women, elderly people, those with low educational attainment, unemployed, inactive and respondents who assessed their financial situation as poor and smokers.</p>