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Les alliages métalliques amorphes possèdent une structure désordonnée sansordre atomique local à longue distance contrairement aux alliages cristallins. Cettestructure leur confère des propriétés particulières, ouvrant la voie à de nombreusesapplications industrielles. En particulier, leur conductivité thermique est faiblecomparée aux autres matériaux métalliques du fait de l'absence de réseau cristallin.Ces alliages possèdent ainsi des propriétés isolantes permettant de minimiser lespertes thermiques par conduction. Ce travail de thèse porte d'une part sur lacompréhension des mécanismes intervenant dans la conductivité thermique desalliages métalliques amorphes, permettant d'identifier des compositions adaptées.Différentes méthodes d'optimisation des propriétés thermiques ont été étudiées etont permis de développer une composition optimisée à faible conductivité thermique.D'autre part, la capacité à être assemblé a été étudiée dans l'objectif d'intégrer ces alliages dans un dispositif industriel. Deux techniques d'assemblage ont étéconfrontées permettant de développer une solution à court et à long terme. Deuxbrevets protégeant l'utilisation de compositions avantageuses obtenus grâce auxrésultats de ce travail ont été déposés. Par ailleurs, des prototypes ont été réalisés en utilisant les procédés étudiés dans ce travail et présentent des performances augmentées par rapport à la solution actuelle. / Bulk metallic glasses possess an amorphous structure without any atomic longrange ordering unlike their crystalline counterparts. They exhibit particularproperties due to this amorphous structure, which is very promising for futureindustrial applications. In particular, their thermal conductivity is very low compared to other metallic materials due to the absence of crystalline lattice. Thus, these alloys show some insulating properties, leading to low heat losses. This PhD work focuses on understanding the mechanisms that occur in thermal conductivity of bulk metallic glasses in order to identify suitable compositions. Several optimization methods have been carried out to minimize the thermal properties and resulted in the development of an optimized composition showing low thermal conductivity. Secondly, their joining ability has been studied with the aim to implement these alloys in an industrial device. Two different joining techniques have been faced to provide a short and a long term solution. Eventually, two patents which protect the use of beneficial compositions developed in this work have been filed. Besides, prototypes have been produced using the two processes studied in this work and show enhanced performances compared to the current solution.

Cette thèse concerne le développement de nouvelles stratégies de contrôle d’unréfrigérateur cryogénique soumis à de fortes variations de charge thermique. De telles perturbationsvont se rencontrer lors du refroidissement des aimants supraconducteurs des futurs réacteurs defusion (tokamak JT-60SA par exemple).La modélisation d’un réfrigérateur de test, offrant une capacité de refroidissement de 800Wà 4.5K, a été effectuée sous le logiciel Matlab/Simulink. Celle-ci est basée sur les équationsthéoriques de la thermodynamique, de la thermique et de l’hydraulique et prend en compte lespropriétés non linéaire de l’hélium à basse température.A partir de ce modèle, une stratégie de contrôle multivariable a été proposée sur les deuxparties du réfrigérateur : la station de compression et la boîte froide. Les résultats expérimentauxmontrent de nettes améliorations et une plus grande stabilité du réfrigérateur en présence decharges pulsées par rapport à la stratégie initiale (PI).Un observateur de la charge thermique du bain d’hélium liquide a également été développé.Le modèle utilisé est construit par identification à partir de mesures internes au réfrigérateur. Ilpourrait servir comme outil de surveillance aux opérateurs. / This thesis is concerned with the development of a novel control scheme on a heliumrefrigerator subject to high pulsed loads. Such disturbance will happen during the cooling of thesuperconductive magnet, used in tokamak configuration.A dynamical model of a cryogenic station, which offers a cooling capacity of 800W at4.5K, has been produced. The modelling is based on the theoretical equations of thermodynamics,thermal physics and hydraulics and takes into account the non linear properties of helium at lowtemperature.Based on this model, a new control strategy has been developed for each of the two parts ofthe refrigerator: the warm compression system and the cold box. Experimental results showsignificant improvement with multivariable controllers as compared with the PIDs in the presenceof high pulsed loads.An observer of the thermal load of the helium bath has also been developed. The model isconstructed by identification using internal measures of the refrigerator. It can be used as conditionmonitoring tool for operators.

