Because of global economic influence and the prevalence of internet technology, the new e-commerce market gradually takes form. The more e-commerce grows the more e-negotiation activities increase. In the meanwhile, growing access to the worldwide has increased the amount of international, cross-cultural e-commerce negotiations conducted online. Due to increasing probability of inter-cultural factors in e-negotiation, understanding strategies over e-negotiations and discovering the impact of culture on strategies of e-negotiations become increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of different cultures on strategies of dyadic e-negotiations and to investigate the difference of strategy both in intra- and inter-cultural e-negotiation. Going to more detailed, this study further examines how Eastern and Western negotiators differ from each other in terms of their strategic adjustments. In order to have more comprehensive understanding of the impact of culture on the actual negotiation strategic behaviors in negotiation processes, we apply content analysis, which is more thorough than the questionnaire in terms of qualitative criteria. According to the result of this study, there are four major propositions: firstly, there are differences between intra- and inter-culture e-negotiation; secondly, the negotiation behavior of Easterners in inter-cultural negotiations will be different from that in intra-cultural negotiations; thirdly, the negotiation behavior of Westerners in inter-cultural negotiations will be different from that in intra-cultural negotiations; and finally, inter-cultural negotiation consistently has more ¡§distributive information¡¨ behavior in e-negotiations. These propositions can be analyzed from further viewpoints or conscientious experimentations in the future.

<p>This project aims to investigate the impact of culture on the results of established methods of usability testing. The production and use of technologically advanced information and communication applications are no longer restricted to the Western world, and there are indications that usability testing procedures developed for use in, e.g., Europe or the US do not give reliable results in countries such as India, China or Malaysia. This project is an in-depth investigation of the cultural specifics that go into usability test situations in three countries: Denmark, India and China. In a second phase we want to explore possible developments of the testing methods in order to avoid cultural bias and produce comparable results across countries of the world</p> / This research is a part of project of Culturalusability. http://culturalusability.cbs.dk/

The interest for international development partnerships has increased within the discipline of cultural anthropology hand in hand with growing globalisation. Through the study of how actors that have engaged in a Ugandan-Swedish Municipal Partnership experience, express and utilise cultural difference, this thesis aims to make a contribution to this research by examine activities that took place in a specific context of cultural intersection. In addition, it aspires to link these experiences in the everyday life to general socio-political discourses. The material that the thesis builds upon was gathered during a total of four months of fieldwork in Manafwa district, Uganda, and the municipality of Åmål, Sweden. The main informants that were consulted during the fieldwork were civil servants, politicians and actors that in other ways had engaged in the partnership or in the several side-projects that were linked to it. In the analysis of their narratives, as well as of observations collected in the two field sites and of official documents that concerns the partnership, inspiration was drawn from previous research in the discipline of applied development anthropology as well as the institutionalised anthropology of development. Theories of intercultural interaction and the work of hegemonies have been used in order to examine development through the study object of cultural difference. The thesis has its starting point in two issues that were high on the agenda during my stay in Manafwa district; the 2014 Anti-homosexuality Act and corruption within the partnership. Through the study of the way that the engaged actors' experiences are used in order to create coherence in relation to these issues, the aim is to reach an understanding of how their world views are simultaneously shaped by and reshaping intercultural encounters. The ways in which claims of universal truths are used in order to install feelings of belonging and to motivate certain actions will be presented. Furthermore, the thesis will show how hegemonies in many ways are used in order to maintain hierarchies within development partnerships that in their official outlines claim that they intend to be equal.

This study investigated views, beliefs, and values about extracurricular activities of two sets of parents, Korean immigrant parents and American U.S. born parents, both groups of middle or higher class socioeconomic status with above college degrees. By examining how parents perceive their own involvement in their children’s extracurricular activities and how differently parents of recent immigration from Korea or of established European American descent become involved with their children’s activities, parents’ motivation and their role emerged using self-determination theory as a basis to explain the internalization underlying self-determined motivation. Participants in this study were 31 parents (approximately10 each from 3 activity groups) associated with three extracurricular activities for young children. This study used a mixed-methods approach. First, the degree of to which parents perceived their involvement based on parental support or pressure, the two factors from Anderson et al. (2003), were surveyed. Second, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used to elicit in-depth information from three parents for each activity, selecting them based on their responses to the survey. The findings suggested that parents expect their children to find their own interest, build competence, and ultimately acquire autonomy by engaging in extracurricular activities. In terms of cultural differences, the results revealed that though there are cultural differences in their involvement, these parents were aware of possible gaps and strove to close these gaps to help their children. / text

