No Abstract Provided / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Analysant les « "mythes" de "royauté" », de combat », de jugement », d’"organisation" du "cosmos" » et/ou "fondation" du "royaume" » – nous entendons ces textes « littéraires » à thème « mythologique », centrés sur les activités de divinités appartenant à la typologie du « dieu de l’Orage » dans la perspective « historiographique » de « création » du « cosmos » –, dans l’« aire culturelle » syro-mésopotamienne, indo-européenne et méditerranéenne antique, le présent travail interroge l’existence possible d’une « aire culturelle » « mythologique » – « mythopoïétique » –, indo-méditerranéenne. La proximité reconnue, tant sur les plans « structurel », que « narratif », de ce type particulier de « mythes » pose en effet, que l’on considère, sur un plan « folklorique » et « généalogique », leur possible identité « génétique » – qu’elle soit « préhistorique » ou « horizontale » –, ou, sur un plan « mythopoïétique » et « analogique », leur intégration à une même perspective interprétative, la question de leur comparaison. Quand chacun véhicule un « modèle »/« système » « idéologique » spécifique, en ce qu’il apparaît, dans le cadre donné des « "mythes" de "royauté" », l’expression paradigmatique d’un système « symbolique » particulier, leurs différences précisément non seulement interrogent leur identité « épistémologique », mais invitent également à une contextualisation précise. / Analysing « "myths" of "kingship" », conflict », judgement », cosmos "organisation" » and/or "kingdom" "foundation" » – meaning these « literary » texts with « mythological » themes, focused on the activities of deities belonging to the « Storm-god’s » typology in view of historiographical « "cosmos" "creation" » –, in the syro-mesopotamian, indo-european and ancient mediterranean cultural area, the present work questions the possible existence of a « mythological » – « mythopoieic » –, indo-mediterranean « cultural area ». The recognised proximity, both « structurally » and « narratively », of those particular types of « myths » raises, considering, on a « folkloric » and « genealogical » level, their potential « genetic » identity – whether it is « prehistoric » or « horizontal » –, or, on a « mythopoieic » and « analogical » level, their integration in a common interpretative perspective, the issue of their comparison. When each conveys a specific and « ideological » « model »/« system », as it appears, within the « "myths" of "kingship" », the paradigmatic expression of a particular « symbolic » system, their differences not only ask about their « epistemological » identity, but also beckon a precise contextualisation as well.

Les modèles de diffusion de l’Homme hors d’Afrique considèrent que les premiers groupes humains ont peuplés l’Europe selon deux vagues correspondant chacune à une culture technique différente. Les premiers peuplements, qui remonte au million d’année et se caractérisent par des productions d’éclats, associée à des outils sur galet. La deuxième vague serait porteuse de l’Acheuléen, puisque les premières industries comprenant des bifaces en Europe sont datées à 0,6 millions d’année. Mais les données présentes en Europe centrale ont bien du mal à entrer dans ce cadre théorique. Pourtant sur le chemin des premiers peuplements hors d’Afrique, cette région n’a pas livré les données archéologiques auxquelles ont aurait pu s’attendre. Les premiers indices d’occupation humaines antérieures à 0,5 Ma sont rarissimes, les bifaces sont absents durant toute la durée du paléolithique inférieur et les industries présentes sont originales. L’Europe centrale est-elle une aire culturelle spécifique au Paléolithique inférieur ? Ou est-ce nos propre outils méthodologiques qui doivent être interrogés pour répondre à cet apparent paradoxe ? C’est à travers l’étude de l’industrie lithique de quatre sites que nous avons tenté de répondre à ces questions. Le deux premiers assemblage (Korolevo VI en Ukraine et Kärlich-Seeufer en Allemagne) sont datés aux environs de 0,5 Ma et ont livré une industrie basée sur la production d’éclats variés. Les deux autres collections (Vértesszölös en Hongrie et Bilzingsleben en Allemagne) se caractérisent au contraire par une industrie basée sur la confection de petits supports sélectionnés. Les résultats de l’étude des premières industries en Europe centrale, nous invite donc à reconsidérer la question du peuplement de l’Europe et à s’interroger sur les critères pris en compte dans la définition des entités culturelles et des systèmes techniques au Paléolithique inférieur. / Out of Africa diffusion models stipulate that the