Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) via symbiotic biological N fixation where part of the N fixed by legumes can be transferred to non-legumes. Identification of genotypic variability for N transfer among different legume cultivars enables improving N transfer to non-legumes under mixed stands. Six diverse red clover (RC) cultivars which include three diploid (AC Christie, Tapani and CRS15) and three tetraploid (Tempus, CRS18, CRS39) were selected to evaluate genotypic variability for N transfer. The above RC cultivars were characterized for root hair deformation, nodulation, growth, and N uptake under different levels of N supply during the growing period and for starter N supply under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences among the RC cultivars were found for the above attributes where the cultivars responded differently to N applications during early growth. The above RC cultivars were also evaluated for root exudate N content in the form of NO3--N, NH4+-N and dissolved organic N (DON) during early growth under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences were found for root exudate inorganic and organic N content. In general, root exudate DON content was greater than the inorganic N content and positively correlated with average nodule dry weight and shoot N concentration. The NH4+-N and NO3--N content in root exudates were positively correlated with active nodule number and root growth parameters respectively. Nitrogen fixation, N transfer ability and soil N profiles of the above six RC cultivars were evaluated with bluegrass under field conditions for two post establishment years. Significant genotypic differences were found for N fixation and transfer but, these attributes were not associated with the ploidy nature of the selected RC cultivars. Generally, N transfer increased as the season and production year advanced. Soil mineral N and potential N leaching were affected differently by the RC cultivars included in this study under mixed stands, thus showing genotypic differences for soil N cycling. The results of investigations in this thesis highlight the dynamics of N flow between legumes and companion grasses and may assist in developing management protocols and plant breeding strategies to identify genotypes with efficient N cycling profiles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 botelho_rv_dr_botfca.pdf: 1471906 bytes, checksum: 3aca6b1579fc8c8027cf1d2109efd9bf (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / tratamentos. Em todos os experimentos o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições e 2 cachos por parcela. A coleta dos cachos foi realizada quando o tratamento testemunha atingiu teor de sólidos solúveis totais mínimo de 14ºBrix. Para cada cacho foram avaliados: massa, comprimento e largura dos cachos, bagos e engaços; relação comprimento/largura dos bagos; número de bagos e número de sementes por bago. Para cada parcela foram realizadas análises de teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e pH do mosto de 100 bagos. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que para o cultivar Vênus, o thidiazuron apresentou como principal efeito o aumento do número de bagos. O ácido giberélico, quando aplicado após o florescimento, aumentou a massa dos cachos; a massa e o comprimento dos bagos; e reduziu o número de sementes-traço. Os maiores aumentos das dimensões dos bagos foram obtidos quando realizaram-se duas aplicações. Houve efeito sinérgico entre ácido giberélico e thidiazuron, em aplicações pós-florescimento, incrementando a massa, o comprimento e o número dos bagos. Os melhores resultados, em aplicações combinadas, foram verificados quando realizaram-se duas aplicações de ácido giberélico, com thidiazuron na dose de 5mg.L-1. O thidiazuron, em aplicações pósflorescimento, reduziu o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, principalmente quando associado ao ácido giberélico. Para o cultivar Centennial Seedless, os melhores resultados, foram verificados para aplicações de thidiazuron 10mg.L-1 ou ácido giberélico 30mg.L-1, aos 14 dias após o florescimento, levando ao aumento da massa dos cachos; da massa e largura dos bagos; e da massa dos engaços. Para este cultivar, o thidiazuron também reduziu o teor de sólidos... / With the objective of studying