This research investigates the cultural politics of 'borderless' education. In Australia, online internationalised education has recently emerged as a market innovation borne from the intersection of two agendas in the higher education sector: an enthusiasm for technological means of delivery; and the quest for international full-fee paying enrolments. The empirical study analyses how both cultural difference and cultural sameness were produced in a case study of borderless education and were made to matter in both the design and the conduct of online interaction. A core MBA unit offered online by an Australian university was selected for the study because its enrolments included a group enrolled through a partner institution in Malaysia. The study is framed in the broad context of the changing cultural processes of globalisation, and in educational markets where knowledge is business. In this more fluid and complicated cultural landscape, the technologies and social practices supporting online education were understood to offer new cultural resources for identity processes. Pedagogy, rather than providing an inert stage for cultural identities to interact, was understood to play an active role in invoking and legitimating possible orientations for student identities. The framework thus builds on a metaculture, or understandings of culture and cultural identity, more appropriate for the cultural conditions of globalising times. The study was conducted as a virtual ethnography of the case study unit drawing on: the observation and recording of all virtual interaction in the unit's website; interviews and dialogues with the lecturer and designer involved; email interviews with some students; and the collection of course artefacts and related documentation. The methodological arguments and design addressed the complexity of grasping how culture is lived in globalised times, and how it is invoked, performed and marked in virtual interactions. Using layered textual analyses synthesising Bernstein's theory of pedagogic discourse and Systemic Functional Linguistics, a description of the unit drew out contradictory aspects in its macrogenre design. On one hand, the design aimed for cultural saming in terms of delivering undifferentiated curriculum and pedagogy for the diverse cohort of students. On the other hand, it also aimed for cultural differencing in the 'student subsidy'of the curriculum. The analysis showed how cultural difference was thus produced as both a curricular asset, and as a series of pedagogical problems in the case study unit. The 'student subsidy' design involved allocating students to purposefully mixed groups for assessable small group discussions in order to enrich the curricular treatment of cultural diversity as a topic of interest. This design invoked expressions of a range of cultural identities and knowledge claims about cultural differences. These claims were analysed with reference to how they were legitimated, and who invoked what culture on behalf of which groups. Despite the design of an undifferentiated process, the conduct of the unit displayed a number of pedagogical problems or 'regulative flares' in which groups of students complained about being overly or insufficiently differentiated. The analysis focused on three such flares: troubles with naming protocols; troubles around genre expectations for assessment tasks; and trouble over 'local' markers for the Malaysia students. These were summarised as trouble with the unit's 'default settings' and presumptuous assumptions about whose cultural terms applied in this educational setting. The study makes a contribution to the sociology of education, in particular with regard to internationalisation and online modes of delivery. The empirical study also contributes to the sociology of the cultural processes of globalisation. More practically, it is suggested that such programs could profitably embrace a version of culture more in line with the entangled routes and global flows that have brought the students and provider together, one that can accommodate and celebrate glocalised identities.

The authors realized the importance of being flexible in cultural values in the current environment of today’s economy. This environment is called ‘globalization’ that has become an interesting topic in the academic world. Beyond the different challenges, the most important challenge regarding to the thesis topic is the cultural challenge. The authors have combined these elements and  wanted to investigate how these factors influence marketing advertising in the Middle East. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to reach an understanding about how cultural differences in global marketing advertising can be handled by global companies in the Middle East.  The findings of the thesis reflect upon the question of "how global companies can better address cultural differences in marketing advertising in the Middle East" by first understanding and respecting the culture and religion of the region, following the regulations and guidelines for advertising in every specific country, cooperating with local agencies and adapting the marketing advertising strategy with a glocal ‘think global, act local’ approach.

