Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Cheng, Connie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-192). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendix in Chinese. / Thesis / Assessment Committee --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / "A Note on the Use of Chinese / Japanese Terms, Names, and Webpage Materials" --- p.V / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Preface --- p.1 / Objectives and Significance --- p.4 / Issues to be Addressed --- p.5 / Methodologies --- p.10 / Structure of the Thesis --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Rise of Japanese Pop Culture in Hong Kong - The 1980s --- p.15 / Japan's Economic Influences in Hong Kong --- p.15 / Japanese Popular Culture Boom in Hong Kong --- p.19 / Tourist Flows to Japan in the 1980s --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Second Japanese Popular Culture Boom - The 1990s --- p.38 / The Change in Economic and Social Environment --- p.38 / Japanese Popular Culture Continues to Flourish --- p.40 / Japanese Pop Music (J-pop) --- p.40 / "Animation, Comic and Game (ACG)" --- p.42 / Japanese Television Dramas --- p.47 / Hong Kong Tourists to Japan and the Development of Cultural Pilgrimage --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Age of Cultural Pilgrimage - the 2000s --- p.64 / Hong Kong People's Consumption of Japanese Products --- p.64 / Pop Songs --- p.64 / Television Dramas --- p.65 / ACG --- p.66 / Tours to Japan --- p.69 / Pop Culture Tourism and Cultural Pilgrimage --- p.75 / Governmental Strategies --- p.77 / Tour Agencies' Strategies --- p.87 / Self-guided Tourists --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Case Studies of Hong Kong Young People who Performed Cultural Pilgrimages to Japan --- p.112 / Case 1 --- p.113 / Case 2 --- p.117 / Case 3 --- p.121 / Case 4 --- p.125 / Case 5 --- p.129 / Case 6 --- p.135 / Case 7 --- p.138 / Case 8 --- p.142 / Case 9 --- p.146 / Case 10 --- p.149 / General Remarks --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Concluding Analysis --- p.157 / Chapter 1. --- Cultural Pilgrimage and the Cultural Identities of Hong Kong Young People --- p.158 / Chapter 2. --- The Impacts of the Rise of Pop Culture Tourism on Tourism --- p.162 / Chapter 3. --- Meanings of Cultural Pilgrimage to Fandom Study --- p.170 / Chapter 4. --- New Perspectives on the Understanding of Cultural Globalization --- p.173 / Chapter Appendix A - --- Survey Questionnaire --- p.178 / Chapter Appendix B - --- Interview Questions --- p.180 / Bibliography --- p.182

This paper seeks to explore a number of issues in relation to tourism, particularly cultural tours, in Cape Town from the apartheid era to the new political dispensation in South Africa. Cultural tourism is not merely about commerial activities. It is an ideological framing of history of people, nature, and culture, a framing that has power to reshape culture and nature for its own needs. In the South African context, this can be seen from the early decades of the twentieth century, but for the purposes of this study it will focus from the 1950s onwards to the present political period. The dominant ideology and political conditions at a given time shape cultural tourism.

Historical notions of Noble Savagery have been contemporarily translated and massified in popular culture so that traits that “Indigenous People” are believed to possess, are conflated with those of the Noble Savage of lore and taken for granted as truth. The Noble Savage is the embodiment of the tourist’s notion of the authentic; the more traits Indigenous people are assumed to share with the western notion of the Noble Savage the more authentic they are deemed, and the more attractive they are to the visiting tourist. In Saraguro tourism and incanismo mutually validate and reinforce each other. Tourists valorize their own preconceived notions of indigenous culture, and in turn validate incanismo through participation in Incaic cultural performances. Neo-Incans are objectifying and consuming their own dreams though the tourist gaze, and the resultant cultural commodification and the (re)appropriation of a nobler past has led to cultural revalorization of an indigenous elite. / viii, 213 leaves; 29 cm

This dissertation examines the role of Community Based Tourism as a Local Economic Development tool. It sought to establish the impact of Local Economic Development (LED) strategies employed by the Inanda Ntuzuma KwaMashu Area Based Management program (INK ABM) in alleviating poverty in Inanda Township through their living Heritage Site. It attempts to establish whether Community Based Tourism has had an impact on the economic empowerment of communities residing within the Inanda Heritage Route. Poverty Social and Impact Assessment was used in the assessment. The study revealed that LED strategies have had a significant impact in improving infrastructure and service delivery at Inanda Township, however Local Economic Development strategies have had marginal impact in improving the income, assets indicators, human capabilities, market share and employment creation for the local residents of Inanda. Moreover the study revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between education levels and the lack of success of entrepreneurs. A major finding is that LED strategies along the Inanda Heritage Route do not target all the segments of the poor in a meaningful way. As such the study suggests a new LED agenda in Inanda Township which is: holistic, targets all the segments of the poor, encourages skills development and consists of various investment packages which would ensure that poverty in its multidimensionality is addressed meaningfully. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

This paper seeks to explore a number of issues in relation to tourism, particularly cultural tours, in Cape Town from the apartheid era to the new political dispensation in South Africa. Cultural tourism is not merely about commerial activities. It is an ideological framing of history of people, nature, and culture, a framing that has power to reshape culture and nature for its own needs. In the South African context, this can be seen from the early decades of the twentieth century, but for the purposes of this study it will focus from the 1950s onwards to the present political period. The dominant ideology and political conditions at a given time shape cultural tourism.