the effects of thidiazuron and gibberellic acid on the cluster characteristics of the vine cultivars Venus, Centennial Seedless and Niagara Rosada, three experiments were carried out, for each cultivar, in commercial vineyards at different regions of São Paulo State. For the first trial, carried out in 1999, thidiazuron at 5 or 10mg.L-1 and gibberellic acid were applied, associated or not, with all possible combinations of three development stages: before bloom, at full bloom and 14 days after full bloom, totalizing 36 treatments. The following doses of gibberellic acid were applied: 40mg.L-1 for Venus cultivar, 30mg.L-1 for Centennial Seedless cultivar, and 100mg.L-1 for Niagara Rosada cultivar. In the second trial, carried out in 2000, the growth regulators doses were the same of those in the first one, excepted that of GA3 for Niagara Rosada cultivar that was 35mg.L-1. The applications were done 14, 21 and 28 days after full bloom, with all combinations of the three epochs...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bonela_gd_me_jabo.pdf: 349388 bytes, checksum: 9af8b6c20ad686cbcf990ab696cffde5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Para avaliação do desempenho de três cultivares de alface, Amanda (grupo Crespa), Karla (grupo Lisa) e Lucy Brown (grupo Americana) foram realizados dois experimentos com aplicação de cinco doses de fósforo e cinco doses de potássio, em um Latossolo com teores altos dos nutrientes. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 5. As variáveis analisadas foram: os teores dos nutrientes nas folhas, o número de folhas, a área foliar, massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea, e os teores de P e K no solo. Após a colheita da alface, nos dois experimentos a cv. Karla apresentou maior número de folhas. A adubação potássica não influenciou significativamente as características da alface, sendo recomendado apenas uma adubação de manutenção em Latossolos com teores altos de potássio disponível. A adubação fosfatada, exceto para o número de folhas, influenciou as características da alface com incrementos lineares na massa fresca e massa seca das plantas. Deve ser utilizada a aplicação de até 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5 mesmo em Latossolo com alto teor do nutriente / To evaluate the performance of three cultivars of lettuce, ‘Amanda’ (crisp group), ‘Karla’ (leaf group) and ‘Lucy Brown’ (crisphead group) were carried out two experiments with application of five doses of phosphorus and different doses of potassium in an Oxisol with levels high nutrients. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications in a 3 x 5. The variables were: the levels of nutrients in the leaves, leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot, and the levels of P and K in the soil. After the harvest of lettuce, in both experiments cv. Karla had a higher number of leaves. Potassium fertilization did not influence significantly the characteristics of lettuce, and recommended only a maintenance fertilization in Oxisol with high levels of available potassium. The phosphorus fertilization, except for the number of leaves influenced the characteristics of lettuce with linear increments in fresh and dry weight of plants. Should be used to apply up to 300 kg ha-1 P2O5 same in an Oxisol with high content of nutrients

A field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of a trellis system, Genova double curtain (GDC), Scott Henry (SH), mid-wire that was vertical shoot positioned (VSP), and high wire cordon (HW), on fruit ripening and indirectly its influence on cold hardiness for cold-hardy, red wine grape cultivars, Marquette and Petite Pearl. In 2017, ‘Petite Pearl’ reached higher yields than ‘Marquette’, while VSP and SH trellis systems resulted in higher yields. However, in 2018, ‘Marquette’ had a greater yield than ‘Petite Pearl’. In 2019, 77.34% of ‘Marquette’ and 52.34% of ‘Petite Pearl’ had severe winter injury regardless of the trellis system. Unpredictable climate patterns in terms of growing degree-days, minimum winter air temperature, and rainfall manipulated both cultivars’ phenology during early establishment. Results suggest that under North Dakota climatic conditions, proper cultivar selection is more important than trellis system selection for sustainable grape production.

