There have been many studies conducted on television and its effects. Since the 1950's, when television emerged, there has been an influx of patterns and behaviors associated with television viewing and programming. Many researchers are fascinated with television and the reactions of those who are directly affected by it. People have been known to act out in many ways as a result of something they saw on television. Many believe that television viewing directly affects a person's mind. An analysis of the results of this qualitative study indicates that college students perceive television has an impact on viewers. Throughout the course of both the focus group and individual interviews, several themes were strongly developed among participants. These included: 1.College students do not believe that television influences the way they individually dress, act, and eat, but it does influence the same behaviors of other people their age. However, these same students reported that they recognized that television has an influence on their lives, and in combination with how they were raised in their families, it made them who they are today. 2.College students continue to believe there is too much violence on television. 3.Television often does not depict reality.

While pornography has become highly accessible, another way in which pornography is present in media is through discussion in movies and television shows, which is often framed through casual reference, by way of a joke, or in a teasing manner. A content analysis of 55 episodes that reference pornography—looking specifically at the framing of pornography in individual scenes—provides valuable insight into the media ecosystem surrounding pornography and its potential impact on adolescents. Using cultivation analysis and framing theory as a theoretical basis, this study analyzes the inclusion of the terms, “porn,” “porno,” and “pornography” in popular television shows.

Plant-based food has recently been a frequently addressed topic for scientific research, mainly because of its benefits for the environmental sustainability, human health and animal welfare. Nonetheless, there is limited research on how people maintain a plant-based diet, as well as research gaps on the topic in relation to media and communication studies. The purpose of this research is to provide new empirical data on how social media can inspire and/or influence a person to maintain a plant-based lifestyle. Using a qualitative method of in-depth interviews, the aim is to understand how content on social media motivates people to make sustainable movements in their real life. In other words, the research will provide insights on how a lifestyle can be upheld with the help of social media. As a theoretical basis for the study, the following theories have been applied: The uses and gratification theory, cultivation analysis theory and social cognitive theory. The findings suggest that social media is a useful tool for a person that wants to maintain a plant-based diet. Facebook, YouTube and Instagram are preferred online platforms for seeking and sharing information about the lifestyle and the most interesting contents for upholding a plant-based diet are food pictures, personal blogs and vlogs, documentaries about the environment and animal welfare, as well as product news and different discussions in virtual groups. The result also shows that people are most likely to change a behaviour after seeing content on social media that makes them emotional, in a positive or negative way.

Eucalyptus benthamii tem se mostrado especialmente vantajoso como alternativa ao cultivo em regiões frias, justificando esforços para o estabelecimento de protocolos para sua micropropagação. Porém, as matrizes são preferencialmente selecionadas quando adultas (material apresenta menor competência morfogênica), tornando a micropropagação dependente de maior número de subcultivos e maior tempo para se reverter o material ao rejuvenescimento. Assim, a redução das perdas in vitro tem merecido atenção, como por exemplo, as manifestações endofíticas, que exigem maximização da eficiência da cultura e adequações no protocolo, visando minimizá-las, possibilitando melhorar o entendimento das relações estabelecidas e mantidas entre os endófitos e seu hospedeiro durante a micropropagação. Dessa maneira, foram utilizadas minicepas provenientes de duas fontes de miniestacas coletadas a partir do brotamento de gemas epicórmicas de megaestacas da base da copa e de brotamentos do anelamento da base do tronco, de uma matriz de E. benthamii com 13 anos de idade, estabelecidas em minijardim clonal sob condição de casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de avaliar como se dá a multiplicação, sob diferentes condições de cultivo, das duas fontes de explantes (minicepas); analisar se a frequência e intensidade das manifestações endofíticas são afetadas pelas diferentes condições de cultivo; investigar a ocorrência de alterações na comunidade bacteriana endofítica devido à alteração das condições