Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-217).

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-238).

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att identifiera lämplig aktivitetsfrekvens och aktivitetsduration för att upprätthålla en adekvat D-vitaminstatus hos postmenopausala kvinnor. Databasen PubMed har använts för litteratur- och informationssökning i syfte att söka fakta om teori, begrepp och metoder. Mesh-filter har använts för att begränsa området till fysisk aktivitet och dess effekter i terapeutiskt syfte. Sammanlagt sju artiklar, varav sex tvärsnittsstudier och en randomiserad kontroll/fallstudie valdes ut för vidare studium. Resultaten visar samband mellan D-vitaminstatus och god fysisk kondition, muskelstyrka, fall- och frakturfrekvens, bentäthet samt träningsduration, vilket även medför ökad solexponering. Tvärsittsstudierna tillåter dock inte utläsning av kausalitet, då observerade samband endast används till att förutsäga förväntad effekt av en viss parameter. Det vore lämpligt att undersöka träningens kortsiktiga effekter i form av epidemiologiska och kliniska metoder. Idag förefaller adekvat information om träningens relevans vad gäller kortsiktiga effekter på D-vitaminstatus otillräcklig för fullt ut uppnå undersökningens syfte. / The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and duration of physical activity required to maintain adequate vitamin D status in postmenopausal women. PubMed was used as a search tool for assessing relevant information about theory, concept and methods. Mesh-filter was applied in order to narrow down the search area to physical activity and its use in a therapeutic purpose. Seven articles in total were considered relevant for evaluating the purpose of the study. Among the seven articles, six were analytical cross sectional studies and one study was a randomized control trial. The investigations present associations between vitamin D and physical function, muscle-strength, fall and fracture, BMD and duration of physical activity, which is also correlated to increased sun exposure. However, cross sectional study alone are limited in terms of their causality. The associations observed mainly predict the expected effect of a certain parameter. Based on these facts, it would be interesting to investigate the effects of physical activity on vitamin D assessing epidemiologic and clinical methods in order to acquire short-term results. Adequate information regarding the relevancy of physical activity on vitamin D status today appears inadequate to support distinct recommendations on this topic.

Background: Sweden is a country where vitamin D deficiency seems to be common, partly because of its geographical position, which reduces the availability of UVB radiation, but also that people avoid sunlight due to increased skin cancer risk. Research shows that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases such as cancer as well as autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases.Vitamin D is a fat soluble pre-hormone and a collective name for closely related compounds which act as hormones after undergoing a transformation in the body.Humans can utilize vitamin D through diet and produce it in the body by exposing the skin to the sun. Previous observational studies and epidemiological studies have established a hypothesis that there seems to be an association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of depressive symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D supplements may decrease depressive symptoms. Methods: This work is organized as a literature review and article search is made in the database PubMed in January 2012. Keywords used were “vitamin D and depression” and inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, be conducted on humans, written in English. The studies have been reviewed and assessed using Jadads scoring system. Results: Six studies were selected for the work. Three of the studies show that supplementation with vitamin D can decrease mood/depressive symptoms, and two of the studies cannot prove the same result. The doses given in these studies varies from 400 to 500 000 IU. The final article studies how the levels of calcitriol in the blood increases after light exposure, and whether this has an effect on patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) compared to controls. The result of this study are that levels of 1,25(OH)2 D was not affected by phototherapy of SAD patients and controls.Conclusion: The six studies examined in this work haven’t given any convincing results partly because lack of good quality in the studies and they have failed to show convincing correlation. More large randomized controlled trials are required to know whether vitamin D supplements have an effect on depressive symptoms.

Bakgrund Intaget av mättat fett är högt hos Sveriges befolkning och intaget av fibrer, järn och D-vitamin har minskat på senare tid. Kostvanor och livsstil påverkar hälsan och risken att drabbas av folkhälsosjukdomarna; hjärtkärlsjukdom, diabetes, benskörhet, metabola syndromet och cancer. För att minska risken att drabbas av folkhälsosjukdomar är det även viktigt att minska stillasittande. Civilekonomstudenter är en grupp som traditionellt sett har ett stillasittande arbete. Det är därför viktigt att belysa hur närings- och energiintaget ser ut för denna grupp för att kunna motverka ohälsa i ett tidigt stadie. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka om civilekonomstudenter vid Umeå universitet uppnår det genomsnittliga behovet (AR) och Nordiska näringsrekommendationer (NNR) gällande närings- och energiintag. Metod Metoden som användes var en tredagars kostregistrering. I studien deltog tio civilekonomstudenter. För att analysera rapporterat energi- och näringsintag användes Dietist XP och vid analys jämfördes de framtagna värdena mot NNR och för skillnader mellan kvinnor och män användes Mann- Whitney U test i SPSS med p≤0,05. Resultat Männen och kvinnorna hade ett lägre rapporterat energiintag i jämförelse med det beräknade energibehovet. Det totala fettintaget var inom NNR medan intaget av protein översteg NNR. Det rapporterade intaget av fibrer, frukt och grönsaker, enkel- och fleromättade fettsyror understeg NNR medan intaget av mättat fett var högre än NNR. AR för D-vitamin uppnåddes varken av männen eller kvinnorna, medan AR för folat uppnåddes av båda grupper. Järnbehovet uppnåddes av männen men inte av kvinnorna. Slutsats: Intaget av mikronäringsämnen var lågt i förhållande till NNR. D- vitaminintaget för samtliga deltagare var under AR. Kvinnorna i studien kan behöva öka intaget av järn då det finns ett ökat behov inom denna åldersgrupp.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2003? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-273.). Also available in an electronic version.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in a print form.