The use of coated seed to establish crops is not a novel practice. Seed coatings have been used on small seeded crops to improve the handling ability by making the seed unit larger and heavier. Producers can therefore calibrate their sowing equipment more efficiently and wind will not cause as much drift at sowing. Seed coating can have an added benefit for leguminous crops if the symbiotic inoculant (Rhizobium) is added to the coating. This saves the producer time and allows peace of mind that inoculation was done by trained professionals. Other than the inoculation, there are some other constituents in the seed coating that can have benefits to the plant. It can, however, be theorized that added nutrients or pesticides will be beneficial to the plants only if these nutrients are deficient in the growth medium or when pests are present. This study evaluated the effect of seed coating on the life stages of germination, emergence and survival, seedling growth and ultimate yield of mature lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) plants, comparing the results with non-coated seed. Two cultivars were used in the evaluation, SA Standard and SuperCuf, to determine if the effects would be similar, or would genetic differences between the cultivar play a significant role. These life stages (germination, emergence and seedling growth) were chosen due to the importance of these stages to the success of establishment. Fast and uniform germination will result in a uniform stand with strong competition against weed infestation. The effect of growth medium on the emergence of seedlings and the interaction between the seed coating and the growth medium was important to determine to identify limitations in the use of seed coating. Changes in the growth of seedlings in terms of some physio-morphological characteristics will assist in identifying parameters influenced by the coating. It was, however, essential to not only do these trials under ideal agricultural conditions, but to identify if similar results would be obtained from stressed conditions, such as salinity, which is a growing concern for crop production areas. The question of whether seed coating will influence the ultimate production of the crop could then be answered. It was found that the method in which germination is tested can have a significant outcome for the results obtained. When the Jacobsen apparatus was compared with the use of petri dishes, using specification according to ISTA, it was found that the water movement in the Jacobsen apparatus overcomes concentrated nutrient conditions, especially for SuperCuf. Under saline conditions the coated SA Standard seed had higher germination than the non-coated seed, therefore overcoming inhibitions imposed by the salinity. It is clear that the coating influences germination of lucerne and the interaction with the seed environment is significant. It is also clear that the genetic differences between cultivars are significant and results should not be applied across all lucerne cultivars. When the emergence percentage had been determined in different growth media, namely a commercial growth media, a sandy loam soil and silica medium, it was found that the emergence was influenced by the media. Even though the emergence of seedlings are mostly determined by the nutrients in the cotyledons, some growing conditions did cause lower emergence for non-coated SA Standard seeds and was overcome by the use of coated seed. When the growing conditions were manipulated with saline irrigation it was found that coated SuperCuf had a higher emergence % than the non-coated treatments when irrigated with the 750 μS.cm-1 water. From the data collected from this trial, it can be concluded that, even though the use of seed coating does not always influence the emergence of lucerne seedlings, seed coating does have an influence on the emergence, but it is dependent on the growth medium quality in terms of nutrient composition and salinity. Similar to the germination trial, the genetic influence of the different cultivars was noticeable. To determine the differences caused by seed coating to the physio-morphological characteristics (stem height, leaf area etc.) of lucerne, a pot trial was conducted using different irrigation treatments, municipal water (180 μS.cm-1), 500 and 750 μS.cm-1 water, created with NaCl. It was found that the physio-morphological characteristics were highly correlated, i.e. the stem height, leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter production changed in relation to each other. There were, however, differences in this correlation coated and non-coated seed treatments, when irrigated with 500 μS.cm-1 water. For the seedlings grown from coated seed, the correlation between shoot dry matter yield and the other parameters were low, while the seedlings growth from non-coated seed, leaf area was not correlated with the other parameters. It was concluded that the tolerance mechanism for salinity for plants irrigated with 500 μS.cm-1 water, caused more differences than the other water treatments. Taking into consideration that coating influences the germination and emergence of lucerne and that the two cultivars react differently to the seed coating, the yields obtained from field trials could then be interpreted if differences were observed. Three field trials were established, namely a trial established in autumn (established in 2009) and second trial established in spring (established in 2010) which were sown at 25 kg.ha-1, while a third trial established spring (established in 2010) was sown at 5 different sowing densities, namely 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% and 120% of recommended sowing density (25 kg.ha-1). It was found that the pasture stands established with SA Standard, did not show many differences between the coated and non-coated seed treatments and were mostly restricted to the second growing season, where the non-coated