de cultivo e fase da micropropagação (in vivo = minicepas, e in vitro = microcepas, material alongado e enraizado). Visando atender estes objetivos, a pesquisa se dividiu em duas partes. Na primeira (capitulo 3) o desenvolvimento, os aspectos morfofisiológicos, histoquímicos e a manifestação endofítica foram avaliados na multiplicação das duas fontes de explante sob diferentes meios e condições de cultivo. Na segunda (capítulo 4) as comunidades bacterianas endofíticas foram analisadas por meio de PCR-DGGE, baseada na região V6 do gene 16S DNAr. Os resultados mostraram que as microcepas provenientes de megaestaca tiveram melhor desenvolvimento independentemente do tratamento e maior frequência de manifestações endofíticas, comparando-se com as de anelamento. As comunidades bacterinas endofíticas foram distintas entre as amostras in vivo e in vitro, e se alteraram ao longo dos subcultivos e nas amostras alongadas e enraizadas. As diferenças existentes no desenvolvimento das microcepas podem ser inerentes à totipotencialidade do material, mas também podem ser afetadas, tanto pela ocorrência de manifestação, quanto pela comunidade bacteriana endofítica mais ou menos sensível ao processo de micropropagação, auxiliando ou prejudicando o desenvolvimento in vitro de seus hospedeiros. Cabe destacar, ainda, que mesmo em um sistema asséptico e ambientalmente controlado, os microrganismos endofíticos que resistiram a todo processo de desinfestação e cultivo, não estão \"adormecidos\", muito pelo contrário podem se alterar em quantidade à medida que seu hospedeiro é submetido a um novo sistema de cultivo (introdução) ou uma nova fase dentro da micropropagação (multiplicação → alongamento e enraizamnento) ou, ainda, ao longo dos subcultivos. Sendo assim, a complexa rede de relações das plantas com seus endófitos não cessa durante o cultivo in vitro, ao contrário mantém-se dinâmica. / Eucalyptus benthamii has proven to be especially advantageous as an alternative culture in cold regions, justifying efforts to establish protocols for micropropagation. However, the matrices are preferably selected when adults (material with lower morphogenic efficiency), making micropropagation more dependent of subcultures and too longer to reverse the material to rejuvenation. Thus, reduction of losses in vitro has deserved attention, such for example the endophytic manifestations that require the maximization of efficiency culture and adjustments to the Protocol, in order to minimize them, enabling better understanding of the relations established and maintained between endophytes and its host along micropropagation. For this, mini-stumps were used from two sources of mini-cuttings collected from the epicormic shoots of mega-cuttings from the treetop base and shoots from girdling from the trunk base, both of one E. benthamii matrix with 13 years of age established in clonal mini garden under greenhouse condition, aimed to evaluate how is the multiplication of two sources of explants (mini-stumps) under different growing conditions; analyze how the endophytic manifestations frequency and intensity are affected by different conditions; investigate the changes to occurrence in the endophytic bacterial community due to the variation of culture conditions and micropropagation phase (in vivo = mini-stumps, and in vitro = micro-stumps, elongated and rooted materials). In order to meet these objectives, the research was divided in two parts. In the first (chapter 3) the development, morphophysiological aspects, histochemical and endophytic manifestation were evaluated in the multiplication of the two explants sources from different media and culture conditions. In the second (chapter 4) endophytic bacterial communities were analyzed by PCR-DGGE based on the V6 region of 16S rDNA gene. The results showed that micro-stumps from mega-cuttings had better development regardless of treatment and increased frequency of endophytic events, comparing with the girdling. Endophytic bacterial communities were different between samples in vivo and in vitro, and have changed over the subcultures and the elongated and rooted samples. The differences in the development of micro-stumps can be explained by the totipotentiality inherent to the material, but may also be affected by both the manifestation occurrence and the endophytic bacterial community more or less sensitive to the micropropagation, helping or harming the in vitro development of their hosts. We also highlight that even in an aseptic and environmentally controlled system, the endophytic microorganisms that resisted the whole process of disinfection and cultivation, are not \"asleep\", quite the opposite may change in quantity when your host is subjected to a new cultivation system (in vitro establishment) and a new phase within the micropropagation (multiplication → stretching and enraizamnento), or even along the subcultures. This way, the complex network of relationships of the plant with their endophyte does not cease during the in vitro culture, unlike remains dynamic.

