Master of Science / Food Science Institute, Human Nutrition / Delores H. Chambers / Fresh mangoes are highly perishable, and therefore, they are often processed to extend shelf-life and facilitate exportation. Studying the transformation that mango cultivars undergo throughout processing can aid in selecting appropriate varieties for products. In the 1st part of this study, the flavor and texture properties of 4 mango cultivars available in the United States (U.S.) were analyzed. Highly trained descriptive panelists in the U.S. evaluated fresh, purée, and sorbet samples prepared from each cultivar. Purées were made by pulverizing mango flesh, passing it through a china cap, and heating it to 85 °C for 15 s. For the sorbets, purées were diluted with water (1:1), sucrose was added, and the bases were frozen in a batch ice cream freezer. Much of the texture variation among cultivars was lost after fresh samples were transformed into purées, whereas much of the flavor and texture variation among cultivars was lost once fresh mangoes and mango purées were transformed into sorbets. Compared to the other cultivars, Haden and Tommy Atkins underwent greater transformations in flavor throughout sorbet preparation, and processing reduced the intensities of some unpleasant flavors in these cultivars. Tommy Atkins was the only cultivar that had flavor differences from other cultivars when it was in sorbet. Results suggest that cultivar variation is generally not detectable in mango sorbet unless the cultivar has a distinct initial flavor. In the 2nd part of this study, descriptive panelists in Thailand evaluated the flavor and texture properties of fresh samples and purées prepared from 6 cultivars grown in Thailand. Thermal processing had unique effects on the flavor of each cultivar, especially Nam Dok Mai and Chok Anun; Nam Dok Mai significantly decreased in mango identity and peach flavors after processing, whereas Chok Anun significantly increased in sweet, mango identity, and pineapple flavors. Although a slight amount of flavor variation among cultivars was lost because of thermal processing, most of the texture variation was eliminated. Because of significant changes in flavor and texture after heat treatment of mango cultivars, manufacturers should select cultivars for mango purées based on their properties after thermal processing.

M. Tech. (Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of applied and computer sciences) Vaal University of Technolog / Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important food crop that is grown in many countries. A number of viral and fungal sweetpotato diseases have been reported worldwide. One of the major and most economic diseases of the sweetpotato is Alternaria blight which is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria bataticola. This disease can be managed in a short term using fungicides and cultural practices. However, a long term and inexpensive approach is through the development of resistant cultivars. A prerequisite to this approach is the knowledge of the genetic diversity of this fungal pathogen. This study assessed the genetic diversity of 25 South African isolates of A. bataticola from naturally infected leaves and stems collected from different sweetpotato growing regions in South Africa by (i) characterising the isolates based on their morphology (ii) pathogenicity tests (iii) random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (iv) variation of the ITS2 sequences and (v) prediction of the ITS2 secondary structures. The isolates revealed some variation in colony colour pigments after culturing but Koch’s postulates were confirmed by their pathogenicity tests. The analysis of RAPD and variation of the ITS2 sequences showed high levels of variation (100%) among the isolates. Dendrograms generated from these analyses had many subclusters and did not cluster the isolates according to their geographic origins. The ITS2 secondary structures were predicted and can be used to identify and distinguish the isolates. This information in addition to the genetic diversity of the A. bataticola isolates will aid plant breeders in the development of resistant sweetpotato cultivars and early management of blight disease in South Africa.