En raison des enjeux économiques et écologiques majeurs auxquels doivent faire face les acteurs de l’industrie aéronautique depuis plusieurs décennies, la part massique de composite dans la composition des avions n’a cessé d’augmenter : elle était d’environ 5% en 1972 pour l’Airbus A300 pour arriver à plus de 50% en 2013 pour l’Airbus A350. En effet, l’objectif étant de réduire toujours plus la masse des avions, les alliages d’aluminium qui les composaient en grande majorité (75% de la masse dans les années 70) ont été progressivement remplacés par d’autres matériaux aux caractéristiques mécaniques spécifiques jugées plus intéressantes et notamment par le CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) que l’on couple souvent aux alliages de titane parce qu’ils font preuve d’une meilleure compatibilité thermique et électrochimique que le couple CFRP/alliage d’aluminium.En conséquence, de nombreux cas d’assemblage sont aujourd’hui des empilages hybrides CFRP/Ti6Al4V pour lesquels l’objectif est de pouvoir réaliser le perçage en une seule opération comme c’était le cas auparavant avec les assemblages métal/métal. Les études réalisées sur le perçage de ces empilages hybrides ont montré que les températures de coupe élevées de l’opération, majoritairement dues à l’usinage de la partie constituée de Ti6Al4V, étaient une cause majeure du non-respect des spécifications aéronautiques. C’est à partir de ces constatations que l’idée d’utiliser l’assistance cryogénique est née : refroidir la zone de coupe en injectant de l’azote liquide par le centre broche, en lieu et place des moyens de lubrification et de refroidissement plus classiques.En effet, la chaleur latente que l’azote liquide absorbe lors de sa vaporisation en fait un excellent candidat pour refroidir efficacement la zone de coupe. Son utilisation est de plus une solution totalement écologique puisqu’elle permet d’éviter l’utilisation de fluides de coupe et permet ainsi d’éviter les opérations de lavage des pièces, d’essorage des copeaux et de recyclage des fluides tout en restant neutre pour l’opérateur et la planète.Ainsi, ce projet de thèse s’articule autour de l’étude des effets de l’assistance cryogénique sur le perçage du Ti6Al4V et s’intéresse en particulier à son impact sur le phénomène de resserrement du trou. En effet, les chargements thermomécaniques induits par l’opération ainsi que les formes et dimensions finales des trous réalisés sont en réalité fortement liés à ce phénomène qui n’avait jusqu’ici été que très peu étudié. Par conséquent, cette thèse propose d’une part de mettre en évidence l’importance du resserrement du trou en perçage de Ti6Al4V et d’autre part de fournir des éléments d’analyse et de compréhension sur ce phénomène dans les conditions d’usinage à sec et avec assistance cryogénique. / On account of the major economic and ecological stakes to which the aeronautic industry stakeholders had to react during the last decades, the composite mass percentage in aircrafts never stopped to increase and reached more than 50% in 2013 for the Airbus A350. Indeed, the aim always being to build lighter aircrafts, aluminum alloys (which represented more than 75% of the total mass in the 70’) were gradually replaced by other materials which were considered to have more advantageous mechanical properties to weight ratios and especially by CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic). Since the CFRP/titanium alloy pair demonstrates a better thermal and electrochemical compatibility compared to the CFRP/aluminum alloy pair, the use of titanium alloys in aircraft increased as well.Therefore, many assembly cases are currently CFRP/Ti6Al4V hybrid stacks for which the goal is to be able to drill them in one shot, just as it was done for metal/metal stacks. Studies were carried out concerning hybrid stacks drilling and highlighted that the elevated temperatures during the Ti6Al4V drilling were mainly responsible for the non-fulfilment of aeronautical specifications. Based on these observations, the idea of using the cryogenic assistance emerged: cooling down the cutting area by using liquid nitrogen instead of classic modes of lubrication and cooling.Indeed, the latent heat that liquid nitrogen absorbs when it vaporizes makes it an excellent candidate to efficiently cool the cutting zone. Moreover, since it evaporates quickly at room temperature, it eliminates the need to clean the parts and to recycle the fluids while being neutral for the planet and the