Eucalyptus benthamii tem se mostrado especialmente vantajoso como alternativa ao cultivo em regiões frias, justificando esforços para o estabelecimento de protocolos para sua micropropagação. Porém, as matrizes são preferencialmente selecionadas quando adultas (material apresenta menor competência morfogênica), tornando a micropropagação dependente de maior número de subcultivos e maior tempo para se reverter o material ao rejuvenescimento. Assim, a redução das perdas in vitro tem merecido atenção, como por exemplo, as manifestações endofíticas, que exigem maximização da eficiência da cultura e adequações no protocolo, visando minimizá-las, possibilitando melhorar o entendimento das relações estabelecidas e mantidas entre os endófitos e seu hospedeiro durante a micropropagação. Dessa maneira, foram utilizadas minicepas provenientes de duas fontes de miniestacas coletadas a partir do brotamento de gemas epicórmicas de megaestacas da base da copa e de brotamentos do anelamento da base do tronco, de uma matriz de E. benthamii com 13 anos de idade, estabelecidas em minijardim clonal sob condição de casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de avaliar como se dá a multiplicação, sob diferentes condições de cultivo, das duas fontes de explantes (minicepas); analisar se a frequência e intensidade das manifestações endofíticas são afetadas pelas diferentes condições de cultivo; investigar a ocorrência de alterações na comunidade bacteriana endofítica devido à alteração das condições de cultivo e fase da micropropagação (in vivo = minicepas, e in vitro = microcepas, material alongado e enraizado). Visando atender estes objetivos, a pesquisa se dividiu em duas partes. Na primeira (capitulo 3) o desenvolvimento, os aspectos morfofisiológicos, histoquímicos e a manifestação endofítica foram avaliados na multiplicação das duas fontes de explante sob diferentes meios e condições de cultivo. Na segunda (capítulo 4) as comunidades bacterianas endofíticas foram analisadas por meio de PCR-DGGE, baseada na região V6 do gene 16S DNAr. Os resultados mostraram que as microcepas provenientes de megaestaca tiveram melhor desenvolvimento independentemente do tratamento e maior frequência de manifestações endofíticas, comparando-se com as de anelamento. As comunidades bacterinas endofíticas foram distintas entre as amostras in vivo e in vitro, e se alteraram ao longo dos subcultivos e nas amostras alongadas e enraizadas. As diferenças existentes no desenvolvimento das microcepas podem ser inerentes à totipotencialidade do material, mas também podem ser afetadas, tanto pela ocorrência de manifestação, quanto pela comunidade bacteriana endofítica mais ou menos sensível ao processo de micropropagação, auxiliando ou prejudicando o desenvolvimento in vitro de seus hospedeiros. Cabe destacar, ainda, que mesmo em um sistema asséptico e ambientalmente controlado, os microrganismos endofíticos que resistiram a todo processo de desinfestação e cultivo, não estão \"adormecidos\", muito pelo contrário podem se alterar em quantidade à medida que seu hospedeiro é submetido a um novo sistema de cultivo (introdução) ou uma nova fase dentro da micropropagação (multiplicação → alongamento e enraizamnento) ou, ainda, ao longo dos subcultivos. Sendo assim, a complexa rede de relações das plantas com seus endófitos não cessa durante o cultivo in vitro, ao contrário mantém-se dinâmica. / Eucalyptus benthamii has proven to be especially advantageous as an alternative culture in cold regions, justifying efforts to establish protocols for micropropagation. However, the matrices are preferably selected when adults (material with lower morphogenic efficiency), making micropropagation more dependent of subcultures and too longer to reverse the material to rejuvenation. Thus, reduction of losses in vitro has deserved attention, such for example the endophytic manifestations that require the maximization of efficiency culture and adjustments to the Protocol, in order to minimize them, enabling better understanding of the relations established and maintained between endophytes and its host along micropropagation. For this, mini-stumps were used from two sources of mini-cuttings collected from the epicormic shoots of mega-cuttings from the treetop base and shoots from girdling from the trunk base, both of one E. benthamii matrix with 13 years of age established in clonal mini garden under greenhouse condition, aimed to evaluate how is the multiplication of two sources of explants (mini-stumps) under different growing conditions; analyze how the endophytic manifestations frequency and intensity are affected by different conditions; investigate the changes to occurrence in the endophytic bacterial community due to the variation of culture conditions and micropropagation phase (in vivo = mini-stumps, and in vitro = micro-stumps, elongated and rooted materials). In order to meet these objectives, the research was divided in two parts. In the first (chapter 3) the development, morphophysiological aspects, histochemical and endophytic manifestation were evaluated in the multiplication of the two explants sources from different media and culture conditions. In the second (chapter 4) endophytic bacterial communities were analyzed by PCR-DGGE based on the V6 region of 16S rDNA gene. The results showed that micro-stumps from mega-cuttings had better development regardless of treatment and increased frequency of endophytic events, comparing with the girdling. Endophytic bacterial communities were different between samples in vivo and in vitro, and have changed over the subcultures and the elongated and rooted samples. The differences in the development of micro-stumps can be explained by the totipotentiality inherent to the material, but may also be affected by both the manifestation occurrence and the endophytic bacterial community more or less sensitive to the micropropagation, helping or harming the in vitro development of their hosts. We also highlight that even in an aseptic and environmentally controlled system, the endophytic microorganisms that resisted the whole process of disinfection and cultivation, are not \"asleep\", quite the opposite may change in quantity when your host is subjected to a new cultivation system (in vitro establishment) and a new phase within the micropropagation (multiplication → stretching and enraizamnento), or even along the subcultures. This way, the complex network of relationships of the plant with their endophyte does not cease during the in vitro culture, unlike remains dynamic.