Student Number : 0413249D - MSc research report - Faculty of Science / Cassava is one of the most important staple crops in the world and is consumed by over 700 million people around the globe and is a profitable product commercially due to the high starch content of its tubers. One of the future aims is to produce cassava that is high yielding, resistant to cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) and high in starch content. To be able to achieve commercially attractive cassava varieties, research need to be carried out to investigate the virus resistance status of different cassava cultivars, which can later be used in the future breeding programme. In South Africa, cassava is used for commercial starch manufacturing purposes, as a cash crop and a food source by small-scale farmers. Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) is having a negative impact on yield of the crop globally and therefore dropping profitability of cassava on a commercial scale. The aims of this research were to propagate thirteen cassava cultivars and then to test them for virus susceptibility or resistance. Eleven cassava cultivars received from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) were tested for resistance or susceptibility against South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV). Two local, commercial cultivars T200 and T400, were tested for East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) resistance. Cassava cultivars were successfully propagated in vitro and thereafter transferred into soil and acclimatized to adapt to environmental conditions. When the plantlets were three weeks old, the plantlets were infected with cassava mosaic viruses. Plants were infected with SACMV via Agrobacterium-mediated transfer and infectious EACMV and ACMV monomers were used to biolistically bombard the plantlets. Resistance/susceptibility results of seven of the thirteen cultivars were obtained with SACMV, these cultivars being T200 (susceptible), T400 (susceptible), TME3 (highly resistant), I30572 (susceptible), I420251 (highly susceptible), I60506 (susceptible) and TMS60444 (susceptible). Due to destruction by fungal gnats eating the roots of the plants, acclimatization of the remaining six cultivars was not possible. Also, due to the nature of the biolistic equipment, infection of the cultivars with EACMV and ACMV was not achieved as the plantlets were not robust enough to survive the pressure.

O feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e caupi [Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp] são alimentos básicos em muitos países, principalmente no Brasil, sendo uma importante fonte de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, incluindo ferro e zinco. O cádmio (Cd) é considerado o metal pesado mais preocupante à saúde humana. Não há estudos sobre a variabilidade genotípica quanto a concentração de Cd em diferentes feijoeiros especialmente quando submetidos próximos a concentração limítrofe para intervenção pela CETESB (3 mg kg-1). O objetivo foi determinar e comparar a concentração de Cd em grãos de diversos cultivares de feijoeiros comuns Phaseolus vulgaris L. e vigna Vigna ungüiculata L. (Walp.) em vasos de 2,5 dm-3 de terra oriunda de um latossolo típico, bem como estudar os efeitos e o acúmulo do elemento em plantas com comportamentos distintos. Os experimentos foram delineados inteiramente ao acaso. No primeiro experimento, sementes de cada espécie (15 variedades de feijoeiro comum e 5 variedades de feijoeiro vigna) foram plantadas em potes sob dois tratamentos: contaminado (3 mg dm-3 Cd) e testemunha, em três repetições. O índice SPAD foi medido nas plantas ao final do estádio vegetativo e a avaliação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea no final do ciclo. As concentrações de Cd em grãos foram determinadas por ICP-MS. Após a seleção dos cultivares com maior e menor acumulação de Cd no grão, este foram replantados em um experimento com 3 tratamentos: 3 mg dm-3 Cd + 109Cd (solo); 109Cd (solo); 3mg dm-3 Cd (solo) + 109Cd (folha) e cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas a medição da taxa de assimilação de CO2 in vivo e amostras do limbo foliar foram coletadas para visualização através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A parte aérea de feijoeiros radiomarcados foram expostas a filmes radiográficos e a contagem referente à atividade do 109Cd foi determinada por espectrometria de cintilação líquida. Resultados: O índice SPAD foi diminuído na maioria dos feijoeiros testados, principalmente nas folhas jovens. A menor e maior concentração de Cd foi observada nos cultivares BR3 Tracuateua (0,6 mg kg-1) and BRS Timbó (2,3 mg kg-1) respectivamente. Em ambos a assimilação de CO2 foi alterada pela toxicidade de Cd, mas com a presença de deformidades do limbo, clorose e abscisão da folha no BRS Timbó. Os cloroplastos do feijoeiro comum contaminado mostraram abundância de corpos osmiofílicos quando comparado ao vigna. A auto-radiografia confirmou menor transporte de Cd da raiz para a parte aérea pelo feijoeiro vigna e as concentrações deste metal na parte aérea são maiores no caule e nervuras foliares. Comparado ao BR3 Tracuateua, o feijoeiro comum BRS Timbó absorve e transloca maior quantidade de Cd aplicado na folha para o grão, mas contribui muito pouco na concentração total de Cd no feijão / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea [Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp] are a staple foods in many countries, particularly in Brazil, and it is an important source of protein, vitamins, and minerals including iron and zinc. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal considered one of the most hazardous elements for humans. No data are available on the cadmium (Cd) concentration in grain of these species, especially under conditions of CETESB critical limits in soil (3 mg kg-1). The objective were to determine and compare concentrations of Cd in grain of common beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and cowpea Vigna ungüiculata L. (Walp.) cultivated in 3 L pots with a typical oxysol, as well as to study the effects and accumulation of Cd in plants with distinct comportment. The trials were arranged as randomized design. In the first experiment, seeds of each species (15 common beans and 5 cowpea cultivars) were sowed in pots (3 mg kg-1 Cd and control), replicated three times. The SPAD índex was measured in plants at the end of vegetative stage and the dry matter yield were evaluated. Cd concentration in grain was determined by ICP-MS. After the selection of major and minor Cd accumulators, these cultivars were sowed in a new trial with 3 treatments 3 mg dm-3 Cd + 109Cd (soil); 109Cd (soil); 3 mg dm-3 Cd (soil) + 109Cd (leaves) with five replications. The CO2 assimilation was measured in vivo. Samples of leaves were collected and the ultrastructure was observed in transmission electronic microscope. The aerial parts of beans plants were exposed to radiographic films and the activity of 109Cd in was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Results: SPAD index were affected in most of plants tested, especially in Young leaves. The minor and major concentration of Cd were observed in BRS Timbó (2,3 mg kg-1) and BR3 Tracuateua (0,6 mg kg-1), respectively. In both cultivars, the CO2 assimilation was affected by Cd phytotoxicity, but there were leaves deformities, chlorosis and leaf abscision in BRS Timbó. Common beans chloroplasts showed more osmiophylics globules compared to cowpea. Autoradiography confirmed low translocation root-to-shoot in caupi BR3 Tracuateua and the concentration of Cd was higher in BR3 Timbó, especially in stem and veins of leaves. In comparison to cowpea BR3 Tracuateua, the common bean BRS Timbó absorb and translocate more Cd applied in leaves to grain, but it is inexpressive in total content of Cd in beans

Piracicaba-SP é situada no extremo Sul da área preferencial para plantio de seringueira no Brasil, com pouca informação disponível sobre o desempenho de clones sob suas condições ambientais. O desempenho de crescimento e produtividade de dez clones de seringueira (Hevea spp.) foi avaliado. Os clones estudados foram CATI 21, IAC 15, IAN 873, GT 1, PB 235, PB 252, PR 107, PR 261, RRIM 526 e RRIM 600. O ensaio foi instalado no campo experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba-SP, Brasil, sob delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados com cinco repetições. Foi avaliado o número e porcentagem de plantas em sangria e a produtividade anual. A sangria iniciou-se com a idade de 6,5 anos das árvores, no sistema de explotação de ½ S d/7 9m/y ET 3.3% 9/y. IAN 873 e PB 252 foram os maiores produtores, suplantando a produção do RRIM 600, que apresentou produtividade similar a do CATI 21 e do IAC 15. PR 107 e GT1 apresentaram produtividade intermediária, logo abaixo daqueles, mas com boas características secundárias como de produtividade e crescimento tardios e crescentes. PB 235, de forma inesperada, foi pouco produtivo. RRIM 526 teve produtividade imediatamente abaixo do PB 235 e sem qualquer característica secundária atrativa para recomendá-lo. PR 261 apresentou a produtividade mais baixa entre todos os clones. IAN 873, PB 252, RRIM 600, pelo bom desempenho no campo experimental e em diversas outras situações, são elegíveis para recomendação aos produtores para plantio comercial em grande escala, na região de Piracicaba. CATI 21 e IAC 15, pelo bom desempenho no campo experimental são elegíveis para recomendação aos produtores para plantio comercial em escala experimental, na região de Piracicaba. PR 261 não deve ser recomendado para plantio na região de Piracicaba. / Piracicaba-SP is on the extreme southern region suitable for rubber planting in Brazil, with little information on the performance of clones under its environmental conditions. The performance of growth and yield of ten rubber tree clones (Hevea spp.) were evaluated. The studied clones were CATI 21, IAC 15, IAN 873, GT 1, PB 235, PB, 252, PR 107, PR 261, RRIM 526 and RRIM 600. The trial was established in the experimental field of de Crop Production Department of the ESALQ/USP, at Piracicaba-SP, Brazil, under complete randomized block design with five replications. It was assessed the number and percentage of trees under tapping and yearly rubber yield. Tapping started at the trees age of 6,5 years, with the ½ S d/7 9m/y ET 3.3% 9/y exploitation system. IAN 873 and PB 252 were the highest producers, out-yielding RRIM 600, which presented similar yield then CATI 21 and IAC 15. PR 107 and GT1 had intermediate yield, immediately below the formers, but with good secondary characteristics as late and increasing growth and yield. PB 235, unexpectedly, was a low yielder. RRIM 526 was immediately below PB 235 without any attractive characteristic to recommend it. PR 261 presented the lowest yield. IAN 873, PB 252, RRIM 600, because their good performance in the experiment and their widely-tested good performance elsewhere, should be recommended for commercial planting in large scale. CATI 21 and IAC 15, because their good performance in the experiment, should be recommended for commercial planting in small scale. PR 261 should not be recommended for commercial planting in Piracicaba.