Bakgrund: Det kan vara svårt att få i sig tillräcklig mängd D-vitamin för att upprätthålla en normal D-vitamins nivå under vinterhalvåret. Med normal nivå i blodet menas en D-vitaminstatus på omkring 50 nmol/l där risken för benskörhet och dödlighet minskar. Ny forskning talar för att D-vitamin har stor betydelse, inte bara för skelettet, utan också för vårt immunsystem och andra sjukdomar. Syfte: Denna studies syfte var att klargöra några av de hälsoeffekter som D-vitamin har på immunförsvaret. Metod: En litteraturstudie som baserades på tio tidigare utförda studier. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fem områden. Dessa är: Dosering för normala D-vitamin nivåer, D-vitamin effekter på hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, D-vitamin effekter på cancersjukdomar, D-vitamins effekter på metabolt syndrom och diabetes och D-vitamins effekter på luftvägsinfektioner. Diskussion: Olika studier har forskat på vilka hälsoeffekter D-vitamin har på människans hälsa. Tillskott av D-vitaminhar visat sig ha skyddande effekter och kan även bidra till lägre dödlighet hos utsatta grupper. Effekterna av doseringsregimen för att avgöra vilka nivåer i blod som speglar ett optimalt D-vitaminstatus diskuteras. Konklusion: D-vitaminhar stor betydelse, inte bara för skelettet, utan också för vårt immunsystem. Tillskott av D-vitamin har visat skyddande effekter på ett flertal sjukdomar likt infektioner, typ 2 diabetes, bröstcancer och olika hjärt-kärlsjukdomar. / Background: It may be difficult to get enough D-vitamin to maintain a normal D-vitamin level during the winter months. A normal level in the blood means a D-vitamin status of about 50 nmol/ l, where the risk of osteoporosis and mortality is reduced. New research shows that D-vitamin is of high importance not only for the skeleton, but also for our immune system and other diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify some of the health effects D-vitamin has on the immune system. Method: A literature study based on ten previous studies. Result: There was five areas in the result. These are: Dose for normal D-vitamin levels, D-vitamin effects on cardiovascular disease, D-vitamin effects on cancerous diseases, D-vitamin effects on metabolic syndrome and diabetes and D-vitamin effects on respiratory infections. Discussion: Various studies have researched the health effects D-vitamin has on the human health. Supplements of D-vitamin have been shown to have protective effects and can also contribute to lower mortality in vulnerable groups. The effects of the dosage regimen to determine which levels in blood reflect an optimal D-vitamin status are discussed. Conclusion: D-vitamin is of great importance not only for the skeleton, but also for our immune system. Supplements of D-vitamin have been shown to have protective effects on a variety of diseases like infections, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and various cardiovascular diseases.

Introduktion: Systemisk Lupus Erythematosus är en prototypisk autoimmun sjukdom som gör att immunförsvarets antikroppar angriper kroppens egna vävnader, vilket leder till kronisk inflammation i kroppens organsystem. Idag finns ingen verksam behandling för Systemisk Lupus Erythematosus. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur Dvitamintillskott påverkar Systemisk Lupus Erythematosus. Metod: Artiklarna hittades i databasen ”Pubmed” med sökningen ”Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and vitamin D supplementation”. Bland sökresultaten fanns sex relevanta artiklar som hade undersökt effekten av D-vitamintillskott på SLE. Resultat: Mer än hälften av patienterna i samtliga studier nådde serum 25(OH) D-nivåer som ansågs vara tillräckliga. D-vitamintillskottet minskade Th1/Th17-cellerna men ökade också Treg-celler och Th2-celler. Tre studier visade sig ha en signifikant minskning i sjukdomsaktivitet och anti-dsDNA antikroppar. Komplement C3 minskade i studie 2. Diskussion: Fem av studierna tyder på att oral administrering av D-vitamin tillskott har gett positiv inverkan på SLE. Två av de granskade studierna rapporterades inge positiv klinisk effekt hos deltagarna. Slutsats: D-vitamintillskott dämpar immunsystemet genom att öka Treg-celler och Th-2-celler men även minska Th1/Th17-celler och B-celler samt produktionen av autoantikroppar och anti-dsDNA-antikroppar. Effekten av D-vitamintillskott på komplement C3 och C4 är oklar. Det krävs dock fler studier med fler deltagarantal för att dra en slutsats om Dvitamintillskott kan användas som behandling för SLE. / Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a prototypical autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack healthy tissues in the body, causing inflammation in several organs. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to investigate the effect of Vitamin Dsupplementation on SLE. Method: The articles were searched in the database called ”Pubmed” using the search terms ”Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Vitamin D supplementation”. Six of the articles which examined the effects of D-vitamin supplementation on SLE were relevant for this study. Result: More than half of the patients in all six studies reached sufficient serum 25(OH)D. Vitamin D-supplement reduced Th1/Th17-cells but increased Tregs-cells and Th2-cells. 3 studies showed a decrease in disease-activity and anti-dsDNA. C3 decreased in study 2. Discussion: Five studies indicated that the oral administration of vitamin-D supplementation had a positive effect on SLE. Two of the examined studies did not observe any clinical effect of the vitamin-D supplement. Conclusion: Vitamin-D supplement suppresses the immunesystem by increasing Treg cells and Th-2 cells but also reducing Th1/Th17-cells and B-cells as well as the production of autoantibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The effect of vitamin D-supplement is unclear. More studies with more participants are required to determine if vitamin-D supplement can be used as a treatment for SLE.

