The regime change of 2003 transformed the media environment in Iraq from one that was strictly limited and monopolised by the state, to one without any restrictions imposed by state agencies. Gender culture and ‘family values’ have especially been contested as a consequence of the transformation of access to the media. The common assumption is that sexualised media content, and also the increasingly privatised nature of media technologies, are contributing towards the transformation of gender culture, with worries that Iraqi women in particular are turning into Western women and becoming estranged from their genuine Iraqi identity. The aim of this research is to investigate the nature of the evolving relationship between media and gender culture in post-Saddam Iraq. The importance of this investigation lies in the fact that since 2003, most research on Iraq has focused on war. This is also true of studies on gender relations. This research, however, focuses on other developments that happened as a result of the regime change, paving the way for struggles over many issues, including gender culture and Iraqi identity. The project was carried out using the qualitative method of semi-structured interviews. The interviews were carried out in Baghdad and Erbil, giving a perspective of the urban middle class Iraqi Arabs and Kurds on the subject. The research demonstrates that although the media provides windows for Iraqi women to distance themselves from prevalent patriarchal rules that control their sexuality, the ‘realities’ of local life have not allowed for the ‘Westernisation’ of gender relations in post-Saddam Iraq. Since the media is viewed as a threat to the sexual honour, an important element of Iraqi gender culture, there is a tendency to reassert this notion in the processes of the redefinition of the cultural identity of Iraqi people that was triggered by the 2003 war. This thesis offers new insights into gender relations in post-Saddam Iraq, focussing especially on the update on media in this period, and how this relates to the constitution of Iraqi identity and gender relations in families. It also offers a re-working of the concept of ‘honour’; one that embeds this into an analysis of Iraq’s hegemonic masculine system.

During multicellular development, cells must make fate decisions that reproducibly generate the correct cell type proportions. It is remarkable that in certain developmental scenarios, seemingly identical cells in a homogenous environment can achieve this. It is thought that this is possible because cell populations exhibit reproducible cell-cell variation in gene expression. How these differences are generated has been intensely studied over the past decade, with transcriptional bursting emerging as an important factor for driving variability between cells. Furthermore, it is thought that chromatin structure around gene promoters is a key regulator of transcriptional bursting. However, key questions remain. What factors regulate chromatin structure at the molecular level? Is the activity of chromatin regulators governed by random processes or entrained by one of many hidden factors such as cell cycle positioning, cell volume, metabolism? Are the proportions of cells exhibiting different bursting patterns regulated to ensure normal cell fate choice and proportioning? To address these questions, we have investigated whether different regulators of chromatin structure affect the pre-stalk/pre-spore fate decision in the social amoebae D. discoideum. We have identified that set1, a methyl-transferase responsible for generating methylation on histone 3 at position lysine 4 (H3K4me), plays a key role in controlling the balance of cell types in multicellular development as in its absence cells become autonomously primed towards a pre-stalk fate. Single cell RNA-sequencing has revealed that genes normally regulated by this modification represent a specific class of hyper-variable genes. We find that this variability is generated by specific set1 dependent repression at these loci, as upon deletion of this enzyme we see an active recruitment of more cells to an expressing state. Our data suggest that set1 activity itself is controlled by the external source of the cell cycle. This cell cycle dependent regulation robustly ensures the correct proportions of cells within the population contain levels of set1 activity that prime 25% of cells towards the pre-stalk lineage and the other 75% to the pre-spore fate. As such we believe our study reveals a novel mechanism linking specific regulation of transcriptional bursting through the activity of set1 to cell fate propensity.