earliest humans reached Europe in two waves, each correlating with a different techno-cultural entity. The earliest occupation, dating back to over a million years ago, is characterised by the production of flakes and pebble tools. The second wave is related to the Acheulean, since the first handaxe industries in Europe date back to 0.6 million years ago. However, the Central European data are difficult to incorporate into this theoretical framework. Despite being located on the Out of Africa route towards Europe, this region has not yielded the archaeological evidence that could have been expected. Evidence of humans occupations before 0.5 million years ago is sparse and handaxes are absent during the entire duration of the Lower Palaeolithic with the assemblages present being more unique. Does Central Europe represent a specific techno-cultural unit during the Lower Palaeolithic? Or do we need to question our methodological tools to be able to find an answer to this apparent paradox? This study aims to answer these questions through the analyses of four lithic assemblages. The first two collections (Korolevo VI in Ukraine and Kärlich-Seeufer in Germany) are dated around 0.5 Ma and contain industries that are characterised by the production of various types of flakes. Conversely, the other two assemblages (Vértesszölös in Hungary and Bilzingsleben in Germany) are typified by the selective production of small blanks. The results of this study of the first lithic industries from Central Europe, allow a reconsideration of the question of the earliest occupation of Europe and the criteria taken into account in the definition of the different Lower Palaeolithic cultural entities and technological systems.

La répartition des chapelles rurales en Gascogne et au Pays Basque qui semble « statique » révèle dans le courant des XVIème et XVIIème siècles, une mainmise de plus en plus étroite de l’Eglise tridentine. Ce phénomène s’intensifie dans les courants des XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles, avec la construction de nouvelles chapelles majoritairement vouées au culte de Marie. L’Eglise adapte un système préexistant et le perfectionne. Elle réinvestit la culture religieuse locale, dont les chapelles rurales sont un fondement et un support de l’identité gasconne et basque. Elle favorise les pèlerinages et les processions dans ces chapelles vouées au culte de Notre Dame, sapant l’influence de certaines chapelles rurales, qui constituent pour certaines, des cadres de pratiques « superstitieuses » et « profanes », à la limite de la religion légale. Elle crée, ainsi un réseau hiérarchisé, fer de lance de la réforme tridentine. Les confréries, un clergé dévoué et dans certains cas, la présence d’un ordre religieux (couvents, monastères…) encadrent les fidèles.Les chapelles rurales constituent des relais d’une « re-catholicisation ». En effet, un vaste mouvement d’acculturation des populations rurales semble mis en place par l’Eglise tridentine. Enfin, en tant que vecteur de cette « re-catholicisation » des populations rurales, les chapelles s’intègrent dans une volonté de lutter contre le protestantisme dont la forme dans le Sud-ouest est le calvinisme. Certains sanctuaires créent de véritables zones d’influence délimitant l’aire culturelle de Gascogne et du Pays Basque. / The spreading of the rural chapels in Gascony and in the Basque Country which seems « static » reveals a growing takeover by the tridentine Church in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 17th and 18th centuries, this phenomenon is intensified by new chapels mainly devoted to Mary. The Church adapts a pre-existing system and improves it. It reinvests the local religious culture founded on rural chapels which are deeply part of the Gascon and Basque identity. In these chapels devoted to Our Lady, pilgrimages and processions are furthered, undermining the influence of some rural chapels, some of which shelter “superstitious” and “secular” practices at the limit of the legal religion. Thus it creates a hierarchic organization which constitutes the spearhead of the tridentine reform. The faithful are guided by the brotherhoods, a devoted clergy and sometimes a religious order (convents, monasteries …). The rural chapels take over the “re-catholicization”. A wide movement of the rural populations’ cultural integration actually seems to be set up by the Tridentine Church. Finally, as a “re-catholicization” medium of the rural populations, the chapels integrate into a will to fight against Protestantism known as the Calvinism in South-Western France. Some sanctuaries create a real zone of influence delimiting the cultural area of Gascony and the Basque Country.