The present thesis deals with the phenomenon of additional sex chromosomes in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicidae) using genome size analysis combined with the classical cytogenetic approach. Also, five other cimicid species and 12 species from the family Nabidae were analysed identically for comparative purposes. The thesis also pursues a description of methodical approaches of cytogenetics and flow cytometry in the study of C. lectularius. Recently analysed European specimens of C. lectularius from human host exhibited 12 distinct cytotypes, with a variable number of chromosomes X from two to 20 (2n♂ = 26+X1X2Y to 26+X1-20+Y). The fragmentation hypothesis of C. lectularius additional chromosomes X origin was established in the second half of the 20th century. However, the present genome size measurements suggest that various chromosomal rearrangements as duplication or deletion besides the fragmentation could occur. Males with basic cytotype 2n = 26+X1X2Y had average genome size of 2C = 1.94 pg, in contrast male with 2n = 26+X1-7+Y yielded 2C = 2.26 pg and also specimens with genome size decrease 2C = 1.69 pg appeared. The most informative turned up to be the relative genome size of sperm cells n = 13+X1X2 and n = 13+Y, where specimens with higher chromosome number showed...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carnelossi_eag_me_jabo.pdf: 5963862 bytes, checksum: c9072ade5521cd6b029cd77e62872e7a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O veado-mateiro (Mazama americana) possui uma ampla distribuição geográfica na região neotropical. Estudos citogenéticos com a espécie revelam variações cromossômicas (citótipos) que apontam sua divisão em outras espécies. Neste trabalho, foram examinadas as relações filogenéticas desta espécie, analisando parte dos genes mitocondriais (citocromo-b e região controladora D-loop), dos genes nucleares (Beta e Kapa caseínas e do exon I do gene IRBP) e um fragmento do gene, presente no cromossomo Y, chamado SRY, para amostras de 19 indivíduos provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Os genes nucleares da kapa e beta caseína e do SRY, mostraram-se monomórficos, não sendo possível a obtenção de sequências para o gene IRBP. As inferências filogenéticas pelos genes mitocondriais revelam duas linhagens evolutivas, a dos indivíduos das populações da Bacia do Rio Paraná e a dos indivíduos do oeste da Bacia do Rio Amazonas. Também houve uma correlação entre os diferentes cariótipos e as distintas linhagens moleculares encontradas. Além disso, pode-se sugerir a ocorrência de convergência evolutiva entre estes grupos, bem como um possível caso de simpatria ou de retenção de polimorfismo ancestral nos indivíduos do leste da Amazônia. / The red brocket deer (Mazama americana) has a wide distribution in Neotropics. In this regard, cytogenetic studies in this species revealed chromosomic variations (cytotypes) which strongly suggest that red brockets can be divided into other species. In the present study, we examined phylogenetic relationships of 19 samples of individuals from different areas of Brazil through mitochondrial (cytochrome b and control region D-loop), nuclear (b-casein, k-casein, and first exon of the IRBP) and SRY gene analysis. The sequence analysis showed that b- and k-caseins as well as SRY nuclear genes were monomorphic, whereas IBRP gene sequencing was not possible. Phylogenetic inferences concerning mitochondrial gene analysis demonstrated two evolutionary lineages, one from Parana River Basin (southeast Brazil) and other from west of Amazon River Basin (northwest Brazil). Moreover, we found correlation between different karyotypes and distinct molecular lineages.