seed treatments had significantly higher dry matter yield than the coated seed treatments. Stands established with SuperCuf, displayed more variation between the seed treatments and the non-coated seed treatments had higher yields in the first season. It was, however, found that the stands established with coated SuperCuf seed had lower stem: leaf ratio’s, indicating that a better quality fodder can be produced from coated seed. The data from the sowing density trial showed very little difference between the yields of the stands established with coated and non-coated SA Standard seed. Differences were, however, observed between seed treatments at 90% and 120% of the recommended sowing density, where the stands established with non-coated seed had higher yields than the stands established with coated seed. It can be concluded that under these trial conditions, the use of coated seed had very little influence on the yield of the lucerne stands. The observed differences suggest that the lucerne growth under these few conditions, the stands established from non-coated seed had better yield, but the stands established from coated seed had better quality. It is, however, more likely that there will be no differences between the seed treatments. Data from the sowing density trial also led to the conclusion that stands established at 20% less seed will not result in lower yields if the stand establishment is successful. The similarity between the seed treatments and the sowing densities suggests that the number of plants per area were the same, caused by seedling mortality during the high growth rate in the early growing stage, or the morphological characteristics, such as number of stems per plant and number of leaves per stem, adapted to result in similar yields and quality. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Virginia is the largest apple producing state in the Southeast region of the United States and ranks 10th in most cideries in the US. Natural, or un-inoculated, fermentation methods are of interest to cider producers due to the potential for generating unique and complex aromas and flavors via fermentation with naturally present microbiota. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common pre-fermentation sulfite addition and pH adjustment on cider chemistry and sensory outcomes for naturally fermented high- and low-tannin apple cultivars. Four treatment conditions were applied to both the high- and the low- tannin cultivars: acidification only, sulfites only, acidification and sulfites, and a control with no pre-fermentation juice chemistry adjustment. The eight experimental ciders were fermented using the Pied de Cuve (PDC) method for natural fermentation. Cider chemistry and sensory parameters were determined, and the treatments imparted key differences in both. Key findings were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, volatile acidity, malic acid, free/total SO2, yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), total polyphenols, residual sugars, and ethanol. For the acidified condition, the pH was lowered to 3.2 using malic acid. Cider pH ranged from 3.36 ± 0.04 to 3.72 ± 0.07, reflecting a general trend toward rising pH over the course of fermentation. Juice tannins were 0.244 ± 0.003 g/L for Harrison and 0.12 ± 0.01 g/L for GoldRush. Tannins decreased during fermentation; however, Harrison ciders maintained a higher range compared to GoldRush. Sensory characteristics were determined using a Descriptive Analysis (DA) with a trained panel which produced 28 descriptors. Results were examined via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences for apple cultivar, acid adjustment, and sulfite use were found for both chemistry and sensory parameters. The interaction between high- and low- tannin content and sulfite use had the most impact on the cider chemistry and sensory attributes. This study helps to shed light on the extent to which pre-fermentation pH adjustment and/or sulfite additions can influence the outcomes of natural cider fermentation in both high- and low-tannin cultivars. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Cider, also known as "hard cider," is an alcoholic beverage fermented from apples. Virginia is the 6th largest apple producing state in United States and ranks 10th in number of cideries. Natural fermentation uses microorganisms that are present in the environment to ferment cider. This type of fermentation is of interest to the cider industry due to the unique aromas and flavors produced by this method. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common fermentation management strategies: pre-fermentation sulfite addition and acid adjustment, on cider chemistry and sensory outcomes for naturally fermented high- and low-tannin apple cultivars. Eight experimental ciders were fermented using the Pied de Cuve (PDC) method, which is a type of natural fermentation. Cider chemistry and sensory outcomes were evaluated. The experimental treatments and their interactions imparted key differences in both chemical and sensory outcomes. Cider pH ranged from 3.36 ± 0.04 to 3.72 ± 0.07 reflecting a general trend toward rising pH over the course of fermentation. Juice tannins were 0.244 ± 0.003 g/L for Harrison and 0.12 ± 0.01 g/L for GoldRush. Tannin concentration generally decreased during fermentation; however, Harrison ciders maintained a higher range compared to GoldRush. Sensory characteristics of each cider were determined using a Descriptive Analysis (DA) study, a with a trained panel which produced 28 descriptors, 19 of which were significant. The interaction between high- and low- tannin content and sulfite use had the most impact on the cider chemistry and sensory attributes. This study helps to inform cider producers regarding the impacts of pre-fermentation acid or sulfite additions on natural fermentation, and how those impacts may vary among high- and low-tannin apple cultivars.