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The organization of the space analyzed by a cultural view allows us to visualize a range of material and immaterial aspects that go by the time and they materialize in the space, as a cultural legacy, that shows itself through the descent. In that perspective, this research is centered in the analysis of the construction of cultural identities in Rio Grande do Sul and its manifestation in the gaúcho landscape, pointing out the main existent cultural areas now in the State. For so, it was started from the theoretical rescue which based the guiding concepts of the research, centered in the culture conception, as a concept-key for the Cultural Geography. It was also approached subjects as identity, codes, migrations, landscape and cultural area. The rescue of the occupation processes and colonization that populated the territory turned into an essential phase for the understanding of its current social cultural structuring, allowing us to verify the transformations happened in the space and expressed in the landscape through the different ethnic groups by the insert of new cultural codes. Our main goal was to regionalize the State by cultural criteria, in other words, to establish space cuttings in agreement with the predominant ethnic group, having as base the municipal limits. For so, it was created a database concerning the main ethnic groups, formers of the 496 municipal districts that compose the State. With this information, it was made the insert in the Arc View GIS 3.1a software, which made that proposal of cultural regionalization operational. As a result four space cuttings were individualized: the cultural area 1 (of native origin, Portuguese, Spaniard, African and Açoriana), the cultural area 2 (German), the cultural area 3 (Italian) and the cultural area 4 (mixed). Besides the cultural areas, cultural islands were individualized in the State, by the presence of a predominant ethnic group, but that doesn't constitute a region due to the "ethnic isolation" of its surroundings, composed by other cultures. Delineated the regional cuttings, it was made the analysis of the cultural areas, in agreement with the expressiveness and the manifestation of the symbolic system that accompanies each society in its relation with the space and people. In agreement with the work proposal, this research was structured in five chapters, plus the introduction and of the final considerations: the chapter 1 refers to the theoretical rescue; in the chapter 2 the methodology is emphasized; the chapter 3 approaches the pertinent subjects the first phase of settlement of the State; the chapter 4 analyzes the colonization process, with emphasis for the immigration German, Italian and mixed; the chapter 5 identifies the cultural areas that compose Rio Grande do Sul now. It is pointed out that, the principal cultural codes identification that emanate of each social group made the analysis of the contribution of each ethnic group for the construction of the gaúcho culture possible. In that context, it can be considered the complexity of the ethnic-cultural composition of the gaúcho territory, originating from the population flows, which were inserted by processes controlled by specific politics of incentive to the settlement and the colonization. Such situation originated portions of the space endowed with meanings that, in turn form a cultural plurality, in other words, nowadays, the State is constituted in a ethnic-cultural mosaic, composed by diversified ethnic groups, at the same time that are recognized as essentially gaúchos . / A organização do espaço analisada pelo viés cultural permite visualizar uma gama de aspectos materiais e imateriais que perpassam o tempo e se materializam no espaço, como um legado cultural, que se manifesta através da descendência. Nessa perspectiva, essa pesquisa centra-se na análise da construção de identidades culturais no Rio Grande do Sul e sua manifestação na paisagem gaúcha, salientando as principais regiões culturais existentes no Estado atualmente. Para tanto, partiu-se do resgate teórico o qual fundamentou os conceitos orientadores da pesquisa, centrados na concepção de cultura, como conceito-chave para a Geografia Cultural. Também se abordou questões como identidade, códigos, migrações, paisagem e região cultural. O resgate dos processos de ocupação e colonização que povoaram o território gaúcho constituiu-se em uma fase essencial para entender a sua atual estruturação sociocultural, permitindo verificar as transformações ocorridas no espaço e expressas na paisagem pelas distintas etnias mediante