This thesis investigates how ethnic communities perceive the problems and benefits of local participation in the tourism planning process. It also explores how inhabitants perceive the general impacts of tourism development. In particular, problems associated with tourism development in terms of its impacts on ethnic communities, as understood by the local residents involved, are identified. One factor suggested by the results is that such impacts are in part a result of both insufficient and ineffective participation of local residents in tourism planning.

THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR TECHNOLOGIAE ( D Tech ) (TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT) IN THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS AT THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2008 / This study is aimed at developing and proposing a normative model for cultural tourism, which should be implemented on the Cape Flats. Normative criteria for cultural tourism were identified through a literature search, followed by an empirical study. Responses to various questions and statements were statistically analysed, interpreted and presented. Tourism stakeholders such as tour operators, travel agents, accommodation establishments and cultural tourism suppliers, including the community of the Cape Flats, can benefit from implementation of the normative model for cultural tourism. This study traces the roots of philosophy in the social sciences, provides a philosophical basis for cultural tourism, followed by a discussion of relevant national, provincial and local legislative frameworks for cultural tourism on the Cape Flats. In addition to the above, a comparative conceptual analysis of cultural tourism in The Gambia is made in order to gain a better understanding of successes and challenges that face destinations, which intend to offer cultural tourism as a tourism product. Developing a normative model for cultural tourism on the Cape Flats should seek to invite active participation from the community from inception phase until implementation. The research identifies and explains elements of model theory, discusses models that are applicable to the research area, and presents an adapted normative, input-output systems model with a feedback mechanism. The normative model proposes an implementation mechanism against various external and internal environmental factors as means to ensure sustainability of cultural offerings on the Cape Flats. The normative model proposes an approach that will facilitate employment in the tourism sector on the Cape Flats, as well as poverty alleviation initiatives as part of corporate social responsibility undertakings by tourism stakeholders. Variables identified in the normative model will assist tourism stakeholders, including the Cape Flats community, to develop cultural offerings for consumption by tourists, the cultural market and sustain cultural tourism, which should improve standards of living for people on the Cape Flats. The normative model for cultural tourism addresses the critical shortage of skills amongst tourism practitioners and offers recommendations to alleviate this shortcoming within the tourism industry. The normative criteria, which is identified in the model, addresses the fact that attention should given to improvement and provision of cultural tourism infrastructure on the Cape Flats. An objective of the normative model for cultural tourism is to facilitate the proposal of guidelines for National, Provincial and Local government policy initiatives regarding tourism and, in particular, cultural tourism on the Cape Flats. This model identifies aims and objectives of the White Paper on Sustainable Tourism Development (1996), the Cape Flats Tourism Framework (2005) and the Tourism Development Framework for the City of Cape Town (2006). Finally, the Cape Flats’ diverse community displays a host of unique cultural experiences and offerings in terms of folklore, history, experiences, food, song and a host of other activities that should be shared with tourists.

A growing number of studies concerning cultural villages have in most instances tended to focus on the cultural village as almost legitimately self-explanatory and have not been particularly concerned with either how a particular history is produced in and through these villages, or with the ways that particular discourses and practices associated with heritage, tourism, community and development intersect in the production of these meanings. As such Mgwali Cultural Village seemed to promise something different in the form of cultural villages. The thesis argues that Mgwali Cultural Village is unique in the history of cultural villages in that it moves away from presenting a cultural village in Africa as tribal and primitive. It does this by opening up spaces for other aspects such as Christianity and resistance politics, story of Tiyo Soga rather than focusing and confining itself only to aspects cultural portraying Africans and traditional. It is imperative that cultural villages ought to be understood within a broader framework and context where its definition and presentation is not trapped into an anthropological paradigm thinking of exploring and discovering something new by tourists which they are not familiar with. However, the thesis also argues that much as Mgwali Cultural Village promised something new from the known through depiction of other aspects, those histories seem to be absent or marginal at the Cultural Village. The only aspects that are fore grounded are traditions and culture thus freezing Mgwali as a village and its people in time as if they have not evolved and its cultures are static and not dynamic. The thesis therefore explores all those contradictions, silences, or absence thereof of other stories and histories.