In assessing the rapid emergence of Middlesbrough as a nineteenth century ‘boom town’, Asa Briggs’ seminal Victorian Cities pointed to the centrality of the early businessmen and industrialists in the growth of ‘a new community’. The Quaker pioneers and the early ironmasters established the manufacturing basis of mid-Victorian Middlesbrough and dominated the Ironopolis’ early business associations, municipal institutions and political organisations. In contrast to the leading mid-century industrialists at the heart of urban governance in the manufacturing town, Briggs contended that the second and third generations of industrialist families failed to fill the void left behind by their retired or deceased fathers, instead abandoning the urban sphere and following the pattern of other English businessmen by choosing to live in the country rather than the town. This apparent urban ‘withdrawal’ aligned with what Wiener has considered a ‘decline in the industrial spirit’ amidst the adoption of a gentrified lifestyle, has been assumed rather than proven, with little exploration of the spatial dynamics of the industrial elites’ interactions with urban space.2 This thesis challenges the extent of elite ‘withdrawal’ by assessing wider spheres of urban governance hitherto underexplored, contributing an improved understanding of the wider social dynamic of urban life and industrial elites with emphasise on challenging the extent of declining urban engagement. Drawing upon newly accessible archival evidence and focusing on late nineteenth and early twentieth century Middlesbrough as a case study, it is contended that this period, most closely associated with declining urban engagement, was instead one of realignment and reconfiguration of urban authority and industrialist participation. By exploring the composition and makeup of Middlesbrough’s charitable, commercial, civic and cultural life during this period, it will be shown how country house-residing elites continued to be engaged with the industrial centre and played an important role by establishing new infrastructure, institutions and organisations. Moreover, through exploring the hitherto underexplored semi-private realm of Middlesbrough’s steel magnates beyond the town in their country estates and the surrounding villages of the North Yorkshire countryside, it is argued the country house and rural sphere served as arenas for extending interactions with urban interests spanning business, associational, cultural and philanthropic activity.

In the summer of 1991, St. Johns Expeditions, a Florida-based marine salvage company, discovered a shipwreck buried behind a shallow reef along the western edge of the Little Bahama Bank. The group contacted archaeologists to ascertain the significance of the discovery, and it was soon determined to be a Spanish ship dating to the 1500’s. The investigation of the shipwreck was entrusted to the author, working for the Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society (MFMHS), a not-for-profit research center based in Key West, Florida. Under the agreement, the collection of recovered materials will remain as an intact collection housed in both Key West and The Bahamas. Between 1992 and 1999, the MFMHS conducted six excavations to examine and document the shipwreck. Approximately 1,500 artifacts were recovered, along with many more olive jar sherds, iron fasteners, and barrel hoop fragments. Careful analysis of the materials found on the shipwreck, along with clues provided by the remains of the ship itself, shows that the sizeable vessel sailed between 1555 and 1575 and had touched at Tierra Firme (Colombia and Panama) before sinking during a return voyage to Spain. By comparing the archaeological evidence to the historical record, it becomes clear that the St. Johns shipwreck can be none other than the Santa Clara, a 300-ton Carrera de Indias trader owned by the famed Spanish mariner Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. While returning to Spain in October of 1564, it grounded on a reef in the western Bahamas and could not be freed. Its cargo of silver and the people on board were safely removed to an accompanying ship, and the Santa Clara was abandoned. Santa Clara comes from a time when the Spanish colonial system had largely shifted from the exploration and conquest of the Americas into a new stage of settlement and commercial development. The physical remains of the ship, combined with its history, reveal a material culture in use as the Americas began to be systematically exploited, as well as the sorts of people who sailed with these ships and what they were doing. With the identity and specific circumstances of the shipwreck now known, it can serve as an important touchstone in the understanding of the early Spanish colonial system.

This is a social and cultural study of preaching in the post-Reformation period, approached through the themes of space, identity and affectivity. Firstly, it reveals a high level of material investment in the spaces for preaching and shows how this expressed a reformed conceptualisation of sacred space and time. Secondly, lay support for preaching is investigated as a social institution and this is contrasted with a case study of conflict caused by preaching. This reveals how preaching could foster both broad and narrow varieties of godly identity, and how these interacted with one another and a sense of local identity and community. Thirdly, sermons delivered in the Pennine area are examined to show how affective responses were encouraged in hearers. By studying preaching in these ways, new light is shed onto the experience of religion at the parish level. It is argued that a wide crosssection of the population supported the preaching of the Word of God in some way and willingly participated in sermon-centred piety. The boundary between a ‘the godly’ and others is seen to be permeable, fluid and plural, and religious conflict explained by contest over the positioning of this boundary. It is proposed that attending a sermon could be an affective experience. The ‘plain’, didactic sermons delivered in the Pennine parishes contained imagery and sensory language, with attention brought onto the body, sickness and healing. Furthermore, the divine presence in worship was located in the unfolded Word, leading to the possibility of a numinous experience during the sacred time of preaching. Finally, some answers are provided to the long-standing conundrum of how preaching ministers were able to fulfil their pastoral roles and maintain the parish as a unit, while at the same time admonishing their hearers, preaching predestination and nurturing the more religiously committed of their flock. It is proposed that this balancing act was less of a feat when the broader appeal of preaching-centred worship, as revealed in this study, is considered. Preachingcentred worship offered the opportunity for pious material expression, social participation and interaction, and contained affective aspects that could be appreciated at various levels.