La survie et la croissance des plantes sont essentielles afin d’assurer l’efficacité des protocoles de phytoremédiation et la décontamination des friches contaminées. La survie des saules et leur adaptation aux contaminants dépendent de la nature et de la concentration des contaminants. L’objectif de l’étude est d’identifier les cultivars ayant les meilleurs rendements, mais aussi de déterminer si la provenance des boutures (milieu contaminé ou milieu non contaminé) pourrait influencer la survie, la croissance et la phytoextraction (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) des saules. Nous avons comparé ces différents paramètres pour des boutures de dix cultivars de saules dans un milieu industriel fortement contaminé par les composés organiques et dans un milieu non-contaminé. Les variations dans la réponse des cultivars selon la provenance des boutures (milieu contaminé ou milieu non-contaminé) ont aussi été analysées dans chacun des sites d’étude. Selon nos résultats, le cultivar ˈ5005ˈ (Salix alba) est très productif en milieu extrêmement contaminé. Le cultivar ˈS25ˈ (Salix eriocephala) est aussi un choix très intéressant en phytoremédiation, puisqu’il produit près de deux fois plus de biomasse racinaire comparativement aux autres cultivars. La provenance des boutures n’a pas d’impact significatif sur la survie, la croissance et la phytoextraction pour la majorité des cultivars sauf pour le cultivar ‘Millbrook’, où les individus provenant du milieu contaminé ont produit significativement plus de biomasse aérienne lorsqu’ils poussaient en sol contaminé comparativement aux individus qui n’ont jamais été en contact avec les contaminants. Ces résultats pourraient aider à planifier des protocoles de phytoremédiation plus efficaces, en sélectionnant les cultivars de saule les plus adéquats et en élaborant l’échantillonnage des boutures utilisées dans les sites appropriés. / Plant survival and growth are essential parameters to monitor the effectiveness of phytoremediation protocols and the eventual decontamination of brownfields. The ability of different willow cultivars to survive and adapt to contaminants in polluted soils depends on the nature and concentration of the contaminants. The objective of the study was to identify the cultivars with the highest yields, but also to determine whether the origin of the cuttings (contaminated site or not) might influence survival, growth and phytoextraction of willow cultivars. We compared survival, growth and phytoextraction (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) of cuttings of ten willow cultivars in a highly organic-contaminated industrial environment and in an uncontaminated soil. Variations in the response of the cultivars according to the origin of the cuttings were also analyzed for each sites. According to our results, cultivar ˈ5005ˈ (Salix alba) was very productive in an extremely contaminated environment. Cultivar ˈS25ˈ (Salix eriocephala) was also a relevant choice, as it produced nearly twice more root biomass compare to other cultivars. The origin of the cuttings did not have significant influence on survival, growth and phytoextraction for almost all cultivar except the ˈMillbrookˈ cultivar: individuals originating from the contaminated environment produced significantly more aboveground biomass when growing in the contaminated environment compared to individuals who had never been in contact with contaminants. These results could help build more effective phytoremediation protocols in highly contaminated environments by selecting adequate willow cultivars and sampling cuttings in an appropriate environment.

Thesis (MScAgric (Agronomy))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The development of herbicide resistance in weeds is one of the major factors hampering profitable crop production worldwide. In South Africa resistance to herbicides in weeds is also a big problem, in particular in the Winter Rainfall Region of the country. The lack of sufficient different mode of action herbicide groups that can be rotated in these conditions necessitate the implementation of integrated weed management programmes to curb the development and spread of herbicide resistance. One of the alternative physical weed management strategies is to maximize crop competition to the weed population. One aspect of such a strategy is to plant crop cultivars that have greater interference potential than others.