a inserção de novos códigos culturais. Teve-se como meta regionalizar o Estado mediante critérios culturais, ou seja, estabelecer recortes espaciais de acordo com a etnia predominante, tendo como base os limites municipais. Para tanto, criou-se um banco de dados referente à principal etnia formadora dos 496 municípios que compõem o Estado. De posse dessas informações fez-se a inserção no software Arc View GIS 3.1a, o qual operacionalizou essa proposta de regionalização cultural. Como resultado individualizou-se quatro recortes espaciais: a região cultural 1 (de origem nativa, portuguesa, espanhola, africana e açoriana), a região cultural 2 (alemã), a região cultural 3 (italiana) e a região cultural 4 (mista). Além das regiões culturais, individualizaram-se ilhas culturais no Estado, pela presença de uma etnia predominante, mas que não constitui uma região devido ao isolamento étnico do seu entorno, composto por outras culturas. Delineados os recortes regionais, fez-se a análise das regiões culturais, de acordo com a expressividade e a manifestação do sistema simbólico que acompanha cada sociedade em sua relação com o espaço e com os seus semelhantes. De acordo com a proposta de trabalho, essa pesquisa estruturou-se em cinco capítulos além da introdução e das considerações finais: o capítulo 1 refere-se ao resgate teórico; no capítulo 2 enfatiza-se a metodologia; o capítulo 3 aborda as questões pertinentes a primeira fase de povoamento do Estado; o capítulo 4 analisa o processo de colonização, com ênfase para a imigração alemã, italiana e mista; o capítulo 5 identifica as regiões culturais que compõe o Rio Grande do Sul atualmente. Salienta-se que, a identificação dos principais códigos culturais que emanam de cada grupo social, subsidiou a análise da contribuição de cada etnia para a construção da cultura gaúcha. Nesse contexto, pode-se considerar a complexidade da composição étno-cultural do território gaúcho, oriunda de fluxos populacionais, que se inseriram mediante processos controlados por políticas específicas de incentivo ao povoamento e a colonização. Tal situação originou porções do espaço dotadas de significados que, por sua vez formam uma pluralidade cultural, ou seja, atualmente, o Estado constitui-se em um mosaico étnocultural, composto por etnias diversificadas, ao mesmo tempo em que se reconhecem como essencialmente gaúchas.

Seit über fünfzig Jahren verdanken wir Philippe Braunstein wegweisende Untersuchungen zu den deutsch-venezianischen Beziehungen im späten Mittelalter. Endlich liegt nun die langerwartete Summe eines ganzen Forscherlebens zu den Deutschen in Venedig vor, die weit über das bisher Publizierte hinausreicht. Im Betrachtungszeitraum lässt sich eine Zuwanderung aus dem deutschen Kulturraum verfolgen, die zu großen Niederlassungen in Rom, Florenz und vor allem der Lagunenstadt führte; nach intensiven Archivrecherchen schätzt Braunstein für Venedig im 15.Jahrhundert mehrere Tausend Personen bei etwa 100000 Einwohnern (S. 617). Viele der Fremden aus dem Norden hielten sich nicht als Gäste in der Stadt auf, sondern blieben als Zuwanderer im Süden. Sie waren in allen ökonomischen Sektoren und Stadtvierteln zu finden. Die meisten gingen kleinen Handwerken nach oder waren als Werft- und Textilarbeiter tätig. Wie andere Immigranten konnten sie nicht in die abgeschlossene Oberschicht der alteingesessenen Stadtadelsfamilien aufsteigen.

The submission of this thesis was preceded by a specialised studio „Brněnské nábřeží a kulturní čtvrť Ponava“. This work focused on a complex urban architectural solution to the area around the former “Jaselská kasárna”, the urban context, transport services, the field configuration etc. The thesis follows this project in a section defined by streets U Červeného mlýna, Staňkova and Střední. The goal of the thesis lies in the creation of an intensive goal – a cultural area, which will offer a high-quality space for intergenerational communication and new social experiences and activities. It newly connects the urban part Ponava with the town center of Brno by a high-quality axis for pedestrian and cycling transport. The project of this cultural area arose after a thorough analysis of surrounding, intercity and global relations as a combination of aims: for children – the elementary art school with graphic and dancing fields, for seniors – leisure time center, and for all together - a multifunctional concert hall and a revitalized area of the former industrial zone of furniture production to a multipurpose intergenerational area with a modern art gallery, offices for young businessmen, architects and artists, and a music club in the basement of the gallery.