machine operator.This Ph.D thesis revolves around the study of cryogenic assistance effects in Ti6Al4V drilling and focuses especially on its impact on hole shrinkage. Indeed, the shape and dimensions of the drilled hole, as well as the thermomechanical loads induced by the operation depend on this little-known phenomenon. Therefore, this thesis proposes to highlight the key role of hole shrinkage in Ti6Al4V drilling and to give elements of analysis and understanding on the phenomenon, for dry and cryogenic cutting conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1619927 bytes, checksum: 2e509eb4db50391173d4bb2ac58780ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Antarctic sea, the higher humidity, light and temperature favor the process of hydrolysis of minerals and leaching of bases, in addition to colonization by denser vegetation cover and various activities and a greater presence of birds, resulting in physical and chemical changes of soil known distinct from most of the continent. Studies seeking to understand the processes and the relationships between pedogenetic soil and ecosystems are scarce, especially in the volcanic islands of the Archipelago South Schetlands. This study aimed to broadly examine the chemical and physical characteristics of the volcanic soils of different ages and the influence of soil formation in ornithogenic recent volcanic island of Deception and Penguin. Specifically, the study characterized the chemical, physical and mineralogical to study soil processes that operate in regions of recent volcanism in the Antatctic and its influence on terrestrial. We collected five soil profiles on Deception Island and three on Penguin Island during the summer of 2008. The soils were classified as Cryossols and Leptosols (WRB) and Gelisols and Inceptsols (Soil Taxonomy).Invariably the soil samples had high amounts of gravel and low clay. Soils are developing with incipient distinction between horizons, keeping a strong relationship with the source material. From a chemical standpoint are eutrophic soils with high pH values, except the profile P3 of Penguin Island which showed lower values of the other profiles. The values of P extracted by Mehlich-1 are low forthe profiles without influence of seabirds It became evident the influence of the source material in the chemical composition of soils. Analyses of X-rays showed a mineralogical assemblage composed mainly of plagioclase, potassium feldspar, and pyroxene in addition to smectite clay soil. The presence of primary minerals in the clay fraction shows strong physical weathering and incipient chemical change. According to chemical extractions and values Feo, Alo and Sio was evident in the presence of allophane profiles of Penguin Island, Deception Island while also exists in the presence of some crystalline minerals, but in smaller proportions. Unlike the soils in areas of influence of birds in other parts of Antarctica, the profiles analyzed showed no evidence of phosphate, however, it is clear the influence of seabirds in the development of vegetation, accumulation of organic matter and development of soil fauna. / Na Antártica marítima, a maior umidade, luminosidade e temperatura favorecem os processos de hidrólise dos minerais e lixiviação de bases, além da colonização por coberturas vegetais mais densas e diversas e maior presença de atividades de aves, resultando em alterações físico-químicas dos solos reconhecidamente distintas da maior parte do continente. Estudos que buscam compreender os processos pedogenéticos e as relações entre solo e ecossistemas são escassos, sobretudo nas ilhas vulcânicas do Arquipélago Schetlands do Sul. O presente estudo objetivou de forma geral estudar as características químicas e físicas dos solos vulcânicos de diferentes idades e verificar a influência da ornitogênese na formação de solos vulcânicos recentes das ilhas Deception e Penguin. Especificamente o trabalho caracterizou os aspectos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos a fim de estudar os processos pedológicos que operam em regiões de vulcanismo recente na Antártica e sua influência nos ecossistemas terrestres. Foram coletados cinco perfis de solo na Ilha Deception e três na Ilha Penguin durante o verão de 2008. Os solos estudados foram classificados como Cryosols e Leptosols (WRB) e Gelisols e Inceptsols (Soil Taxonomy). Invariavelmente os perfis estudados apresentaram altos valores de cascalho e baixos teores de argila. São solos com desenvolvimento