付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22579号 / 情博第716号 / 新制||情||123(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 緒方 広明, 特定准教授 LIN Donghui, 教授 河原 達也, 教授 石田 亨(京都大学 名誉教授) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bakgrund: Immigration idag betraktas som ett globalt fenomen. Hälso- och sjukvård är en sektor för alla som är i behov av sjukvård. Sjuksköterskor är bland de första som kommer i kontakt med patienter och deras anhöriga. Sjuksköterskors roll i bemötande har därför stor betydelse inom omvårdnad. Det innebär att om sjuksköterskor innehar ett gott bemötande kan det förstärka främjandet av patientsdelaktighet och patientinflytande samt patientsäkerhet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att i sin profession bemöta immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga. Metod: Artiklar med kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats användes i denna litteraturöversikt. Dessutom användes induktiv innehållsanalys för att organisera den kvalitativa data. Resultat: Resultaten indelades i tre huvudkategorier med tillhörande underkategorier. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev sina erfarenheter av att i sin profession bemöta immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga som en utmaning. Språk- och kulturbarriärer var de primära faktorerna som skapade utmaningar i bemötandena. Etiska dilemman förekom även under bemötande. Slutsats: Det fanns utmaningar och svårigheter i bemötande med immigrerade patienter och deras anhöriga. Utmaningarna och svårigheterna var bland annat språk- och kulturbarriärer som påverkade kommunikation och bemötande. En annan utmaning var att sjuksköterskorna behövde engagera sig mer i sitt arbete för att skapa ett gott bemötande. Etiska dilemman förekom även vid bemötandena och kunde påverka bemötandena negativt. Sjuksköterskornas kunskap, erfarenheter och resurser är nödvändiga för att kunna tillföra det stöd som patienter och deras anhöriga är i behov av. / Background: Immigration is today considered as a global phenomenon. The health care sector is the place for everyone who is in need of health services. Nurses are among the first professionals that meet these immigrant patients. The role of nurse in these encounters is therefore of great importance in nursing, as a good encounter and impression can improve patient involvement, patient influence and patient safety. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of encountering immigrant patients and their relatives in their profession. Method: Articles with a qualitative method and inductive approach were used in this literature review. In addition, inductive content analysis was used to organise qualitative data. Results: The results were divided into three main categories with associated subcategories. The nurses described their experiences of encountering immigrant patients and their relatives as a challenge. Language and cultural barriers were the primary factors that created a challenge in the encounters. Ethical dilemmas also transpired during these encounters. Conclusion: The results showed that there were challenges and difficulties in encountering with immigrant patients and their relatives. The challenges and difficulties included language and cultural barriers which affected communication and encounter. Another challenge was that the nurses needed to get more involved in their work to create a good encounter. Ethical dilemmas also occurred in the encountering and could affect the encounter negatively. The nurses' knowledge, experience and resources are necessary to be able to provide the support that patients and their relatives need.

Bakgrund: En god kommunikation är betydelsefullt inom omvårdnaden och är en av sjuksköterskans primära arbetsuppgift. Sjuksköterskan bör ha en god kommunikationsförmåga som är personcentrerad. Brister i kommunikationen kan leda till missförstånd mellan patienten och sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa faktorer som påverkar kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten; utifrån sjuksköterskans perspektiv. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde flera olika faktorer som påverkade kommunikationen med patienten. Resultatet delades in i fyra kategorier som belyser olika faktorer; Språkskillnader, Kulturella skillnader, Arbetsmiljöns påverkan, Funktionsnedsättningar och svår sjukdom hos patienten. Konklusion: Språkbarriärer resulterade i missförstånd och kommunikationssvårigheter, vilket utgjorde en återkommande utmaning inom vården. Brist på personal och fortsatt hög patientomsättning ledde till tidsbrist och hög arbetsbelastning för sjuksköterskorna, vilket gjorde att kommunikationen inte prioriterades. Svår sjukdom eller funktionsnedsättningar hos patienten var en utmanande omständighet för att åstadkomma en god kommunikation, därav användes icke verbal kommunikation för att underlätta interaktionen. / Background: A good communication is important in nursing and is one of the nurse ́s primary tasks. The nurse should have a good communication ability that is person centered. Lack of communication can lead to misunderstandings between the patient and the nurse. Purpose: The purpose was to highlight factors that affect communication between nurse and patient: from the nurse's perspective. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature study. Result: The nurses experienced several different factors that affected communication with the patient. The results were divided into four categories that highlight different factors: Language differences, Cultural differences, Impact of the work environment, Disabilities and severe disease in the patient. Conclusion: Language barriers resulted in misunderstandings and communication difficulties, which was a recurring challenge in healthcare. Lack of staff and continued high patient turnover, led to lack of time and high workload for the nurses, which meant that communication was not prioritized. Severe illness or disability in the patient became a challenging circumstance to achieve effective communication, hence non-verbal communication was used to facilitate the interaction.

This project aims to investigate the impact of culture on the results of established methods of usability testing. The production and use of technologically advanced information and communication applications are no longer restricted to the Western world, and there are indications that usability testing procedures developed for use in, e.g., Europe or the US do not give reliable results in countries such as India, China or Malaysia. This project is an in-depth investigation of the cultural specifics that go into usability test situations in three countries: Denmark, India and China. In a second phase we want to explore possible developments of the testing methods in order to avoid cultural bias and produce comparable results across countries of the world / <p>This research is a part of project of Culturalusability. http://culturalusability.cbs.dk/</p>