O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) integral é rico em compostos fenólicos livres e conjugados (solúveis) e ligados (insolúveis). Atribui-se a estas substâncias propriedades benéficas à saúde humana devido à elevada ação antioxidante. Porém, pouco se conhece sobre o efeito do ambiente e de processos tecnológicos como a parboilização sobre os seus teores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade nos teores de compostos fenólicos solúveis e insolúveis em arroz integral em função da região de plantio e safras. Avaliou-se também o efeito da parboilização nos fenólicos e sua atividade antioxidante. Fez parte do escopo desta pesquisa analisar a composição química de 9 amostras de arroz integral e compará-la ao arroz parboilizado integral, e com isso contribuir com dados para tabelas de composição de alimentos. Foram analisadas 54 amostras de arroz integral fornecidas pela Epagri/Estação Experimental de Itajaí, pertencentes a três cultivares comerciais, produzidas simultaneamente em três regiões do Estado de Santa Catarina por diferentes produtores em sistema irrigado e colhidas nas safras de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. Todas as amostras referentes à safra 2007/2008 foram analisadas antes e após a parboilização. Os compostos fenólicos solúveis foram extraídos com EtOH 80% e os insolúveis com acetato de etila após tratamento em meio alcalino. O método espectrofotométrico de Folin-Ciocalteau foi empregado para a sua quantificação e os métodos ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) e DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil) para avaliar a atividade antioxidante. O teor médio de compostos fenólicos totais no arroz integral foi da ordem de 1300 mg eq. ácido ferúlico/kg, sendo que a proporção de fenólicos solúveis e insolúveis foi de 55:45. As safras demonstraram ter maior influência nos teores de fenólicos do que as regiões de plantio. A parboilização ocasionou uma perda média de 32% dos compostos fenólicos totais, sendo a fração solúvel a mais afetada pelo processo. O teor médio de fenólicos insolúveis nas 27 amostras não sofreu alteração pela parboilização, apesar de variações individuais. Os métodos de DPPH e ORAC foram igualmente adequados para avaliar a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de arroz, antes e após a parboilização. No arroz não parboilizado a atividade antioxidante se deve majoritariamente aos fenólicos solúveis, enquanto no arroz parboilizado, as duas frações, solúvel como insolúvel, contribuíram quase equitativamente com a capacidade antioxidante. Os compostos fenólicos apresentaram forte correlação com a atividade antioxidante pelas metodologias de DPPH e ORAC. O arroz integral e o arroz parboilizado integral apresentaram similaridade em relação à composição química. / Brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) is rich in phenolic compounds which, from an analytical point of view, may be found in free, conjugated (soluble) and bound (insoluble) forms. These substances are known for their potential benefits in the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. However, the effects of technological processes, such as parboiling, on these compounds and their antioxidant capacity are yet unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of phenolic compounds and their fractions (soluble and insoluble), as well as their antioxidant activity, in three economically attractive rice cultivars from different planting regions and harvest periods. Furthermore, the effect on these substances by the parboiling process of brown rice was also investigated. In addition, the chemical composition of nine samples of brown rice and parboiled brown rice were determined in order to contribute to food composition data tables. Fifty four brown rice samples of three commercial cultivars, provided by Epagri/Itajaí Experimental Station, were cultivated simultaneously with irrigation system by different producers in three regions of Santa Catarina and harvested in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. Twenty seven samples, from the first harvest, were analyzed before and after parboiling. Soluble phenolic compounds were extracted with EtOH 80% and bound phenolics were released by NaOH, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method was applied to quantify phenolic compounds, while antioxidant activity was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and by the 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The average content of total phenolic compounds in non-parboiled brown rice was approximately 1300 mg eq. ferulic acid/kg, while the ratio between soluble and insoluble fractions was 55:45. The period of harvest had greater influence on the phenolic contents than cultivation area. The parboiling process decreased on about 32% the mean soluble phenolic content, while insoluble compounds were not affected, despite individual variations with gains and losses. Both, the ORAC and DPPH methods used to evaluate antioxidant activity, were equally suitable to assess parboiled and non-parboiled rice extracts. In non-parboiled rice antioxidant capacity was mainly due to soluble phenolics, while in parboiled rice both soluble and insoluble fractions contributed almost equally. Correlation coefficients between soluble phenolics and antioxidant activity were high for both DPPH and ORAC methods. Moreover, chemical composition was similar between parboiled and non-parboiled brown rice.

