A presente tese de doutorado teve por objetivo traduzir, adaptar e validar para o contexto brasileiro o Questionário de Comportamentos Agressivos e Reativos entre Pares (Q-CARP), instrumento italiano, de autorrelato, empiricamente baseado, constituído por duas escalas independentes. A primeira escala avalia o comportamento agressivo infantil e a segunda escala avalia diferentes reações frente à agressão entre pares. Também foi objetivo deste estudo, a validação transcultural do instrumento entre Itália e Brasil. O estudo de validação do instrumento no Brasil contou com a participação de 727 crianças (52% meninos), de 8 a 13 anos, estudantes do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas do Rio Grande do Sul. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias foram conduzidas para testar a estrutura do instrumento, a qual foi consistente com o instrumento original, apresentando uma solução unifatorial para a primeira escala (Escala de Comportamentos Agressivos – ECA) e uma solução de três fatores (Reação Agressiva – RA; Busca de Apoio – BA; Reação Internalizada – RI) para a segunda escala (Escala de Comportamentos Reativos – ERA). Análises de validade convergente e análises multivariadas por sexo e idade também foram conduzidas. Os resultados indicaram que o Q-CARP apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e satisfatórias evidências de validade e de fidedignidade, configurando-se como um instrumento útil para avaliação dos comportamentos agressivos bem como da reação da criança frente à agressão de seus pares. O estudo de validação transcultural contou com a participação de 587 crianças italianas, de 6 a 11 anos (52% meninos), além das 727 crianças brasileiras. As análises confirmatórias multigrupos atestaram a invariância do instrumento, indicando que o Q-CARP é uma medida válida para avaliar os comportamentos agressivos e reações frente à agressão em ambos os contextos (brasileiro e italiano). Uma MANCOVA foi realizada para avaliar diferenças em meninos e meninas e em crianças brasileiras e italianas para cada uma das escalas do Q-CARP. Meninos apresentaram maior nível que as meninas na ECA e também apresentaram maiores médias no fator RA da ERA. Já as meninas apresentaram maiores níveis para o fator BA e para fator RI da ERA. Em relação à comparação entre países, crianças italianas apresentaram maiores médias para a ECA e crianças brasileiras maiores médias para RI. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura. / The present doctoral dissertation aimed to translate, adapt and validate to the Brazilian context the Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q), an Italian self-report and empirically based instrument, composed by two independent scales. The first scale assesses child aggressive behavior, whereas the second scale evaluates different reactions to peer aggression. It was also conducted a cross-cultural validation of the PARB-Q between Italy and Brazil. Participants of the Brazilian validation study were 727 children (52% boys), ranging from 8 to 13 years old, students of public and private elementary schools of the Rio Grande do Sul State. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to verify the structure of the PARB-Q, which was consistent with the original instrument, resulting in a one-factor solution for the first scale (Peer Aggression - PA) and a three-factor solution (Reactive Aggression – RA, Seeking Teacher Support – STS and Internalizing Reaction - IR) for the second scale (Reaction to Peer Aggression Scale - RPA). Convergent validity analysis and multivariate analysis by sex and age were also performed. The results indicated that the PARB-Q presented good psychometric properties and satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability. The PARB-Q was configured as a useful tool to evaluate child aggressive behavior and child's response to peer aggression. Participants of the cross-cultural validation study were 587 Italian and 727 Brazilian students of elementary public schools. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses attested full measurement invariance of the instrument, indicating that the PARB-Q is a valid measure to assess the child aggressive behavior and responses to peer aggression in both Brazilian and Italian contexts. A MANCOVA (using age as a co-variable) was performed to assess differences in boys and girls and in Brazilian and Italian children for each of the PARB-Q scales. Boys showed higher levels than girls in the PA scale and also presented higher levels in the RA factor of the RPA scale. Girls presented higher levels of the STS and IR factors of the RPA scale. Regarding cross-country comparisons, Italian children presented higher levels in the PA scale whereas Brazilian children presented higher levels in the IR factor. The results are discussed in light of the literature.