incipiente com fraca distinção entre horizontes, guardando forte relação com o material de origem. Do ponto de vista químico são solos eutróficos com valores de pH elevados, exceto o perfil P3 da ilha Penguin que apresentou valores mais baixos dos demais perfis. Os valores de P extraído por Mehlich-1 são baixos para os perfis sem influencia ornitogênica, ficando evidente a influencia do material de origem na composição química dos solos. As análises de Raios-X mostraram uma assembleia mineralógica composta basicamente por plagioclásios, feldspatos potássicos, piroxênio além de esmectita na fração argila dos solos. A presença de minerais primários na fração argila indica forte intemperismo físico e incipiente alteração química. De acordo com as extrações químicas e com os valores de Feo, Alo e Sio ficou evidente a presença de alofana nos perfis da ilha Penguin, enquanto na ilha Deception também existe a presença de minerais pouco cristalinos, mas em menores proporções. Diferentemente dos solos estudados em áreas de influencia de aves em outras partes da Antártica, os perfis analisados não apresentaram indícios de fosfatização, no entanto, é evidente a influencia da avifauna no desenvolvimento da cobertura vegetal, acúmulo de matéria orgânica e desenvolvimento da fauna do solo.

abstract: Over the last century, X-ray crystallography has been established as the most successful technique for unravelling the structure-function relationship in molecules. For integral membrane proteins, growing well-ordered large crystals is a challenge and hence, there is room for improving current methods of macromolecular crystallography and for exploring complimentary techniques. Since protein function is deeply associated with its structural dynamics, static position of atoms in a macromolecule are insufficient to unlock the mechanism. The availability of X-ray free electron lasers presents an opportunity to study micron-sized crystals that could be triggered (using light, small molecules or physical conditions) to capture macromolecules in action. This method of ‘Time-resolved serial crystallography’ answers key biological questions by capturing snapshots of conformational changes associated with multi-step reactions. This dissertation describes approaches for studying structures of large membrane protein complexes. Both macro and micro-seeding techniques have been implemented for improving crystal quality and obtaining high-resolution structures. Well-diffracting 15-20 micron crystals of active Photosystem II were used to perform time-resolved studies with fixed-target Roadrunner sample delivery system. By employing continuous diffraction obtained up to 2 A, significant progress can be made towards understanding the process of water oxidation. Structure of Photosystem I was solved to 2.3 A by X-ray crystallography and to medium resolution of 4.8 A using Cryogenic electron microscopy. Using complimentary techniques to study macromolecules provides an insight into differences among methods in structural biology. This helps in overcoming limitations of one specific technique and contributes in greater knowledge of the molecule under study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2018

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a tenacidade do aço rápido AISI M2 tratado termicamente por rotas convencionais e rotas criogênicas. A tenacidade foi verificada através de ensaios de impacto em corpos de prova sem entalhe e ensaios de flexão 3 pontos em corpos de prova cilíndricos. Os tratamentos térmicos foram realizados em forno a vácuo com resfriamento por nitrogênio sob 6 bar de pressão. As rotas convencionais foram constituídas por austenitização, têmpera e triplo revenimento a 560°C. As rotas criogênicas foram constituídas por austenitização e têmpera similares às rotas convencionais, além de processamento criogênico em nitrogênio líquido por períodos de 2 horas, 24 horas e 48 horas. As amostras submetidas a 2 horas de criogenia após a têmpera sofreram somente um revenimento e as amostras submetidas a 24 e 48 horas de criogenia sofreram triplo revenimento, todos a 560°C. Buscando-se avaliar o efeito da quantidade de austenita retida nos resultados dos processos criogênicos, utilizaram-se três temperaturas de austenitização: 1180°C, 1200°C e 1220°C. A caracterização metalográfica das amostras foi feita através de recursos de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, EDS e difração de raios-X. Os resultados do ensaio de impacto