This thesis examines the role of the Caribbean as a place of refuge, internment and transit for Jewish refugees from Europe during the interwar and Second World War period. It approaches the subject from the different perspectives of the British Government, West Indian colonies, refugee organisations and refugees themselves. It is divided into three parts, the first examining local, national and international concerns of the British Government towards its colonies in the Caribbean. It explores how these concerns impacted on the development of immigration policy in the British West Indies, and how the Colonial Office managed to steer a course between protecting West Indian interests and following Government directives over its refugee policy. The second section traces the vital role played by British, American and European Jewish refugee organisations. It explores their practical involvement in directing refugees to the West Indies, in negotiating entry for refugees with invalid travel documents, and in providing maintenance. It also explores how the West Indies took on greater significance for refugee bodies as the war progressed. Whilst concentrating on their involvement with the West Indies, this section analyses the achievements and limitations facing voluntary refugee bodies during this period. The last section of this thesis considers the movement of refugees to the British West Indies, analysing how much choice was involved in their destination. Particular attention is paid to the experience of internment and attempts to establish Jewish communities. The reactions of British West Indians to the question of Jewish immigration, and to the presence of Jewish refugees is explored within the context of the social, political and economic situation of the British West Indies in the 1930s and 1940s.

This thesis uses a "strategic culture" approach to gain insights into non-nuclear weapon outcomes in Australia, South Africa and Sweden. Strategic culture refers to the ideational and cultural pre-dispositions possessed by states towards military strategic issues. The theoretical aim for this research is to explore the various conceptions of strategic culture offered in the literature and to evaluate the potential benefits of conducting strategic cultural research. Strategic Studies has traditionally been dominated by realist theories, which typically provide rationalist materialist explanations for outcomes. This thesis highlights the relevance of domestic strategic cultural context to strategic decision-making and, in the process, explores the potential inadequacies of non-cultural strategic analysis. It will be contended that strategic culture is illsuited to provide an alternative theory to explain causes of outcomes. Instead it provides an approach for investigating the "cultural conditions of possibility" for strategic decision-making. These will be seen as constituting the assumptions made by theories that pursue rationalist materialist ontologies. Non-nuclear weapon outcomes are potentially problematic for realist explanations by suggesting instances of states not maximising their power by acquiring the most powerful weaponry. This thesis focuses on non-nuclear decision-making in Australia, South Africa and Sweden. In each case it is possible to identify distinctive strategic cultural proclivities which have shaped perceptions of security-material factors. The aim is therefore to provide a thick description of these cultural tendencies and to explore how they affect nuclear decision-making. This will provide insights into why the non-cultural accounts which dominate the literature on these non-nuclear outcomes, might be inadequate. Equally, it will emphasise the value of pursuing a strategic culture approach.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2008. / Submitted by Diogo Trindade Fóis (diogo_fois@hotmail.com) on 2009-09-10T15:54:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_DaniloSTeixeira.pdf: 1652037 bytes, checksum: f00685b85fc77a77c7576804cad08472 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2009-10-30T15:40:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_DaniloSTeixeira.pdf: 1652037 bytes, checksum: f00685b85fc77a77c7576804cad08472 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-10-30T15:40:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_DaniloSTeixeira.pdf: 1652037 bytes, checksum: f00685b85fc77a77c7576804cad08472 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06 / Dependendo das condições de infra-estrutura local, primatas que vivem em cativeiro podem ter diferentes freqüências de exposição à luz solar. Este fato é importante, uma vez que os