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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Photoswitchable Fluorescent Probes for Localization-Based Super-Resolution Imaging

Dempsey, Graham Thomas January 2012 (has links)
In recent years, localization-based super-resolution imaging has been developed to overcome the diffraction limit of far-field fluorescence microscopy. Photoswitchable probes are a hallmark of this technique. Their fluorescence can be modulated between an emissive and dark state whereby the sequential, nanoscale measurement of individual fluorophore positions can be used to reconstruct an image at higher spatial resolution. Despite the importance of photoswitchable probes for localization-based super-resolution imaging, both a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of the essential photoswitching properties is lacking for most fluorophores. In this thesis, we begin to address this need. Furthermore, we demonstrate the development of new probes and methodologies for both multicolor and live-cell super-resolution imaging. Chapter 2 describes our mechanistic insights into the photoswitching of a common class of dyes called carbocyanines. Red carbocyanines, such as Cy5, enter a long-lived dark state upon illumination with red light in the presence of a primary thiol. We show that the dark state is a covalent conjugate between the thiol and dye and that this dark state recovers by illumination with ultraviolet light. We also speculate on possible reactivation mechanisms. Our mechanistic studies may ultimately lead to the creation of new probes with improved photoswitching properties. Chapter 3 details our quantitative characterization of the photoswitching properties of 26 organic dyes, including carbocyanines and several other structural classes. We define the essential properties of photoswitchable probes, including photons per switching event, on/off duty cycle, photostability, and number of switching cycles, and demonstrate how these properties dictate super-resolution image quality. This rigorous evaluation will enable more effective use of probes. In Chapters 4 and 5, we focus on expanding the super-resolution toolbox with novel strategies for multicolor and live-cell imaging. Chapter 4 discusses two approaches we have developed for multicolor super-resolution imaging, which distinguish probes based on either the color of activation or emission light. These tools allow multiple cellular targets to be resolved with high spatial resolution. Lastly, Chapter 5 introduces a method for targeted cellular labeling with photoswitchable probes using a small peptide tag, as well as a new sulfonate-protection strategy for intracellular delivery of high performing photoswitchable dyes.
2

Développement et caractérisation de A14-Cy5-ACCUM, un nouvel immunoconjugué fluorescent ciblant un marqueur moléculaire spécifique au cancer de la vessie infiltrant pour la cystoscopie guidée par fluorescence / Development and characterization of A14-Cy5-ACCUM, a new fluorescent immunoconjugate for targeting of muscle invasive bladder cancer during fluorescence-guided cystoscopy

Fafard-Couture, Laurent January 2017 (has links)
Le cancer de la vessie est un cancer fréquent et extrêmement onéreux par patient puisque plusieurs patients subissent des récidives de cancer et ont recours parfois à des chirurgies complexes. Il est donc important de diagnostiquer efficacement ces cancers lors de la prise en charge initiale du patient. En effet, la procédure standard d’imagerie pour la détection du cancer est la cystoscopie de la vessie guidée par lumière blanche, toutefois cette méthode ne permet pas de bien distinguer les cellules qui sont propices à l’invasion musculaire des cellules de cancer de la vessie non infiltrant. Ce mémoire propose d’utiliser un nouvel immunoconjugué fluorescent ciblant la sous-unité alpha du récepteur de l’interleukine 5, un nouveau biomarqueur spécifique aux cellules du cancer de la vessie infiltrant, afin d’effectuer la cystoscopie de la vessie guidée par fluorescence. Pour ce faire, un protocole de conjugaison du fluorochrome cyanine-5 (Cy5) à un anticorps monoclonal a été développé. De plus, un protocole de conjugaison d’un peptide Cell Accumulator (ACCUM) sur cet anticorps fluorescent (A14-Cy5-ACCUM) a été optimisé. Ensuite, la capacité de cet immunoconjugué à marquer les cellules humaines de cancer de la vessie infiltrantes du muscle (MIBC), HT1376, a été testée. Par la suite, un nouveau modèle orthotpique murin de MIBC humain permettant la validation préclinique prochaine de l’A14-Cy5-ACCUM a été développé. Une banque de plasma et sérum sanguin, et d’urine de patients sains et atteints de cancer de la vessie a été compilé. Cette biobanque contient 111 échantillons de plasma sanguin et d’urine qui pourront être utilisé afin de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle le niveau d’interleukine-5 sanguin pourrait être un facteur pronostique pour la progression du cancer de la vessie. Ce projet jette les bases pour l’évaluation potentielle de la cystoscopie guidée par fluorescence lors de la prise en charge initiale des patients atteints de cancer de la vessie afin d’améliorer la survie sans progression et la survie à long terme des patients atteints de MIBC. / Abstract: Bladder cancer is a frequent and extremely costly cancer when evaluated on a per-patient basis because of its high recurrence rate and patients undergoing complex medical procedures. It is of utmost importance to better identify the aggressiveness of this cancer at initial diagnosis. The standard procedure for bladder cancer detection is still white-light guided cystoscopy, which relies mostly on physicians experience in regard to identifying invasive malignancies. This memoir proposes the use of a new fluorescent immunoconjugate, targeting the alpha subunit of interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R[apha]), a new biomarker specific to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cells for fluorescence-guided cystoscopy. To do so, a conjugation protocol to fluorescently label a monoclonal antibody with cyanine-5 fluorophores has been developped. Then, a conjugation protocol to attach Cell Accumulator (ACCUM) peptides to this fluorescent immunoconjugate (A14-Cy5-ACCUM) has been optimized. Moreover, the ability of A14-Cy5-ACCUM to stain MIBC cell line HT1376 has been tested. Most importantly, a novel orthotpic rat model of human MIBC for the future preclinical validation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy in rat bladder has been developped. Finally, a new bladder cancer tissue repository at the CHUS has been established. This repository contains a total of 111 plasma and urine patient samples that will be helpful to evaluate if interleukin-5 blood levels could be used as a prognosis marker for bladder cancer progression. This project laid the basis for the potential evaluation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy during initial diagnosis of bladder cancer patients to improve their disease-free and long-term survival.
3