e flexão 3 pontos mostram que as rotas criogênicas produziram microestruturas finais com tenacidade igual ou superior às rotas convencionais, com destaque especial às rotas criogênicas com somente um revenimento que apresentaram resultados superiores às rotas convencionais consagradas, com múltiplos revenimentos. A análise fractográfica revela quantidade superior de áreas de fratura dúctil nas amostras tratadas por rotas criogênicas quando comparadas às amostras tratadas por rotas convencionais. Através da análise metalográfica via microscopia eletrônica de varredura verificaramse poucas diferenças microestruturais entre as amostras tratadas com e sem criogenia. O teor de austenita retida nas amostras tratadas pelas rotas criogênicas (dentro da mesma temperatura de austenitização) é bastante semelhante porém é sensivelmente inferior às amostras tratadas por rotas convencionais. Verificou-se que existem divergências na literatura no que diz respeito aos carbonetos precipitados devido ao processo criogênico, principalmente em relação a suas dimensões e características. O condicionamento da martensita e a precipitação de carbonetos pôde ser demonstrado indiretamente através do deslocamento do pico de dureza secundária na curva de revenimento de amostras submetidas à criogenia após a têmpera. Os melhores resultados foram verificados nas amostras criogênicas austenitizadas a 1180°C, que apresentaram menor quantidade de austen ita retida após a têmpera, mostrando assim que os processos criogênicos atuam na martensita obtida na têmpera e que a temperatura de austenitização desempenha papel fundamental nos resultados dos processos criogênicos. / In this work the toughness of the AISI M2 high speed steel heat treated by conventional and cryogenic routes has been evaluated. The toughness was evaluated through un-notched impact samples and 3 points bending cylindrical samples. The heat treatments were carried out in a vacuum furnace using nitrogen quenching with 6 bar of pressure. The conventional routes were constituted by austenitizing, quenching and triple tempering at 560°C. The cryogenic routes were constituted by the same austenitizing and quenching parameters used for the conventional routes, and also by cryogenic processing in liquid nitrogen for 2 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours. The samples submitted to 2 hours of cryogenic processing after quenching received only one tempering and the samples submitted to 24 and 48 hours of cryogenic processing were triple tempered, all at 560°C. In order to check the effect of the amount of retained austenite on the cryogenic processes, three different austenitizing temperatures were used: 1180°C, 1200°C and 1220°C. The metallographic characterization was performed using optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, EDS analysis and X-ray diffraction. The impact and 3 points bending tests results show that the cryogenic routes have produced final microstructures with toughness values equal or superior to the conventional routes with a special highlight to the cryogenic routes with only one tempering after the freezing process, that have shown superior results compared to the classic multi-tempering cycles. The fractographic analysis has revealed for the cryogenic routes samples a greater amount of ductile fracture areas compared to the conventional routes of hardening. The scanning electronic microscopy analysis has revealed few microstructure differences between the conventional and cryogenic hardening routes. The amount of retained austenite amongst the cryogenic samples (with the same austenitizing temperature) is similar, but is sensibly less than the amount found in the samples submitted to the conventional routes. Several divergences has been detected in the literature related to the cryogenic treatment of tool steels, especially concerning the dimensions and characteristics of the precipitated carbides. The martensite conditioning and the fine carbide precipitation could be indirectly demonstrated by the shift of the secondary hardness peak on the tempering curve of samples submitted to cryogenic treatment after the quenching. Optimum results were observed in the cryogenic samples hardened at 1180°C. Those samples retained the lowest amounts of austenite after quenching showing that the cryogenic processes has an effect in the quenching formed martensite and that the austenitizing temperature is a key factor on the final results of the cryogenic processes.