raios ultravioletas desempenham papel importante na ativação da vitamina D, a qual é essencial à manutenção da qualidade óssea dos vertebrados e nos seres humanos participa ativamente da regulação de vários aspectos metabólicos, como competência imunológica e proteção contra doenças auto-imunes e alguns tipos de câncer. Neste estudo participaram os animais do Centro Nacional de Primatas (Pará), os quais por viverem em galpões totalmente cobertos em sua parte superior não recebem a incidência de luz solar, ou a recebem apenas no início e término do dia; e animais do Centro de Pesquisa da Universidade de Brasília (Distrito Federal), que tem em seu recinto uma área descoberta, possibilitando assim, maior acesso dos animais aos raios solares. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a concentração de 25(OH) vitamina D sérica presente nos dois grupos de animais, estudar se há correlação entre os valores de 25(OH)D obtidos com o gênero ou com a intensidade de exposição solar; reconhecer valores de base da 25(OH) vitamina D para esta espécie para se construir uma curva de normalidade. Os resultados foram transferidos para o programa estatístico SPSS, versão 13 e correlacionados entre si. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos distintos de acordo com a disposição dos mesmos em relação aos raios solares: o grupo A, representado por 29 animais que recebiam contato direto dos raios solares em todo o período do dia (manhã e tarde); o grupo B, composto com 34 animais fazendo parte dos animais que apresentavam uma exposição limitada ao sol, ou seja, apenas nas primeiras horas do dia e nas últimas horas da tarde; o grupo C, composto por 21 animais, que por estarem na área voltada para a parte interna dos galpões não recebiam nenhum tipo de contato com a luz solar. A análise comparativa dos níveis de 25(OH)D dos três grupos (sem exposição ao sol, exposição limitada e com exposição plena ao sol) mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Entre os níveis de 25(OH)D do grupo de indivíduos sem exposição ao sol (grupo 3) e com exposição ao sol (grupo 1) (p< 0, 001) e entre os grupos sem exposição ao sol (grupo 3) e com exposição limitada ao sol (grupo 2) (p<0,001). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com exposição normal (grupo 1) e exposição limitada ao sol (grupo 2) (p=0,605). Quando comparados o gênero dos animais, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nem em relação aos grupos e nem em relação ao conjunto de animais como um todo. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Primates in captivity, depending on the local infrastructure, may be subject to different periods of exposure to sunlight. This is an important fact since the ultraviolet rays have an important function in the vitamin D activation. Vitamin D is essential for de maintenance of the bone health and, in human beings takes an active part on the regulation of various metabolic functions as, for example, in immunologic defenses and in the protection against autoimmune disorders and cancer. In the present study were included primates originating from National Primates Center (Para) and from the Primates Research Center of Brasilia (DF). In the former center, the installations for housing these simian are completely covered not allowing any exposure to sunlight or warranting, during few morning or afternoon hours, only a partial exposure. In contrast, in the Primates Research Center of Brasilia the simians are housed in habitats providing open areas that allow an unrestricted exposure to sun. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in both simian groups and correlate the vitamin D concentrations found with the degree of sunlight exposure and with the simian genre and to establish a curve of normal values for animals in captivity. Three groups of simians were formed: group 1 with 29 animals, with unlimited exposure to sun; group 2 with 34 animals, with partial exposure to sunlight; and group 3 with 21 animals with null access to sunlight. Blood samples were obtained from the 84 simians and 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were determined utilizing (kit e fabricante). Statistical analysis was performed using the soft SPSS, version 13. The difference in 25(OH)D blood levels between group 3 (null exposure to sun) and group 1 (partial exposure to sun) showed p value of <0,001. The difference between group 3 and group 2 (with partial exposure to sun) showed a p value of <0,001. No significant statistical difference was observed between the group with unlimited exposure to sun (group 1) and group with partial exposure (group 2) (p=0,605) and also between the genres.