Darstellung und Verwendung von Nucleolipiden zur Lipophilisierung von Nucleinsäuren sowie deren Wechselwirkung und Duplex-Bildung an horizontalen Lipid-Bilayers und Phasengrenzen zur Entwicklung einer neuartigen RNA/DNA-Analytik / Synthesis and Application of Nucleolipids for the Lipophilization of Nucleic Acids and Their Interaction and Duplex Formation at Horizontal Lipid-Bilayers and Phase Boundaries for the Development of a Novel RNA/DNA Analytics

Werz, Emma 17 February 2016 (has links)
Ziel der vorgestellten Arbeit war die Synthese von Nucleolipiden zur Lipophilisierung von Oligonucleotiden sowie deren Untersuchung im Hinblick auf ihre Wechselwirkung und Duplex-Bildung an horizontalen Lipidmembranen und verschiedenen Phasengrenzen zur Entwicklung eines neuartigen Bio-Chips für die RNA/DNA-Analyse. Mit der Synthese N(3)-prenylierter und 2’,3’-O-ketalisierter Pyrimidinbasen Uridin und Methyluridin wurden Nucleolipid-Bausteine dargestellt, die auch als terminale Kopfgruppen eines Oligonucleotid-Dodecamers den lipophilen Charakter dieser Oligonucleotid-Sequenz erhöhten. Für den Einsatz solcher LONs (Lipo-Oligonucleotide) in einer vereinfachten RNA/DNA-Analytik wurde eine Vielzahl von Lipo-Oligonucleotiden mit diversen Nucleolipid-Kopfgruppen synthetisiert und auf ihr Einlagerungsverhalten in künstliche Lipid-Bilayer untersucht. Fluoreszenz-spektroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass alle Lipo-Oligonucleotide in der Lage sind, sich in künstliche Lipid-Bilayer einzulagern. Abhängig von der Struktur, der Länge und der Anzahl der C-Atom-Ketten dieser lipophilen Anker-Bausteine wurden die Geschwindigkeit und die Festigkeit der Verankerung im Lipid-Bilayer beeinflusst. Des Weiteren wurde die Hybridisierung von LONs mit komplementären Oligomeren an Lipidmembranen untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die im Bilayer verankerten Lipo-Oligonucleotide mit komplementären Oligomeren DNA-Duplexe bilden. Die hybridisierte DNA wurde nicht nur über einen kovalent gebundenen Cy5-Fluorophor am Gegenstrang nachgewiesen, sondern auch über den DNA-Interkalator SYBR Green I (SG). Am Beispiel von zwei Lipo-Oligonucleotiden (LON 20 und 23), die sich schnell und fest in der Bilayermembran verankern, konnte eine spontane Akkumulation dieser LONs an CHCl3/H2O sowie H2O/n-Decan Grenzflächen direkt nach der Probenzugabe beobachtet werden. Diese und andere Ergebnisse stützen den Einsatz von Lipo-Oligonucleotiden als Ziel-Oligomere in einem neuartigen RNA/DNA-Nachweisverfahren an Phasengrenzen.

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