β-glucans are unavailable carbohydrates and a dietary fiber that cannot be readily metabolized by our own bodies’ enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. They are instead metabolized by our microbiota in the large intestine, were they have multiple health benefits. They help with keeping the microbiota in balance and regulating our immune system. They have also been shown to have cholesterol lowering effects. β-glucans are found in cereals like barley, oat, rye, and wheat but they can also come from other sources like bacterial cell walls and fungi. However, depending on their origin, they have different structures and properties. β-glucans from cereals are linear polymers of β-(1→4)-D-glycopyranosyl units separated by single units of β-(1→3)-D-glycopyranosyl in a mixed linkage. The concentration of β-glucan is highly varied between cereal type as well as cultivar of the same cereal. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a difference in β-glucan content between commercial bread baked using traditional versus modern cereal cultivars. β-glucan was determined using the Megazyme assay kit, a method approved by the American association of cereal chemists (AACC) International. The method uses a highly specific enzymatic breakdown of β-glucan into D-glucose that can then be determined colorimetrically. The results for β-glucan showed high variation between different types of cereals and bread tested, were grains like barley and rye had higher β-glucan content compared to oat and wheat, showing clear health benefits to eating grains like barley and rye, over grains like wheat. The β-glucan content for cereals ranged from 0.30 – 3.66% of dry weight, whereas the different bread had β-glucan ranging from 0.31 – 1.14% of dry weight. There was no significant difference between modern versus traditional cultivars and therefore neither had any greater health benefits from a β-glucan content perspective. The daily consumption of β-glucan needed to show cholesterol lowering effects is 3g, which in this study mean that about 7.5 bread slices (about 300 g) of the highest β-glucan containing bread is needed to be eaten daily to achieve the daily intake goal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_e_me_botfca.pdf: 515907 bytes, checksum: 147c1f8c1d57f0773041fffb27a91fd1 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cultivares transgênicas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em sucessão a culturas de inverno na implantação do sistema de semeadura direta. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, Campus de Botucatu-SP, durante o ano agrícola 2006/07. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas por cinco espécies cultivadas no inverno, aveia branca (Avena sativa L.), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.), trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e ervilha forrageira (Pisum sativum L.) e área de pousio (vegetação espontânea). As subparcelas foram constituídas por seis cultivares de soja (BRS 243 RR, BRS 245 RR, BRS 247 RR, BRS 255 RR, BRS 256 RR e BRS 244 RR), cedidas pela Embrapa SNT-EN.LDB, totalizando 36 tratamentos. Foram avaliadas, nas espécies de inverno, a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e a produtividade de grãos, enquanto na soja as características agronômicas como florescimento, ciclo, alturas de plantas e de inserção da primeira vagem, população final de plantas, grau de acamamento, número de vagens chochas, número de nódulos por planta, massa da matéria seca dos nódulos por planta, além dos componentes da produção número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade. Foi avaliado, também, o teor foliar dos macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S das plantas de soja por meio da diagnose foliar.A cevada, entre as culturas de inverno, foi a que apresentou os maiores valores de produtividade de grãos e de massa de matéria seca, não diferindo, na ultima avaliação da aveia, da ervilha forrageira e do nabo forrageiro. As características... / The objective of this research was to evaluate crop yield and some characteristics and yield components of transgenic soybean cultivars sown after different winter cover crops in the first year under no tillage system. The present work was carried out on the experimental area of the “Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas”, “Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP”, Botucatu-SP, in 