Introdução: Uma elevada prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D (DVD) em crianças tem sido observada em todo o mundo, mas poucos são os estudos com relação ao estado nutricional da vitamina D (VD) em lactentes saudáveis. A principal causa da deficiência em crianças saudáveis é o aleitamento materno sem suplementação e a falta ou insuficiência de exposição solar. Objetivos: Determinar as concentrações séricas de VD e verificar sua associação com concentrações de paratormônio (PTH), fosfatase alcalina (FA), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e albumina e uso da suplementação de VD em lactentes saudáveis com idades entre >= 6 e <= 24 meses atendidos em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional e analítico em que foram determinadas as concentrações séricas de 25 (OH)D, PTH, FA, Ca, P e albumina de 155 lactentes saudáveis. Informações sobre exposição solar, aspectos sociodemográficos das mães e características clínico-nutricionais dos lactentes foram obtidas por entrevistas com os responsáveis dos lactentes. Concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D maiores que 20ng/ml foram consideradas adequadas, entre 12 a 20ng/ml insuficientes e < 12ng/ml deficientes. Resultados: Dez lactentes (6,5%, Intervalo de Confiança 95% 3,5-11,4) apresentaram insuficiência de VD e nenhum apresentou DVD. Nenhuma alteração nas concentrações séricas de P, Ca e albumina foram detectadas. Apenas um lactente apresentou aumento nas concentrações séricas de PTH e 35,5% dos lactentes apresentaram FA elevada, porém nenhum apresentou DVD ou insuficiência de VD. Não foram encontradas associações entre as concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e as de FA, Ca e albumina. Houve associação entre concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e PTH mesmo após ajuste para sexo, idade e Índice de Massa Corporal; também foi observada associação entre concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e P apenas após o ajuste pelas covariáveis. Não foram verificadas associações entre insuficiência de VD, exposição solar e suplementação de VD. Conclusões: Uma baixa prevalência de concentrações insuficientes de 25(OH)D foi observada. Não foram encontradas associações entre as concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e PTH, FA, Ca, P e albumina. Da mesma forma, não foram encontradas associações entre de concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D, exposição solar e suplementação de VD. / Introduction: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in children has been observed worldwide, but there are few studies on the nutritional status of vitamin D (VD) in healthy infants. The main cause of deficiency in healthy children is breastfeeding without supplementation and lack or insufficiency of sun exposure. Objective: To determine serum concentrations of VD and verify its association with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and use of VD supplementation in healthy infants aged >= 6 to <= 24 months attended at two Basic Health Units in Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study was performed in which were determined serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D, PTH, alkaline phosphatase (AP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and albumin of 155 healthy infants. Information of sun exposure, sociodemographic aspects of mothers and clinical and nutritional characteristics of infants were obtained through interviews with responsible for infants. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D greater than 20ng / ml were considered adequate, between 12 to 20ng / ml insufficient and <12ng/ml, deficient. Results: Ten infants (6.5%, 95% Confidence Interval 3.5-11.4) presented VD insufficiency and none presented DVD. Only one infant had an increase in PTH serum concentrations and 35.5% of infants had high AP but none presented DVD or VD insufficiency. No changes in serum P, Ca and albumin concentrations were detected. No associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D and AP, Ca and albumin. There was an association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH even after adjusting for sex, age and body mass index; an association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and P was observed only after adjustment for covariates. There were no associations between VD insufficiency, sun exposure and VD supplementation. Conclusions: A low prevalence of insufficient concentrations of 25 (OH)D was observed. No associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH)D and PTH, FA, Ca, P and albumin. Likewise, no associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH)D, sun exposure and VD supplementation.