Resumo: O veado-mateiro (Mazama americana) possui uma ampla distribuição geográfica na região neotropical. Estudos citogenéticos com a espécie revelam variações cromossômicas (citótipos) que apontam sua divisão em outras espécies. Neste trabalho, foram examinadas as relações filogenéticas desta espécie, analisando parte dos genes mitocondriais (citocromo-b e região controladora D-loop), dos genes nucleares (Beta e Kapa caseínas e do exon I do gene IRBP) e um fragmento do gene, presente no cromossomo Y, chamado SRY, para amostras de 19 indivíduos provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Os genes nucleares da kapa e beta caseína e do SRY, mostraram-se monomórficos, não sendo possível a obtenção de sequências para o gene IRBP. As inferências filogenéticas pelos genes mitocondriais revelam duas linhagens evolutivas, a dos indivíduos das populações da Bacia do Rio Paraná e a dos indivíduos do oeste da Bacia do Rio Amazonas. Também houve uma correlação entre os diferentes cariótipos e as distintas linhagens moleculares encontradas. Além disso, pode-se sugerir a ocorrência de convergência evolutiva entre estes grupos, bem como um possível caso de simpatria ou de retenção de polimorfismo ancestral nos indivíduos do leste da Amazônia. / Abstract: The red brocket deer (Mazama americana) has a wide distribution in Neotropics. In this regard, cytogenetic studies in this species revealed chromosomic variations (cytotypes) which strongly suggest that red brockets can be divided into other species. In the present study, we examined phylogenetic relationships of 19 samples of individuals from different areas of Brazil through mitochondrial (cytochrome b and control region D-loop), nuclear (b-casein, k-casein, and first exon of the IRBP) and SRY gene analysis. The sequence analysis showed that b- and k-caseins as well as SRY nuclear genes were monomorphic, whereas IBRP gene sequencing was not possible. Phylogenetic inferences concerning mitochondrial gene analysis demonstrated two evolutionary lineages, one from Parana River Basin (southeast Brazil) and other from west of Amazon River Basin (northwest Brazil). Moreover, we found correlation between different karyotypes and distinct molecular lineages. / Orientador: José Maurício Barbanti Duarte / Coorientadora: Susana González / Banca: Reinaldo Otávio Alvarenga Alves de Brito / Banca: Cláudia Márcia Aparecida Carareto / Mestre

Presence and range of phenotypic plasticity in the Agrostis stolonifera polyploid complex (Poaceae) was studied in the territory of the Czech Republic. Plants were cultivated under different experimental conditions. Stomatal size of different Agrostis stolonifera cytotypes was measured. Flow cytometry was applied for genome size estimation. Ploidy levels were determined for more than 150 samples of Agrostis stolonifera as well as several specimens of Agrostis canina, A. capillaris, A. gigantea, A. rupestris and A. vinealis. Absolute DNA content was estimated in all studied species. Isozyme analysis was used to test the possibility of the hybrid origin of pentaploid individuals of Agrostis stolonifera species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WashingtonCA.pdf: 849606 bytes, checksum: 5c75635780aa8bf93fa4262b0cf3a552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Cytogenetic studies have been revealing a great diversity not detected, until then, in several families of fishes. Many of these groups, especially those that exhibit great diversity, like Perciformes and Siluriformes, possess species with difficult morphologic characterization, called cryptic species, commonly detected through karyotypic analyses, which reveals outstanding interespecific variations with relationship to the number and its chromosomal structures. Thus, the present work intends to contribute for the cytogenetic knowledge of marine and brackish fish species, because they peculiar life habits and by lack of cytogenetic data of your genetic aspects. Therefore, cytogenetic studies were developed in a species of Apogonidae (Perciformes), two species of sea catfishes of the family Ariidae (Siluriformes) and brackish fish Paurachenipterus galeatus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae), through C banding, Ag-NOR, use of base-specific flourochromes (DAPI and CMA3), as well as FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) using ribosomal DNA probes 5S and 18S. The present results contribute to a better understanding of the processes of differentiation patterns and chromosome evolution in these groups. The use of other approaches (the morphology and molecular tools) will allow a larger understanding of the genetic and biological diversity of the Brazilian ichthyofauna. / Estudos citogen?ticos t?m revelado uma grande diversidade at? ent?o n?o detectada em diversas fam?lias de peixes. Muitos destes grupos, sobretudo os que exibem grande diversidade, como Perciformes e Siluriformes, possuem esp?cies de dif?cil caracteriza??o morfol?gica, chamadas de esp?cies cr?pticas, muitas vezes s? detectadas atrav?s de an?lises cariot?picas, as quais revelam varia??es interespec?ficas marcantes quanto ao n?mero e estrutura cromoss?mica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o conhecimento citogen?tico de esp?cies marinhos e estuarinos, que, por n?o serem exploradas comercialmente ou terem h?bitos de vida peculiares s?o pouco estudadas quanto aos seus aspectos gen?ticos. Assim, an?lises cariot?picas foram desenvolvidas em uma esp?cie da fam?lia Apogonidae (Perciformes), em duas esp?cies de bagres marinhos da fam?lia Ariidae (Siluriformes), al?m de uma esp?cie de siluriforme estuarino, Paurachenipterus galeatus (Auchenipteridae) atrav?s de bandamento C, Ag-RONs, colora??o com DAPI e CMA3, bem como pela FISH (Fluorescent in situ hibridization), utilizando sondas ribossomais 5S e 18S. Os resultados aqui apresentados indicam grande diversidade inerente a estes grupos. Outras abordagens (an?lises morfol?gicas e ferramentas moleculares) permitir?o obter maior entendimento acerca da diversidade biol?gica da ictiofauna brasileira