2006/2007, as a partnership with Embrapa SNT – EN.LDB (Embrapa serviços de negócios para transferência de tecnologia – Escritório de negócios de Londrina). The experimental design was the completely randomized block with split plots and four replications. The main plots consisted of five winter cover crops, white oat (Avena sativa L.), forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and ground pea (Pisum sativum L.) and an area under fallow (spontaneous vegetation). The subplots consisted of six soybean cultivars (BRS 243 RR, BRS 245 RR, BRS 247 RR, BRS 255 RR, BRS 256 RR and BRS 244 RR) which were granted by Embrapa SNT-EN.LDB, totaling 36 treatments. Shoot dry matter and grain yield were evaluated for each winter crop. While the experiment had been carried out, some soybean agronomic characteristics were evaluated like flowering, cycle, first pod insertion and plant height, final population, bending, number of nodes per plant, nodes dry matter per plant and grain yield. Yield components, weight of 100 grains, number of pods and aborted grains per plant and grains per pod were evaluated. N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S levels in soybean tissue werealso evaluated through foliar diagnosis. Among all winter crops evaluated, barley was the one that showed higher values for grain yield and dry matter, however, it did not differ from oat, ground pea and forage turnip in the last evaluation. Variance analysis for agronomic characteristics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kotz_te_me_botfca.pdf: 968190 bytes, checksum: 119c23ab2e85aae9ad01231c5bfccc3c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o lançamento de cultivares adaptados à colheita mecanizada, a ricinocultura tem-se tornado economicamente viável em médias e grandes propriedades, inclusive como opção para o período de safrinha, em rotação com outras culturas graníferas. Contudo, ainda existem muitas dúvidas a respeito da influência da população de plantas em espaçamentos reduzidos, no crescimento e desempenho dessas cultivares. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade da cultivar de mamona IAC 2028 na safrinha, em função da população de plantas em espaçamento reduzido. Foi conduzido um experimento por dois anos (2009 e 2010), em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco populações de plantas (50.000, 65.000, 80.000, 95.000 e 110.000 plantas ha-1), no espaçamento entre fileiras de 0,45 m (reduzido), e um tratamento adicional (com população de 25.000 plantas ha-1 e espaçamento entre fileiras de 0,90 m). Durante o ciclo da cultura foram avaliadas, a cada 14 dias, a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas vivas, área foliar, acúmulo e distribuição da massa de matéria seca, área foliar específica, razão de área foliar, índice de área foliar, taxas de crescimento absoluto e relativo e taxa assimilatória líquida. No final do ciclo foram avaliadas algumas características agronômicas e produtividade de grãos. O aumento da população de plantas reduziu o crescimento da mamoneira IAC 2028 na safrinha. Em maiores populações de plantas a mamoneira apresentou maior índice de área foliar e acúmulo de matéria seca por área. As taxas de crescimento absoluto de área foliar e massa seca foram mais elevadas sob menores populações de plantas... / With the release of cultivars adapted to mechanical harvesting, the castor cultivation has become economically viable in medium and large farms, as well like a option for out-of-season (fall-winter) and grain crop rotation. However, there are still many questions about the influence of plant populations narrow row spacing, growth and performance of current cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and productivity of castor cultivar IAC 2028 in second season, according different population of plants for the narrow row spacing. A study was carried for two years in out-of-season (2010 and 2011), in Botucatu-SP. Randomized block was used with four replications. The treatments were five plant populations (50,000, 65,000, 80,000, 95,000 and 110,000 plants ha-1), with 0.45 m row spacing (narrow), and an additional treatment with a population of 25,000 plants ha-1, with conventional row spacing (0.90 m). During the crop development were evaluated every 14 days, the following growth variables plant height, stem diameter, number of living leaves, leaf area, accumulation and distribution of dry matter, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf area index, relative and growth rates and net assimilation rate. At the end of season were evaluated some agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The increase in plant population reduced the growth of the castor bean IAC 2028 out-of-season. Highest populations reached higher leaf area index and dry matter accumulation per area. The absolute growth rates of leaf area and dry weight were higher in narrow row spacing populations and larger row spacing, when environmental conditions were more favorable for growth plant. The absolute... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 feltran_jc_me_botfca.pdf: 273325 bytes, checksum: 61f44a34edaf75a9b81062c30dbf034c (MD5) / A batata é o quarto cultivo alimentício em importância, em nível mundial, superada apenas pelo trigo, arroz e milho. O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de batata, visando selecionar aqueles com melhor desempenho produtivo, menor ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos, suas exigências nutricionais, além de verificar a qualidade dos tubérculos. O experimento foi conduzido em São Manuel (SP), na época “das águas” com utilização de irrigação suplementar. A área experimental apresentou textura média e saturação por bases (V) igual a 61%. A adubação de plantio constituiu-se da aplicação de termofosfato (250 kg.ha-1) em área total e 4-14-8 + 0,5% Zn (2.350 kg.ha-1) no sulco. Fez-se duas adubações de cobertura com 200 kg.ha-1 de 20–0-20 e de nitrocálcio aos 18 DAE (dias após a emergência plena) e 35 DAE, respectivamente. O plantio foi realizado em agosto de 2000, utilizando-se o espaçamento de 0,80 x 0,35 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com 18 tratamentos, representados por cultivares de batata (Agata, Apuã, Aracy, IAC Aracy Ruiva, Asterix, Bintje, Dali, Clone IAC-6090, Itararé, Laguna, Remarka, Liseta, Mondial, Novita, Oscar, Picasso, Santana e Solide) com quatro repetições. Destacou a cultivar Mondial com maior produtividade total e comercial. Também sobressaiu-se a cultivar IAC Aracy Ruiva quanto a porcentagem de tubérculos comerciais, distúrbios fisiológicos e qualidade dos tubérculos. As cultivares Oscar, Itararé, IAC Aracy Ruiva, Clone IAC-6090, Aracy, Solide, Asterix, Santana e Laguna são adequadas para fritura, purê e assada. Enquanto que as cultivares Mondial, Picasso, Novita, Dali e Ágata são propícias para o cozimento e ‘Apuã’, ’Remarka’, ’Bintje’ e ’Liseta’ são adequadas para purê e assada... / Potato is the world fourth cultivation in level of nutrition importance, overcome only by wheat, rice and corn. These research work had for objective to evaluate the behavior potato cultivars, aimed to select those with better productive performance, smaller occurrence of physiological disorders, their nutritional exigences besides verifying the quality of tubers. The experiment was lead in São Manuel county (SP), at the raining season with use of supplemental irrigation. The experimental area presented medium texture and saturation for bases (V) equal to 61%. The planting fertilization was constituted of termofosfato application (250 kg.ha-1) in total area and 4-14-8 + 0,5% Zn (2,350 kg ha-1) in the furrow. Have been done two covering fertilization with 200 kg.ha-1 of 20-0-20 fertilizer and of nitrocálcio to 18 and 35 DAE (days after the full emergency), respectively. The planting was accomplished in august, 2000, being used spacing of 0,80 x 0,35 m. The experimental outline used was randomized blocks, with 18 treatments, represented by potato cultivars (Agata, Apuã, Aracy, IAC Aracy Ruiva, Asterix, Bintje, Dali, Clone IAC-6090, Itararé, Laguna, Remarka, Liseta, Mondial, Novita, Oscar, Picasso, Santana and Solide) with four replicates. Mondial cultivar was outstanding with larger total and commercial productivity. Also distinguished the cultivar IAC Aracy Ruiva in aspects of commercial tubers rate, physiological disorders and quality of tubers. Oscar, Itararé, IAC Aracy Ruiva, Clone IAC-6090, Aracy, Solide, Asterix, Santana and Laguna cultivars are adequate for frying, purée and to be roasted. While Mondial, Picasso, Novita and Dali cultivars are apropriate for boiling and, ‘Apuã‘, ‘Remarka‘, ‘Bintje‘ and ‘Liseta’ are favorable for pureé and to be roasted The extraction and the macronutrients export for the tubers, for all cultivars, followed the decreasing order: ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)