O processo de tratamento térmico à baixa temperatura é um dos métodos mais promissores para melhorar o desempenho dos materiais. O tratamento criogênico promove a transformação de austenita retida do aço em martensita, o que é atribuída para melhorar a dureza e resistência ao desgaste. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos dos diferentes ciclos de tratamentos térmicos, comparando-se à tempera convencional (têmpera 1050°C + revenido simples e duplo a 200/530°C) respeito à adição do tratamento criogênico, (têmpera 1050°C + criogenia a -125°C + revenido simples e duplo a 200/530°C) com e sem tempo de espera de 24 horas, com a finalidade de avaliar a estabilização térmica da austenita retida no aço em relação a quantidade presente na microestrutura e consequentemente na influencia nas propriedades mecânicas do aço ferramenta para trabalho a frio AISI D2. As análises foram conduzidas através de testes de dureza, impacto, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Os resultados encontrados foram uma variação pouco significativa na dureza entre 57 e 58 HRC. Foi evidenciada a baixa tenacidade ao impacto do aço AISI D2, independente das rotas dos ciclos de tratamento térmico, resultado da alta percentagem de carbonetos dispostos na microestrutura. A resistência ao impacto no aço em estudo após o tratamento criogênico, esses resultados foram relacionados à microestrutura do material. / The heat treatment process at low temperature is one of the most promising methods to improve the performance of materials. The cryogenic treatment promotes the transformation of retained austenite from the steel into martensite, which is attributed to improved hardness and wear resistance. In this work the effects of the different cycles of thermal treatments were analyzed, comparing to conventional tempering (tempering 1050°C + single and double annealing at 200/530°C) with respect to the addition of the cryogenic treatment (tempera 1050°C + cryogenics to - 125°C + single and double tempering at 200/530°C) with and without waiting time of 24 hours, in order to evaluate the thermal stabilization of the austenite retained in the steel in relation to the amount present in the microstructure and consequently in the influence on the mechanical properties of cold working tool steel AISI D2. The analyzes were conducted through tests of hardness, impact, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results found were a minor variation in hardness between 57 and 58 HRC. It was evidenced the low impact toughness of the AISI D2 steel, independent of the thermal treatment cycle routes, as a result of the high percentage of carbides disposed in the microstructure. The impact resistance in the steel studied after the cryogenic treatment, these results was related to the microstructure of the material.

La présence de grandes quantités de matière noire invisible, c'est-à-dire non lumineuse, donc sans couplage avec les photons, autour des galaxies et à l'intérieur de leurs amas, a été confirmée par toute une série d'observations indépendantes au niveau galactique, extragalactique et cosmologique. De quoi cette matière noire est composée représente un des mystères de l'Univers qui intrigue cosmologistes et physiciens des particules. Les modèles supersymétriques proposent des candidats naturels : les WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). Dans la plupart des cas de figure, l'Univers est suffisamment rempli de WIMPs pour qu'il soit possible de les détecter indirectement ou directement. Pendant mon doctorat, je me suis intéressée à la recherche directe de matière noire au sein de la collaboration EDELWEISS. EDELWEISS est une expérience de recherche directe de matière noire, cette dernière interagissant avec la matière baryonique par diffusion élastique. Dans le but de mesurer les énergies des reculs nucléaires dus à ces rares interactions, EDELWEISS emploie des détecteurs cryogéniques à double composante chaleur et ionisation (de type Ge-NTD). Chacun de ces détecteurs est constitué d'un cristal de Germanium de 320g, refroidi à une température de 20 mK. La mesure simultanée de deux signaux chaleur et ionisation permet la discrimination entre les reculs électroniques et les reculs nucléaires, ces derniers étant principalement induits par des WIMPs ou des neutrons. Le coeur de mon travail de thèse a été l'analyse des données du run 8 de physique comportant 11 bolomètres caractérisés par une très bonne stabilité en termes de résolution ligne de base et correspondant à une exposition fiducielle de 93.5 kg.j. Les différentes étapes de l'analyse sont détaillées ci-dessous. J'ai commencé par l'étalonnage des détecteurs cryogéniques avec des sources gamma 