2008 – 2009 metais LAMMC SDI obelų pomologiniame sode atlikti introdukuotų obelų veislių su B. 396 poskiepiu tyrimai, tikslu – ištirti biologines ir ūkines savybes. Tyrimų metu nustatyta vaismedžių žydėjimo tarpsniai (žydėjimo pradžia, masinio žydėjimo pradžia ir pabaiga, žydėjimo pabaiga); vaismedžių augumas (medžio aukštis, vainiko skersmuo, kamieno skersmuo, vainiko projekcijos plotas); vaismedžių derlius, vaisių paskirstymas į klases pagal skersmenį, vaisių skynimo laikas, laikymosi pabaiga, vaisiaus masė, kokybė (išvaizda, patrauklumas, bendra kokybė balais), cheminė sudėtis (tirpios sausosios medžiagos, sausosios medžiagos, titruojamasis rūgštingumas), sulčių išeiga, odelės ir minkštimo tvirtumas. Įvertinus tirtų požymių visumą, nustatyta, kad Lietuvos sąlygomis geriausios kokybės vaisius su B.396 poskiepiu išaugina veislės ‘Aldas’, ‘Vanda’, ‘Rosana’ ir ‘Rubinola’ vaismedžiai. Darbo apimtis: puslapiai 39, lentelės 6, paveikslų 12, naudotos literatūros šaltiniai. / The research was carried out at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2008–2009. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological and economical characteristics of the introduced apple cultivars on B.396 rootstock. The following characters of apple trees were established: blooming periods (opening of the first blossoms, beginning/end of the full bloom, the end of blooming), vigour of the trees (height, diameter of a crown, diameter of a trunk, area of a crown projection); apple yield, distribution of fruits to classes according to diameter, harvesting time, storage life, fruit size, quality (appearance, taste, general quality evaluation) and chemical composition (soluble solids, dry matter, titratable acidity), juice output, substance of skin and flesh. ‘Aldas’, ‘Vanda’, ‘Rosana’ and ‘Rubinola’ according biological and economical characteristics is the best among other investigated cultivars on B.396 rootstock in Lithuanian climatic conditions. Work size: pages 39, tables 6, pictures 12, references 44.

There is growing awareness about the value of preserving and restoring floral-rich habitats for the benefit of pollinators, especially native bees. The increasing demand for native plants in pollinator habitat restoration and other ecological landscaping applications, combined with the desire for more robust and predictable plant habits, have led to the selection and breeding of native cultivars. Yet, little is known about how these cultivated varieties differ from the native species in their ability to attract and support pollinators. I compared flower visitation by all insect pollinators to 12 native herbaceous plant species and 14 native cultivars in a replicated field experiment at two sites over two years. I classified insect pollinators during visual field observations into seven taxonomic and functional groups. I found seven native species to be visited significantly more frequently by all insect pollinators (combined) than their cultivars, four were visited equally, and one native cultivar was visited more frequently than the native species. Bees (both native and non-native) and moths/butterflies exhibited similar preferences, whereas flies showed no preference between the native species and the native cultivar. Our study shows that many insect pollinators prefer to forage on native species over cultivated varieties of the native species, but not always, and not exclusively. Some native cultivars may be comparable substitions for native species in pollinator habitat restoration projects, but all cultivars should be evaluated on an individual basis. Plant selection is integral to the value and success of pollinator habitat restorations, yet there is little consistency and overlap in pollinator planting recommendations and very little empirical data to support plant choice. Non peer-reviewed pollinator plant lists are widely available and are often region-specific, but they are typically based on anecdotal rather than empirical data and lack in specificity. To help close the gap between anecdotal and empirical data, and between practice and research, I reviewed the published literature on plant selection for pollinator habitat restoration. I explicitly reviewed and compared the value of native plant species, near-natives, non-natives and native cultivars. From there, I identified gaps in the literature that are most needed in practice and recommended basic strategies for practitioners to navigate plant lists and choose the best plants for a site's success.