The Historia Francorum oui ceperunt Iherusalem is an eyewitness account of the First Crusade, written by a Provencal priest, Raymond of Aguilers, who accompanied the Count of Toulouse on the Crusade. As such it is an important primary source for the History of the First Crusade. Only ten manuscripts of the work of Raymond of Aguilers have survived, and the main purpose of this thesis has been, by collating these manuscripts, to restore the original text as written by Raymond of Aguilers. The evidence and reasoning which have led the present editor to construct the text herein contained, are to be found in the Critical Introduction. The work of Raymond of Aguilers has twice been previously edited: by Jaques Bongars in his collection of Crusader sources, the Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanover 1611); by various editors of the Academie Royale des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres in their collection of Crusader sources, the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades; Historiens Occidentaux, (Paris, 1856). These editions are both, however, unsatisfactory, and the present text is the first to be constructed using all the known manuscripts of the work of Raymond of Aguilers. The Historia Francorum has always raised considerable difficulties of interpretation when it has been used as a source for the First Crusade. Recent work has tended to reduce these difficulties. In the Historical Introduction the editor has tried to give an account of the latest research, and to offer his suggestions as to how the Historia Francorum may best be used. The Historical Introduction has another purpose; in preparing the text it has been found necessary to take some account of the purposes and outloot of Raymond of Aguilers. Various matters of special interest, such as Raymond of Aguilers use of other eyewitness accounts of the First Crusade, have been dealt with in the Appendices.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2012. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2013-04-11T13:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DaniloSimoniniTeixeira.pdf: 2322335 bytes, checksum: 714722f0dd8d44c1eb03d6e6f9740ba0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-04-17T11:35:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DaniloSimoniniTeixeira.pdf: 2322335 bytes, checksum: 714722f0dd8d44c1eb03d6e6f9740ba0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-17T11:35:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DaniloSimoniniTeixeira.pdf: 2322335 bytes, checksum: 714722f0dd8d44c1eb03d6e6f9740ba0 (MD5) / A forma ativa da vitamina D, calcitriol, é um hormônio com papéis importantes no controle do metabolismo ósseo e mineral dos vertebrados e para a manutenção da homeostase sistêmica. Contudo, a reserva de calcitriol é avaliada pela dosagem do pré-hormônio calcidiol, (25(OHD). Neste estudo, foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de 25-hidroxi-vitamina (25(OH)D) em Callithrix penicillata, de vida livre, pertencentes a duas áreas de conservação na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, Estação Ecológica Jardim Botânico de Brasília e Fazenda Agua Limpa – UnB. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (a) reconhecer as concentrações de 25 (OH) D, do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) e cálcio sérico ionizado (Cai) do Callithrix penicillata de vida livre, (b) comparar estes valores com os níveis de 25 (OH) D encontrados e (c) propor valores de referência para a espécie estudada. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 15 animais silvestres. 25 (OH) D e PTH foram medidas utilizando o método de quimioluminescência e Cai utilizando o método ISE (Indirect Ion-selective electrode methodology). Como ambos os grupos apresentaram valores semelhantes para as substâncias analisadas em relação ao sexo, idade e local de origem, todos os animais foram agrupados e analisados como um único grupo. Os níveis séricos médios observados (± desvio padrão) foram: 25 (OH) D, 61,7, (±20,8)ng/mL; PTH, 275,2 (± 34,1) pg / mL; Cai 4,0 (± 0,6) mg / dL. Os concentrações de 25 (OH) D foram inferiores aos encontrados em cativeiro. A partir deste estudo e utilizando precisão estatística e medidas de precisão, propomos que, para saguis de vida livre, os valores fisiológicos de 25 (OH) D e PTH são 20,1-103,3 ng / mL e 207,0-343,3 pg / dL, respectivamente, com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, is a secosteroid hormone with important roles in the control of bone and mineral metabolism of vertebrates and for the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. In this study it was evaluated serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels [25(OH)D] of free-living Callithrix penicillata (New World monkeys also known as black-tufted marmosets), belonging to two different conservation areas in Midwest Region of Brazil. The aims of this study were (a) to recognize the 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium serum (iCa) levels of free-ranging black-tufted marmosets, (b) to compare their 25(OH)D levels with the ones found among captivity-raised callitrichids and (c) to propose reference ranges for those analytes for wild marmosets. Blood samples were collected from 15 wild animals. 25(OH)D and PTH were measured using a chemiluminescence method and iCa by ion-selective electrode methodology. As both groups presented similar behavior for those analytes in relation to sex, age and place of origin, all animals were pooled and analyzed as a single group. The observed mean serum levels (± Standard Deviation) were: 25(OH)D, 61.7 (± 20.8) ng/mL; PTH, 275.2 (± 34.1) pg/mL; iCai 4.0 (± 0.6) mg/dL. 25(OH)D levels were lower than the ones found for captivity-raised Callithrix penicillata in a previous study of our group. From this study and using statistical precision and accuracy measures, it is proposed that, for free living marmosets, the physiological range of 25(OH)D is 20.1-103.3 ng/mL and of PTH 207.0- 343.3 pg/dL, with a confidence interval of 95%.