A presente tese de doutorado teve por objetivo traduzir, adaptar e validar para o contexto brasileiro o Questionário de Comportamentos Agressivos e Reativos entre Pares (Q-CARP), instrumento italiano, de autorrelato, empiricamente baseado, constituído por duas escalas independentes. A primeira escala avalia o comportamento agressivo infantil e a segunda escala avalia diferentes reações frente à agressão entre pares. Também foi objetivo deste estudo, a validação transcultural do instrumento entre Itália e Brasil. O estudo de validação do instrumento no Brasil contou com a participação de 727 crianças (52% meninos), de 8 a 13 anos, estudantes do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas do Rio Grande do Sul. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias foram conduzidas para testar a estrutura do instrumento, a qual foi consistente com o instrumento original, apresentando uma solução unifatorial para a primeira escala (Escala de Comportamentos Agressivos – ECA) e uma solução de três fatores (Reação Agressiva – RA; Busca de Apoio – BA; Reação Internalizada – RI) para a segunda escala (Escala de Comportamentos Reativos – ERA). Análises de validade convergente e análises multivariadas por sexo e idade também foram conduzidas. Os resultados indicaram que o Q-CARP apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e satisfatórias evidências de validade e de fidedignidade, configurando-se como um instrumento útil para avaliação dos comportamentos agressivos bem como da reação da criança frente à agressão de seus pares. O estudo de validação transcultural contou com a participação de 587 crianças italianas, de 6 a 11 anos (52% meninos), além das 727 crianças brasileiras. As análises confirmatórias multigrupos atestaram a invariância do instrumento, indicando que o Q-CARP é uma medida válida para avaliar os comportamentos agressivos e reações frente à agressão em ambos os contextos (brasileiro e italiano). Uma MANCOVA foi realizada para avaliar diferenças em meninos e meninas e em crianças brasileiras e italianas para cada uma das escalas do Q-CARP. Meninos apresentaram maior nível que as meninas na ECA e também apresentaram maiores médias no fator RA da ERA. Já as meninas apresentaram maiores níveis para o fator BA e para fator RI da ERA. Em relação à comparação entre países, crianças italianas apresentaram maiores médias para a ECA e crianças brasileiras maiores médias para RI. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura. / The present doctoral dissertation aimed to translate, adapt and validate to the Brazilian context the Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q), an Italian self-report and empirically based instrument, composed by two independent scales. The first scale assesses child aggressive behavior, whereas the second scale evaluates different reactions to peer aggression. It was also conducted a cross-cultural validation of the PARB-Q between Italy and Brazil. Participants of the Brazilian validation study were 727 children (52% boys), ranging from 8 to 13 years old, students of public and private elementary schools of the Rio Grande do Sul State. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to verify the structure of the PARB-Q, which was consistent with the original instrument, resulting in a one-factor solution for the first scale (Peer Aggression - PA) and a three-factor solution (Reactive Aggression – RA, Seeking Teacher Support – STS and Internalizing Reaction - IR) for the second scale (Reaction to Peer Aggression Scale - RPA). Convergent validity analysis and multivariate analysis by sex and age were also performed. The results indicated that the PARB-Q presented good psychometric properties and satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability. The PARB-Q was configured as a useful tool to evaluate child aggressive behavior and child's response to peer aggression. Participants of the cross-cultural validation study were 587 Italian and 727 Brazilian students of elementary public schools. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses attested full measurement invariance of the instrument, indicating that the PARB-Q is a valid measure to assess the child aggressive behavior and responses to peer aggression in both Brazilian and Italian contexts. A MANCOVA (using age as a co-variable) was performed to assess differences in boys and girls and in Brazilian and Italian children for each of the PARB-Q scales. Boys showed higher levels than girls in the PA scale and also presented higher levels in the RA factor of the RPA scale. Girls presented higher levels of the STS and IR factors of the RPA scale. Regarding cross-country comparisons, Italian children presented higher levels in the PA scale whereas Brazilian children presented higher levels in the IR factor. The results are discussed in light of the literature.

The 2 goals of the present investigation were to 1) examine the reliability of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire: Short Form (CBQ) in a sample of 4-7 year-old children from the Ukraine and 2) compare those children’s temperament profiles to a) one another when the form was administered in 2 different languages and b) their American counterparts from the CBQ standardization sample. Three waves of data were collected from the parents of 167 children residing in Kiev, Ukraine. Internal reliability analyses showed good internal consistency of the instrument. Comparative analyses conducted both within and between cultures showed similarities and differences across the 15 CBQ dimensions. The observed differences were in the predicted directions: Ukrainian children were rated higher than American children on dimensions reflecting negative affectivity. However, the language of the instrument was a mitigating factor. This finding supports the possibility that parental ethnotheories are embedded in specific languages.

Background: Female entrepreneurship has a crucial positive influence on the economy and social advances. Yet, women are still underrepresented in entrepreneurship and are often made to fit a male-centric western entrepreneurship stereotype. Further, many studies on entrepreneurship focus on one context and there is a lack of cross-cultural studies on influential factors and how female entrepreneurs can manage them. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to add to the literature about female entrepreneurship and its influential factors and related management aspects. We utilise a feminist theory lens, which suggests women should be viewed on their own to add female perspectives to literature and broaden the understanding of entrepreneurship. We further follow a cross-cultural comparison between Germany and South Africa as developed and developing contexts, which provides richer and newer insights into the variety of influential factors. Method: Methodologically, this study is based on qualitative interviews and an exploratory research design. In an abductive grounded theory approach, we have interviewed five German female entrepreneurs and five South African female entrepreneurs. In semi-structured interviews, we could gain significant insights from female entrepreneurs about their journey. We further utilised a comparative analysis to sufficiently view the similarities and differences between the two contexts. Conclusion: Through this study, we were able to compare findings from previous studies and further identified new areas that have not been previously studied. We realised that many internal factors are crucial for female entrepreneurship, and we identified five major categories of influential and managing factors.