133Ba et neutron Am-Be dans le but d'évaluer leurs performances dans l'environnement du nouveau cryostat EDELWEISS-II et de la nouvelle chaîne d'acquisition. Ensuite j'ai traité l'optimisation des méthodes d'analyse et des paramètres de la chaîne de lecture des données. Enfin les résultats sont interprétés en termes de limite sur la section efficace d'interaction d'un WIMP avec un nucléon en fonction de la valeur de sa masse. Pour un seuil en énergie de recul de 30 keV (choisi a priori), 3 événements ont été enregistrés dans la bande de reculs nucléaires, correspondant à une sensibilité de 5*10^-7 pb pour une masse de WIMP de 80 GeV/c^2. J'ai également mené une étude pour comprendre le bruit de fond radioactif résiduel, regardant avec attention le fond gamma et le fond beta provenant du 210Pb. Pour ce dernier, un bolomètre Ge-NTD a été équipé avec une source de 210Pb. Le fond gamma pour des énergies supérieures à 100 keV montre une réduction globale et uniforme d'un facteur deux par rapport à la première phase de l'expérience, EDELWEISS-I, arrêtée en 2004. [....] Cette étude a permis de prédire le nombre de betas de basse énergie attendus pour le run de physique. Cette prédiction se révèle compatible avec le spectre expérimental de trois événements observés dans la zone des reculs nucléaires. Néanmoins cela n'est pas suffisant pour permettre une soustraction du fond, du fait des grandes incertitudes liées au profil de collection de charge et au profil d'implantation du Pb / One of the greatest mysteries of the universe that, for the present, puzzles the mind of most astronomers, cosmologists and physicists is the question: "What makes up our universe?". This is due to how a certain substance named Dark Matter came under speculation. It is believed this enigmatic substance, of type unknown, accounts for almost three-quarters of the cosmos within the universe, could be the answer to several questions raised by the models of the expanding universe astronomers have created, and even decide the fate of the expansion of the universe. There is strong observational evidence for the dominance of non-baryonic Dark Matter (DM) over baryonic matter in the universe. Such evidence comes from many independent observations over different length scales. The most stringent constraint on the abundance of DM comes from the analysis of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. In particular, the WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) experiment restricts the abundance of matter and the abundance of baryonic matter in good agreement with predictions from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. It is commonly believed that such a non-baryonic component could consist of new, as yet undiscovered, particles, usually referred to as WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). Some extensions of the standard model (SM) of particle physics predict the existence of particles that would be excellent DM candidates. In particular great attention has been dedicated to candidates arising in supersymmetric theories: the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP). In the most supersymmetric scenarios, the so-called neutralino seems to be a natural candidate, being stable in theories with conservation of R-parity and having masses and cross sections of typical WIMPs. The EDELWEISS collaboration is a direct dark matter search experiment, aiming to detect directly a WIMP interaction in a target material, high purity germanium crystal working at cryogenic temperatures. It relies in the measurement of nuclear recoils that produce measurable effects in the crystal such ionization and heat. My PhD thesis is organized as follows. The first chapter aims to provide an introduction to the theoretical framework and the scientific motivation for the following work. The nature of DM has been one of the most challenging topics in contemporary physics since the first evidences of its existence had been found in the 1930s. Cosmologists and astrophysicists on one side, together with particle theorists on the other have put a lot of effort into this field: I will briefly account for their achievements and for the experimental strategies which can be set in this scenario. Since this thesis work was carried out within the EDELWEISS-II direct dark matter experiment, I will focus the next chapter on this topic, describing the main features. The second chapter is related to the set-up of the EDELWEISS-II, the current stage of the EDELWEISS experiment necessary after a first phase that achieved the best upper limit on the WIMP elastic scattering on nucleon as a function of WIMP mass in 2004. [....]

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