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Submitted by Ricardo Boeing da Silveira (ricardoboeing@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-21T02:10:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO Dissertation -Versão Entrega Final.pdf: 3100930 bytes, checksum: 812983d7901c1503074e9f0db58f8095 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-12-21T10:31:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO Dissertation -Versão Entrega Final.pdf: 3100930 bytes, checksum: 812983d7901c1503074e9f0db58f8095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-21T11:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO Dissertation -Versão Entrega Final.pdf: 3100930 bytes, checksum: 812983d7901c1503074e9f0db58f8095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / The broader objective of this study undertaking can briefly be articulated in particulate aims as follows: to measure the attitudes of consumers regarding the brand displayed by this strategy as well as to highlight recall, recognition and purchase intentions generated by product placement on consumers. In addition, check the differences and similarities between the behavior of Brazilian and American consumers caused by the influence of product placements. The study was undertaken targeting consumer audience in Brazil and the U.S. A rang3 modeling set ups were performed in order to realign study instruments and hypothesis towards the research objectives. This study gave focus on the following hypothesized models. H1: Consumers / Participants who viewed the brands / products in the movie have a higher brand / product recall compared to the consumers / participants who did not view the brands / products in the movie. H2: US Consumers / Participants are able to recognize and recall brands / products which appear in the background of the movie than Brazil. H3: Consumers / participants from USA are more accepting of product placements compared to their counterparts in Brazil. H4: There are discernible similarities in consumer / participant brand attitudes and purchase intentions in consumers / participants from USA and Brazil in spite of the fact that their country of origin is different. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient ensured the reliability of survey instruments. The study involved the use of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for the hypothesis testing. This study used the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to assess both the convergent and discriminant validities instead of using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) or the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This reinforced for the use of the regression Chi Square and T statistical tests in further. Only hypothesis H3 was rejected, the rest were not. T test provided insight findings on specific subgroup significant differences. In the SEM testing, the error variance for product placement attitudes was negative for both the groups. On this The Heywood Case came in handy to fix negative values. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative approach where closed ended questionnaires and interviews respectively were used to collect primary data. The results were additionally provided with tabulations. It can be concluded that, product placement varies markedly in the U.S. from Brazil based on the influence a range of factors provided in the study. However, there are elements of convergence probably driven by the convergence in technology. In order, product placement to become more competitive in the promotional marketing, there will be the need for researchers to extend focus from the traditional variables and add knowledge on the conventional marketplace factors that is the sell-ability of the product placement technologies and strategies.

Despite a long-standing tradition to view gender as a unitary theoretical construct, there is an increasing approbation afforded to gender identity as a multifarious construct. Over and above physiological characteristics, gender identity is a psychological and a social construct. More than simply a biological classification, both gender and gender identity have been explored as portentous moderators of consumers' cognitive and emotive states, brand attributions and shopping behaviors. How might gender differences be manifested in building and sustaining brand relationships? This is the seminal question addressed in the present research. The overarching objective of this research is to address how the broadened conceptualization of gender impacts customer-based brand equity across U.S. and Chinese consumers. The focal populations of interest are related to markedly different levels of brand penetration in each a post-developed and transitional market setting. Furthermore, it provides a platform for investigating how gender identities may differ across two of the largest consumer buying groups in the global marketplace. Toward this goal, this research explores the multidimensionality of gender as a construct, and then empirically investigates how an extended view of gender may or may not impact consumer-based brand equity. Based on an integration of extant theories in gender identity and self-congruity, this study proposes a research framework to investigate the relationship among gender identity, brand connections, and consumer-based brand equity. An online survey was conducted to collect consumer panel data in the U.S. and China respectively. Results from regression analysis and path analysis suggest that physiological gender alone cannot adequately explain consumers' brand perceptions. The empirical analysis offers further support for including three unique gender related constructs (physiological gender, psychological gender traits, and gender role attitudes) to understand gender-related consumer behavior. The results also indicate that brand connections serve as important intermediate steps to understand the relationship between gender identity and consumer-based brand equity.

Helicopter parenting has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in families with adult children. Due to its developmentally inappropriate nature, helicopter parenting sometimes serves as a risk factor for children. In addition, culture and parents’ gender shape parenting and adult children’s outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to identify multidimensional constructs of helicopter parenting among college students and describe how latent classes of helicopter parenting of mothers and fathers are related to college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors in the United States and China. Using a three-step latent class approach, data from 1402 mother and young-adult child (MC) and 1225 father and young-adult child (FC) pairs in the United States and 527 MC and 426 FC pairs in China were analyzed. Four helicopter parenting latent classes (strong, strong but weak direct intervention, weak but strong academic management, and weak) were identified among MC and FC pairs in the United States, but three latent classes (strong, strong but weak direct intervention, and weak) were identified in China. In addition, college students whose parents were in the strong helicopter parenting class reported a higher level of game and social media addictive behaviors than those in weak and weak but strong academic management classes in the United States, but not in China. These findings indicate that helicopter parenting is multidimensional in nature in both American and Chinese families, but the impact of helicopter parenting on college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors differs between the two countries.

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